• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.45-56
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• 2010

This study is dealing with Deoksugung around the founding of the Daehan Empire Era. It will looks closely into how locational contexts and sense of place have been changed according to the subject's view point and the interpretation of text community until Deoksugung is changed into citizen-oriented public place vested with the meaning of public park. In conclusion, Deoksugung was a place for suffering and sorrows, but also it was a place for ceaseless attempt to pursue of the recovery of past without loosing hope. As in the case of uprising war like Japanese invasion of Korea (Imjin Yeran) or Cheong Japan War, Deoksugung was an importantly historical place where autocrat temporarily stayed to stand up for the war and moreover, it was an imperial palace where the ambivalent sensibility between suffering and hope are intermingled in the very first Korean Empire in history. Unlike Kyeongbokgung and Changdeokgung, the current Deoksugung has changed its boundary from time to time since Japanese invasion of Korea up to the present. Deoksugung has evolved the present situation as endlessly changing its boundary by interacting with the neighbor of Kyungungung. The more complicated sense of place is coexisted in the features of the Deoksugung. Therefore, current hot topics concerning restoration project of Deoksugung is much more difficult than of other palaces. This issues should be carefully dealt with beyond the political interests.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare
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• v.51
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• pp.5-28
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• 2002

The purpose of this paper is to examine the issues and the characteristics of the recent social security pension debate in the United States. For the purpose the transforming process from the funded system to the pay-as-you-go system in the 1930s, three alternatives of social security reform proposed by the Social Security Administration in 1996, and the other various alternatives proposed by the politicians, the business leaders and the scholars were analysed. While the alternatives were compared, the critical issues could be identified. The core issues were as follows. First, the individual accounts should be newly made or not? Second, who is the main administrator, government or private investment companies? Third, what is important, the inter-generational and the vertical income redistribution effect or the individual equity in social security pension system? Besides, the different positions of the social forces were also examined. The supporters of privatizing the social security pension, supporters of IA and PSA, prefer the value of equity, the effect of promoting savings, the private management of the social security funds, and the investment of the funds to the private capital markets. The supporters of pay-as-you-go system, supporters of MB, prefer the inter-generational and the vertical income redistribution effect of social security pension, and were convinced that fundamental changes of the systems are not necessary, and the insolvency problem could be overcome through a few reform, for example, increasing the rate and decreasing the benefits.

• Cross-Cultural Studies
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• v.44
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• pp.373-391
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• 2016

Since the 2000's, interest toward Africa in Korea has increased rapidly. Korea's interest in Africa began in the second half of the 1960's. However, this interest in the 1960's was motivated by political and diplomatic necessity at the time rather than the needs of indigenous groups in Africa. Korea had to oppose North Korea's diplomatic expansion in Africa to gain the support of international organizations like the United Nations. This interest in Africa motivated by diplomatic needs vanished quickly after the end of the cold war in the 1990's. Authentic Korean interest in Africa began to emerge in the 2000's. Korea's rising international status based on economic development led to a natural interest in Africa, which was the last frontier on earth. As a result, African studies in Korea increased significantly after 2010. The increase in the number of theses, articles and books was remarkable from 2010-2016, in comparison with 1957-2010. In spite of the increase in the quantity of thesis, articles, and books, the problem with Korea's African studies is above all, its preponderance. Over 75% of thesis and 70% of articles are concentrated in the domain of politics and economics. This reflects the fact that Korea's interest in Africa is based on short term political and economic interest, indicating that Korea's African studies did not deviate from the rudimentary phase in its quantity and quality. Another problem with Korea's African studies is the lack of integration of different types of research. African studies in Korea has three components, government funded research centers, university laboratories and individual researchers. The government funded research centers focus on the overview of African nations and their political and economic information. University laboratories mainly perform research on the theoretical aspects of politics, economics, human sciences and culture in Africa. Individual researchers are concerned with various categories. However, these three groups have failed to achieve a synergic effect on African studies in Korea and most of the research on Africa does not extend beyond each academic area. To overcome this problem, first of all, a live exchange may be necessary between domestic researchers.

• Korean Journal of Comparative Education
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.213-238
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• 2017

This paper aims to point out that the contemporary textbook is a common cognitive construct, and that the realistic drawings in the textbooks have played an important role in shaping the world recognition. The main subjects of this study are the racial-ethnic illustrations of elementary school geography textbooks, published by the Japanese Ministry of Education, the Japanese Government-General of Taiwan and Korea, the educational association of Manchu. By comparing the same factors in various textbooks, it examines how the temporal and spatial recognition of the world is adjusted by visual representation. The main findings of this study are three fold. First, the world was introduced to the extent of the sum that the census and the classifications of racial and ethnic groups were adopted. And the world appeared later in the year supported by the racial and ethnic minorities. Second, the expressive style of racial and ethnic groups changed from an emphasis on a heterogeneous part as an object of scientific observation in the early stage to a later one with a life culture similar to the reader. Third, racial ethnic illustrations have been used differently depending on the publishing region in the Empire, giving readers in different regions with different images of the same category. In many cases, it was possible to know the politics of representation and the use of certain racial ethnic illustrations. The textbooks of the first half of the 20th century gave great recognition to the people who could not meet with the readers by using the illustrations. A child in the mainland is aware of his position in a "viewing position" while viewing various empire people through the textbook. On the other hand, in the textbooks of the colonial children, they stood in the position of 'being seen', and showed a change in internalizing the position of the mainland along with the expansion of the empire.

