• Korean Journal of Social Welfare
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• v.57 no.3
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• pp.5-30
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• 2005

Globalization has conflicting effects on pharmaceutical policies. A change into a 'populist competitive nation' due to globalization strengthens policies to reduce drug manufacturing costs while the WTO's TRIPS Agreement that is affected by multinational pharmaceutical companies increases drug manufacturing costs by bolstering the patent rights on new drugs. Currently, the independency of populist nations' policies to reduce drug manufacturing cost is being compromised because multinational organizations(such as the European Union) which represents the interests of the multinational pharmaceutical companies put restrictions on the pharmaceutical policies of populist nations for purposes of promoting the industrial goals of the multinational companies. Korea is no exception. Up until the late 1990s, the main feature of the pharmaceutical policies in Korea was keeping the drug price at the cost level based on a growth-driven ideology, and this was Korea's unique policy tools as a developing nation. However, the increase in the power of multinational pharmaceutical companies currently infringes on the independency of Korea's pharmaceutical policies. Expensive imported drugs were originally covered by the national health insurance plan, but starting from 1999 such drugs began to be covered by the plan. After separation of medical and pharmaceutical services, the use of expensive drugs was increased, and the Korean government planned to introduce the reference price policy in order to contain the cost of the national health insurance plan. However, due to pressures from the U.S. government as well as multinational pharmaceutical companies, implementation of the policy has been postponed. In addition, due to a pressure from the U.S. government, a working group was created which would affect the health care policy of the Korean government. Discussions so far on globalization was about whether the change into populist competitive nations due to globalization resulted in the reduction of welfare spending. However, this study shows not only the reduction of health care cost through policies to reduce drug manufacturing costs but increase in welfare spending by raising the strengths of multinational pharmaceutical companies that are for-profit providers of welfare service. While focusing on the contradictory effects of globalization on pharmaceutical policies of a nation, this study looked at how these conflicting effects end up promoting the interests of multinational pharmaceutical companies by examining the Korean case.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.303-320
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• 2017

Purpose of this study is understanding of group modeling process focusing on constraints with geological field trip applied on social-construction of scientific model. This study was carried out on 12 students of 3 groups who participate in the study 'S' gifted education center. Students were conducted to theme of 'How was formation of Mt. Gwanak?' on 2 field trip classes and 3 modeling classes. Semi-structured interviews, all discourse of field trip and modeling classes, records of personal and group activity were analyzed to constraints based on theoretical background proposed by Nersessian (2008). Results as follows. First, sources of constraints are scientific knowledge, contents observed by students during field trips and additional materials things to be explained by model during modeling class with geological field trip applied on social-construction of scientific model. Second, there are 3 types of constraints to affect making group modeling. It is that shared constraint which used commonly by all the group members. It called selected constraint that used during the initial modeling and later were reflected on for use in the group modeling. And it is that generated constraints, which were not in the initial modeling but were used later in the group modeling. This study suggests that not only the constraints can help to understand of making group model through how they used but also show that example of learning with geological field trip on social-construction of scientific model to contribute school science.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Pharmacy
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.257-267
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• 2021

Background: The need for regulatory science development to evaluate advanced regulatory products is gradually increasing without hindering the technological development. Creating a research environment and fostering experts through the establishment of regulatory agency-led policies are essential for the development of regulatory science. Method: This is a comparative study of the United States, Japan, Singapore, and Korea. The literature and websites of each regulatory agency were reviewed, and the focus was on advantages and comparing advantages based on definition, development trends, and expert training projects. Results: The United States is striving to develop regulatory science in response to changes in the new pharmaceutical industry through the regulatory science report, and to foster expert both inside and outside the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Japan is promoting regulatory science centered on regulatory science centers, and is focusing on researching work-related regulatory science within the Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency (PMDA) and improving employees' ability to make regulatory decisions. Singapore was aiming to improve Southeast Asia's regulatory capabilities under the leadership of Centre of Regulatory Excellence (CoRE) within Duke-NUS University. In 2021, Korea is in its early stages, starting to run a university's degree program related to regulatory science this year. Conclusion: Regulatory science should be developed with the aim of improving the regulatory ability of the Ministry of Food and Drug Safety with Korea's independent concept of regulatory science.

