• Journal of the Korean Society of Floral Art and Design
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• no.37
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• pp.33-48
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• 2017

This study examines garden activity and garden plant preferences for development of the garden activity program using community garden aimed for communication and integration for multicultural age. As a result, for members of multicultural society had high portion of floral arrangement and crafts, growing plants in both indoors and outdoors garden for their garden activities, and using plants for cooking, growing plants in both indoors and outdoors garden was of higher portion for native korean. In the garden plant preferences, members of multicultural society liked ornamental plants the best, due to the environmental correspondence between the plant's place of origin and their home country, while native koreans tend to prefer vegetables, reflecting the recent interest in pro-environment crops and rise in demand of urban farming, veranda gardening and weekend farming. In this study, the garden activity program for communication and integration categorized the value of garden activity into three categories; the value of respect for life, the value of consideration through caring, the value of plant ethics, based on the above preference results. The value of respect for life can be achieved by understanding the meaning of life, experiencing the will to live, and understanding the characteristics of plants and me. The value of consideration of caring comes from waiting and nurturing for living things that are different from me and adapting to the environment as a living The value of plant ethics can give us the insights for human relationships, by understanding and experiencing the natural ecosystem and plant co-existing in it. The eight-session garden activity program also went through validity verification process by experts on gardening and multiculture, and the effectiveness of the program was proved.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.10-20
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• 2020

This study aims to analyze the developed characteristics of the knowledge and information of gardens through garden or flowering plant books compiled in the 15th and 19th centuries of Joseon Dynasty. Diachronically analysis of the garden or flowering plant books classified the characteristics in which knowledge and information about gardens are developed by the period, and looked at the factors. The results are as follows; First, the relationship between the authors who compiled the garden or flowering plant books had similar characteristics to the genealogy of Realist School of Confucianism(實學) in the Joseon Dynasty. Kang, Hee-An's practical features influenced later realist school of confucianism scholars. Lee, Su-Gwang has accumulated knowledge of the garden through his experience of traveling the diplomatic envoy to China. Since then, Hong Man-sun's ideology has been related to Charles, a member of the Southerners. Seo Yu-gu was also able to accept Realist School of Confucianism in an integrated way through the Jungnong school's theory and interaction with the Jungsang school. Ryu, Jung-Lim's relationship with the Jungnong school emerged as he added to the 『Jeungbosanrimgyeongje(增補山林經濟)』. Second, the 『Yanghwasorok(養花小錄)』, 『Jibongyuseol(芝峯類說)』 「Hwuimok(卉木)」, 『Hangjeongrok(閑情錄)』, 『Sanrimgyeongje(山林經濟)』 「Yanghwa(養花)」, 『Jeungbosanrimgyeongje(增補山林經濟)』 「Yanghwa(養花)」, 『Hwaamsurok(花庵隨錄)』 and 『Imwongyeongjeji(林園經濟志)』 「Yewonji(藝畹志)」 contain garden plant characteristics, cultivation methods, and management methods. The 『Imwongyeongjeji(林園經濟志)』 「Seomyongji(贍用志)」, 「Iunji(怡雲志)」, 「Sangtaekji(相宅志)」 contain details on the location selection of gardens, the layout of facilities, how to create them and materials. The description of these garden or flowering plant books was found to be the most common introduction with 55 percent, followed by methodologies(42.8%), the Lichi Theory(理氣論, 15.5%), the classification(12.4%), and the convention(1.9%). Third, based on the importance of knowledge and information on gardens, the garden or flowering plant books related to the period were classified as early period, including 『Yanghwasorok(養花小錄)』, 『Jibongyuseol(芝峯類說)』 which were compiled before the 17th century. The 18th-century compiled 『Sanrimgyeongje(山林經濟)』 and 『Jeungbosanrimgyeongje(增補山林經濟)』 were classified as middle period, and the 19th-century compilation of 『Imwongyeongjeji(林園經濟志)』 was classified as late period. The garden or flowering plant books were cited the contents of ancient Chinese books, the author's experiences and opinions contained in the preceding period in later garden books. And the reinforcement of garden knowledge was made to reflect the agricultural technology and expertise developed at the time of writing. Fourth, based on analysis of the development and acceptance of knowledge information in garden by period, In the early period was dealing with floriculture as a way to explore the logic of things. Later, in the 18th century, a vast influx of garden knowledge information came from China. Among scholars, they secured justification for garden creation as part of various knowledge-seeking activities, which expanded their expertise in gardens. In response to the trend of gardening in the 19th century, professional books were written based on knowledge and information on gardens that were collected in the past, and systems were established such as the collection and management of garden plants, construction methods, enjoying methods, and self-realization.