• Journal of Legislation Research
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• no.53
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• pp.109-147
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• 2017

North Korean defectors had left North Korea often to escape from food shortages in the mid-1990s. Since the 2000s, the reasons of their flee from North Korea have more resulted from their exposure to external information, and a desire for democracy and freedom. However, North Korean defectors living in China are not recognized as refugees and thus subject to various human rights violations including forced repatriation. It needs to be thought that wether North Korean defectors who escape from North Korea are political refugees under international law. If they are not recognized as refugees in their new countries, it is imperative to consider a possible way to protect their human rights under international law. The problem of recognition of the refugee status of a person is a matter of involving the sovereignty of individual countries, however, the Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees should provide protection of their unique rights, as recognizes by the UNHCR, and their status should be treated as a refugees issue in a broad sense. In the future, it is a necessary to establish international solidarity among individual countries, the UN General Assembly, the decisions of the Human Rights Council and support of UNHCR, to anticipate the need for the refugee recognition and the protection of International Human Rights in preparation for possible mass defections and refugees from North Korea.

• Journal of Korean Philosophical Society
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• v.105
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• pp.149-192
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• 2008

추파(秋坡) 송기수(宋麒壽)(1507-1582)는 500년 전에 출생하여 조선시대 중종, 인조, 명종, 선조의 4대에 걸친 75세를 일기로 생존했던 재조(在朝)의 선비로서 행정가요, 또한 학인이었다. 추파는 기묘사화의 참상을 직접 목도하고 본의 아니게 위훈이 하사되어 평생 마음의 질곡이 되었고, 또한 소위 양재역 벽서사건에 연루된 종형 규암(圭菴) 송인수(宋麟壽)를 구명(救命)하지 못한 그의 처신이 또한 역사 속에서 오해의 사단(事端)으로서 추파에게 큰 굴레로 작용되었다. 추파의 현실인식은, 사화로 사림이 사기저상되었고, 그로 인해서 치도와 강상이 붕괴되었으며, 재해가 출현하고, 민심의 흐트러짐이 모두 천명의 노여움으로 본 동시에, 그 처방을 요순지치인 치도(治道)를 확립할 것, 선진 성학으로서 학문을 진흥할 것과 그 실천 주체인 선비의 기상을 진작시킬 것에서 찾았던 것이다. 추파의 성리설은 이기관계론을 부상리(不相離)라는 주제만을 채택하여 존재론적으로 접근하였고, 그 결과 율곡보다 훨씬 앞서 '리기지묘(理氣之妙)'라는 표현을 쓰면서 리발(理發)보다는 발어리(發於理)라는 말에 무게중심을 둠으로서 기발을 중심으로 말한 "기발어리설(氣發於理說)"을 제시하였다. 이것은 바로 그 뜻으로서의 천리(天理)를 밝혀 기(氣)로 발하는 구체적인 삶 속에 구현 하는 실천하는 길이 되는 것이다. 궁극적으로 추파의 학문은 바로 천리(天理)를 깨달아 실천궁행하여 가는 길로서 삶의 목표로 삼은 점이 특징적인 것이다. 즉 추파에 있어서 학문의 길은 리(理)의 본래적 뜻을 깨닫고 리(理)의 뜻을 심성의지(心性意志)를 통해서 구현하는 길인, 리(理)로 부터 발한 기발(氣發)을 몸소 역행실천(力行實踐)하는 길인 것이다. 이 길을 실제로 자신의 사명과 직결된 삶의 바른 길로 삼았던 것이다. 요컨대 추파의 학문사상의 궁극적 특징은 역행궁리(力行窮理)의 실천학에 있는 것이며, 따라서 결론적으로 사사(事事)(실사(實事))구시정신(求是精神)에 입각한 실천철학만이 그의 학문의 궁극적인 목적지가 되었던 것이다. 현실정치의 민생문제도, 역사적 이념으로서 선비정신 부양과 벽이단도 모두 이 사사구시(事事求是)의 시(是)를 통해야 되고, 이 시(是)를 통해서 구현하는 길이 추파학문사상의 궁극처인 것이다. 그리고 그의 언설과 삶 자체가 실사구시의 실천 그 자체 이었던 것이다. 학문사상사적으로 본다면 추파의 위상은 근본유학의 정신을 살려 그를 근간으로 하여, 한국 성리학의 개화기(開花期)에 새로운 개념으로서 이 기관계를 '리기지묘(理氣之妙)'라든가 발(發)의 근거를 리(理)에 두되 리(理)가 직접 발하는 것이 아니라, 발(發)하는 것은 기(氣)라는 '기발어리(氣發於理)'의 한길만을 중시한 점으로서 이기설의 새로운 문제를 제기한 점이라 할 수 있으며, 궁극적으로 기발론적(氣發論的)인 바탕에서 실천역행의 근거를 확립하게 됐다는 특징을 볼 수 있는 점이다. 또한 이것은 한국성리학의 기발일도라는 기발설의 선구적 주장이며, 또한 이(理)를 근거로 결국 사사구시(事事求是)의 경세실학(經世實學)을 제시함으로서 실학의 선구가 될 만한 문제제기(問題提起)를 했다고 평가할 만한 특징이라 하겠다. 이 연구가 그의 마음속에 얹혀져있던 멍에도, 그간 오해받은 역사적인 멍에도 벗겨질 수 있고, 한국철학사상장성기(韓國哲學思想長成期)(국유사상주류기(國儒思想主流期))의 학술사적인 위상도 바르게 드러나는 계기가 될 수 있기를 기대한다.