• Journal of the Korea Convergence Society
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• v.13 no.5
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• pp.347-356
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• 2022

The purpose of this study was to examine the causal relationships among Covid-19 stress, leisure constraints, and happiness for Korean adults. This study attempted to identify the important aspects of constraints and negotiation in gaining happiness during Covid-19 crisis. Respondents were recruited through SNS(n=314) between April 6th and 25th in 2021. The data were analyzed by using AMOS 27.0 and SPSS WIN 27.0. Findings of the current study are as follows: First, the social system anxiety in Covid-19 stress construct was found to have statistically significant impacts upon intrapersonal and structural constraints. Especially, Covid-19 phobia showed a significant effect upon all of the subdimensions of leisure constraints. Second, all of the subdimensions of leisure constraints showed a significant impact on perceived happiness. This study may contribute to a better understanding of leisure constraints, leisure constraints negotiation, and Covid-19 stress.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.15 no.7
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• pp.353-367
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• 2015

From the era of feature phone to the current smart phone which bloomed Social Network Games(SNGs), mobile games have held the top position as killer contents of mobile market. Mobile game has many constraints such as specification of device, network status, and external environment. Based on common perspective of game research, these factors have negative influences on flow of user. Even with these opinions, most mobile gamers have felt satisfaction. To explain this phenomenon, our research focuses on the constraints. Referring to theoretical concepts, we attempt to clarify the relationship between game features and flow through survey methodology. Our finding shows that the constraints have a positive effect on flow even though it disaccords with previous studies. Therefore, we argue that users of mobile game have sense of satisfaction not a cognitive overload as discomforts.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2009.05a
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• pp.240-244
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• 2009

다목적댐 하류하천은 댐 건설당시 정비가 필요한 지역으로 댐 방류의 영향을 받는 일정구간에 대해서는 댐설계방류량에 대응하도록 하천정비가 시행되어야 하나, 지금까지의 댐 하류하천은 댐과 별개로 하천정비가 시행되어 왔으며, 관리 또한 댐과 이원화되어 이루어져 왔다. 이로 인해 댐하류하천은 제방월류, 하천구역내 사유지 및 불법시설물 등의 댐운영 제약사항으로 댐 본래의 치수기능이 저하되어 한국수자원공사에서 관리중인 15개 다목적댐 여수로 방류가 설계방류량의 16%(15개 다목적댐 전체 여수로 설계방류량 $57,004m^3/s$ ${\rightarrow}$ 무피해방류량 $9,300m^3/s$)에 불과하고, 대규모 홍수 발생시 댐하류지역에서 막대한 피해와 민원을 발생시키고 있다. 이러한 댐운영 제약사항해소를 위해 한국수자원공사에서는 '07년부터 연차별로 소양강댐을 포함한 22개댐 하류하천의 정비를 시행하고 있다. 현재 시행중인 용담댐 하류하천정비를 시행사례를 통해 댐운영 제약사항해소와 이에 따른 댐의 치수기능 회복효과를 분석해보면 다음과 같다. 댐방류시 현장조사를 통해 확인된 댐운영 제약사항은 하천구역내 사유지를 포함해하여 총 8건이며, 구조적 대책인 제방 축조와 비구조적 대책인 사유지 보상 등을 통해 댐 무피해방류량을 현재 $700m^3/s$ (여수로 설계방류량 대비 22%)에서 $2,730m^3/s$(여수로 설계방류량 대비 85%)로 증가 방류 할 수있는 것으로 분석되었다. 그러나, 구조적 비구조적 대책으로 불가능한 하천구역내 불법 경작지 및 시설물 등이 일부 잔존하여 댐운영 제약사항으로 여전히 남아 있는 실정이다. 이러한 문제를 해소하기 위해서는 불법행위에 대한 관리감독 강화 등의 조치가 필요하나, 이원화된 현행 관리체계에서는 한계가 있으며, 이와 같은 문제를 해소하기 위해서는 댐 방류의 영향을 받는 하류하천 일정구간에 대해서는 댐관리자의 역할 강화가 필요하다.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.674-680
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• 2013

This paper investigates the impact of liquidity constraints on investment expenditures of family and non-family firms. We analyze the ownership structure of family firms to determine whether family control alleviates or exacerbates investment-cash flow sensitivity in domestic firms. To examine the impact of liquidity constraints on investment expenditures of family and non-family firms, we used a financial data of 644 Korea Exchange traded companies over the 2000 - 2010 period. We estimated a time-series and cross-sectional regression model, using samples of family firms and non-family firms. The results show that cash flow is not associated with investment expenditure in family firms, whereas cash flow has a positive impact on investment in non-family firms. Our results show that lower or no investment-cash flow sensitivities in family-controlled firms are mainly attributable to lower agency costs through strong monitoring activities of family members. Higher investment-cash flow sensitivities are observed in non-family firms with more agency problems. This suggests that investment-cash flow sensitivities would be useful measures of liquidity constraints.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.632-639
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• 2018

Recently, a policy has been enforced to supply Plug-in Electric Vehicles (PEVs) but this may require reinforcement of the power system depending on its clustering because PEVs are charged directly from power systems. On the other hand, as the reinforcement of power system is limited by time and budget, it is important to supply the charging demand of PEVs efficiently using the existing power systems to increase the diffusion of PEVs. This paper establishes a charging schedule for Plug-in Electric Vehicles (PEVs) considering the power system constraints. For this, the required amount and time of the charging demand for an individual PEV was modeled to integrate into power systems based on the driving pattern and charging tariff of PEV. Furthermore, the charging schedule of PEVs was established to meet the power system constraints by calculating the operating conditions of the power systems with PEVs.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Language and Information Conference
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• 2001.06a
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• pp.95-96
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• 2001

문장에서 술어를 수식하는 대표적인 표현은 부사어이다. 부사어는 일반적으로 문장 구성에서 핵심적 역할을 하지 않는 첨가어(adjuncts)이기 때문에 핵심적인 역할을 하는 보충어(complements)에 비해 상대적으로 연구가 덜 이루어진 분야이다. 그렇지만 부사어는 피수식어의 의미를 구체화/한정하는 기능을 하기 때문에 정확한 의사소통을 위해서는 반드시 필요한 요소이며 어순, 호응(concord)등의 통사적 현상과도 밀접한 관련이 있다. 이 연구의 일차적 목적은 이러한 부사어를 통사적, 의미적 기준에 의해 정확하게 분류하고 그들의 분포제약을 밝히는 것이다. 그 다음으로, 부사어와 관련된 통사 현상으로, 부사어와 피수식어의 공 기(co-occurrence)관계 및 부사어와 술어 어미의 호응 관계에 대한 분석을 제공하려고 한다. 부사어는 통사적인 기준과 의미적인 기준으로 분류할 수 있다 (손남익 1995, 김경훈 1996, 임유종 1998). 통사적 기준으로는 단어나 구를 수식하는 성분부사와 문장을 수식하는 문장 부사로 나누는 방법과 위치에 대한 제약이 있느냐 없느냐에 따라 제약부사와 자유부사로 나 누는 방법이 있다. 이 두 통사론적 기준에 의해 분류되는 부사들은 서로 어떤 상관관계를 보이고 있는지 살펴 볼 것이다. 일반적으로 문장부사는 문두에 놓여야 한다는 위치적 제 약 이 있기 때문에 제약부사로 분류된다. 의미적 기준으로 부사어를 분류할 수도 있는데, 시간/ 공간 부사어, 양태/정도 부사어 등으로 나눌 수 있다. 의미적 기준에 의해 분류된 부사어는 통사적 기준에 의해 분류된 것들과는 어떤 상호 관련성을 맺고 있는지 살펴 볼 것이다. 일 반적으로 시간부사와 장소부사는 자유부사에 속하며 양태부사와 정도부사는 제약부사에 속 한다. 부사어와 피수식 요소와의 통사적 공기 관계 및 의미적 관계 그리고 그와 관련된 문 법 현상도 연구의 대상이 된다. 예를 들어, 자유로운 어순을 가진 부사들이지만 “＊순이는 빨리 과연 달린다”에서 볼 수 있는 종류의 분포적 특성을 알아 볼것이다 (심재기 1982, 송 철의 1989). 또한 “길이/＊길게 빛나다”와 “＊길이/길게 드리워졌다”와 같은 대조에서 나타나는 통사, 의미적 기능의 상관 관계 및 제약들의 상호 작용도 살펴 볼 것이다.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.41-60
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• 2008

This study examined state of local pharmaceuticals industry and investigated distribution system. The study found out associated problems as well as improvements of distribution system of local pharmaceuticals. Finally, to improve distribution system of local pharmaceuticals, the study investigated distribution system of 10 kinds of pharmaceuticals of 'J' Company being a leading local manufacturer of local pharmaceuticals, and found out improvements of the distribution system. The study collected and compiled 'J' Company's internal slips and reporting material from April 1, 2008 to July 31, 2008, and interviewed persons in charge continuously to find out state and problems of the distribution system.