• Review of Culture and Economy
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.103-135
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• 2014

This research dwells on the new paradigm of policy making of some innovative nations in Korean content industry. Especially this paper did evaluation of governmental policy in recent 5 years (2008~2012) in the field of Korean content industry. According to this research, the program of policy in Korean content industry had been obsessed to passive enrichment focusing on some part of content industry. The whole process of policy, scheme of policy and working flow of policy were very constrained in order to encourage more measurable area like CT(culture technology). Thus, we need new strong policy in this new government launched in 2013. The apparent keyword should be 'management'. New activity of policy need to focus on encourage Korean content industry in the real site of field, not in bureaucratic office in remote site. This change reflecting real filed management system would be productive innovation for policy making and activity in Korea.

• Journal of the Korea Convergence Society
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.95-102
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• 2019

After liberation, several literary groups with the nature of the national culture movement joined in Japan in January 1948 to form the Korean-Japanese Joseon Literary Society. However, the Korean-Japanese Joseon Literary Society was unable to play an active role due to the suppression of the GHQ and gathered again as the Korean War Armistice Agreement was concluded in 1953. The institutional journal of the 'Korean-Japanese Joseon Literary Society' is published by changing the magazine name to "Munhakbo" in Japanese and "Joseon Literature", "Joseon Literature and Arts" in Korean. The national movement group of Korean residents in Japan and literature groups were reorganized in conjunction with the political situation in Japan and the Korean peninsula. The reunion of 'Korean-Japanese Joseon Literary Society' was also based on the appearance of 'Jochongnyeon (pro-Pyeongyang federation of Korean residents in Japan)' and 'conversion of line'. In this paper, we are to fill up the blank of the research on literature of Korean residents in Japan in the 1950s by identifying the reality of conflict between 'Jochongnyeon' and 'Mindan', meaning of 'Korean Writing' Movement as a subject of national movement and the issue of promoting self-esteem as a 'citizen of the Republic' that 'Korean-Japanese Joseon Literary Society' tried to convey to Korean readers in Japan.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.124-133
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• 2011

The purpose of this study is to interpret the landscape characteristics of Changdeokgung's rear garden with the idea of Yijing(意境) the way to have a sense of an imaginative object. A term of Jing(境) in Yi-jing means a boundary of man's consciousness. On the boundary of consciousness for an imaginative object, there is a situation of man's emotion to be called Qingjing(情境) to meet an object, and beyond Qingjing, there is Yijing, a consciousness of the idea and the truth. The Structure of the Yijing is an analytical framework in this study. It is clarified that the idea of Yijing and landscape characteristics of changdeokgung's rear garden to analyze works of kings and related historical documents. In result, there were three kings named Injo, Sukjeong and Jeongjo who played big roles to develop the rear garden. First, Injo had built physical structure of the rear garden, the second Sukjong enjoyed Qingjing with composing the poems of Sangrimshipkyoung(上林十景), Jeongjo clearly had made a boundary of idea of Yijing broaden. It is an effective way to interpret imaginative characteristics of our traditional landscape through the concept of Yijing the useful way to understand and systemize a subject of idealistic consciousness.

• The Journal of Korean Philosophical History
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• no.52
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• pp.341-364
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• 2017

This thesis is to reflect prevalently stereo-typed community ideas and find alternative ones that have interconnected, relational, and autonomous acting system for our lives. Probably community is the collective space in which 'I' as the subject in the world meet others and achieve the desirable objects each other. By the way the community spaces could be nation state, societies, and people of nation or ones that deal local problems, environments, and ecology and clubs ect, which are variable according to our concerns. In a sense community pay attention to not societies such as nations or people but lives of individuals, preparing for the territories where men feel convenient in their bodies and mentalities without artificial manipulation. In such a community the participant's vital energy can be stretched actively and relationally, and even if the leader be, there is the politics of doing nothingness not to be the obstacle in the way mens' will goes. In those communities they can live their lives at their nature and realize their dreams without barriers to their way. If we find these ideas of communities which are alternative for our period, we should gaze at Asiatic ones that may be scattered in classics of Confucianism, Daoim and ect. With these concepts and concerns, this paper was drawn up.