• Proceedings of the Korean Association for Survey Research Conference
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• 2000.11a
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• pp.93-107
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• 2000

본 연구에서는 횡단면 즉 지방자치단체별로 "고정된 효과"를 가지고 있다는 전제하에 시의 공무원 정원을 산정하였다. 본 연구에서 주장하는 시의 공무원 정원은 시 공무원 1인당 업무량에 기준한 적정정원에 대한 산출은 아니나 도시형태별로 - 일반시와 도농복합행태의 시 - 동종 시가 평균적으로 고용하고 있는 현정원에 가까운 평균 인력규모를 타단체와의 비교를 통하여 평균적인 추세를 파악했다는 점에서 의의 있는 일이다. 그러나 공무원 정원산정의 거시적 모델을 학문적으로 논의하는 것은 가능할 지 모르지만 계량적 방법의 한계가 있기 때문에 이를 현실에 적용하는 것은 정치적.사회적으로 타당성에 한계가 있다.성에 한계가 있다.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.46 no.5
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• pp.1-9
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• 2018

The purpose of this study was to identify differences of perceptions for gardens and parks between experts and the general public concerning several aspects including scope, scale, publicity, artistic and scientific nature, main materials, practicality and aesthetics, executive and management systems as well as legal understanding of garden and park. The properties of garden and park were derived through literature research, and the concept, similarity, and difference of gardens and the parks were recognized by the experts and the public viewpoint was clarified by questionnaire. As for the difference in the scope of the gardens and the parks, the expert group recognized it more widely than the general public. In general, the space recognized as a garden was the rooftop green space, and urban forests were recognized as a park. In addition, the general public recognized urban forests as gardens the same as they recognized parks, and the distinction was unclear. In the expert group, the perception that gardens were small and the parks were large was more prevalent. It was generally recognized that gardens were private spaces and the parks were public spaces. In the expert group, the gardens were more personal and the parks were more apparent to the public. In the general population, functional and scientific aspects rather than artistic creativity in both gardens and parks. In addition, both the general public and experts found that parks are more complex than gardens. The garden was centered on plant material, and the park was recognized as a center where the sculptural facilities were centered, or the plant material and the sculptural facilities were properly balanced. To the experts the view of the gardens was positive. Expert groups emphasized the aesthetics of the garden, and the parks were more practical, and the general population showed similar perceptions of utility and aesthetics when comparing gardens and parks. In addition, the utility of gardens in the general publics is more emphasized than the aesthetics of the park. Regarding the executive system the park was recognized as the public sector, and the difference was larger in the expert group. As for the management system, both experts and the general public perceive the management of the park or the garden to be carried out by the supporting organization, and it is necessary to discuss the diversification of the management subject. It is found that there is a certain difference in recognition with the mixture of concepts, and there is still a big difference in legal system and perception.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture Conference
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• 2023.10a
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• pp.72-73
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• 2023

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.106-113
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• 2013

This study aims to establish the identity of traditional Korean gardens and develop a universal way for overseas Koreans and foreigners to have an appropriate understanding of traditional Korean gardens, as part of efforts to distribute and promote the overseas establishment of traditional Korean gardens. The focus of this study is on developing planning and design guidelines to ensure that traditional Korean gardens have individuality when they are established overseas and on establishing directional rules for planners. Although traditional Korean gardens may vary in form according to their purposes and spatial scales, the most important thing is that they should incorporate emotions that are well-matched with Korean landscapes and that their design language should be easily recognizable and understandable to everyone. The basic spatial types of traditional Korean gardens for overseas establishment, which are presented in this study, include the exhibition(fair) type, the garden type and the park type. These basic types serve as prototypes that correspond to the purposes of the gardens. In consideration of the spatial scale, the exhibition(fair) type is set as the minimum unit for composition, and suggested basic facilities include trees, a well, a pond and an island in the pond, flower beds and fences. The results of this study have significance as basic information for planning and designing traditional Korean gardens for overseas establishment.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.49 no.4
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• pp.1-14
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• 2021

This study examined the techniques of creating gardens overseas using native plants from the Korean peninsula, focusing on the case of 'Das Dritte Land', an art garden created in Berlin, Germany. While Korean garden artists are recognized worldwide and are planning to globalize Korean gardens, the purpose of this study is to share information so that Korean gardeners can expand their activities and rediscover the utilization and value of plants native to the Korean peninsula. The work began as part of a project to mark the 30th anniversary of the collapse of the Berlin Wall. To realize the landscape of Korea with the motif of Inwang Jesaekdo, the geographical shape of the Baekdu-Daegan trail was reproduced with black stone, and the naturalization of Korean peninsula species was utilized in the creation of a garden Berlin. It is a surreal bio-top utopia that blooms with the bio-groups of the Korean peninsula. This study examined the process of plant survey analysis, transportation and stabilization, planting planning, composition and monitoring, and targeting the self-growth of the Korean peninsula, which is a symbol of harmony between the South and the North. The planting of Korea's native plants in overseas gardens symbolizes the uniting of the ecosystems on the Korean peninsula. The process of the Korean peninsula's young plants taking root, flowering, and spreading along Germany's previously divided border metaphorically conveys the desire for the unification of the Korean peninsula. In addition, various art programs in the garden space suggest a foundation for cultural dialogue and communication between the two Koreas. Moreover, creating gardens overseas implies that the cooperation of plant research institutes plays an important role in the transfer of plants and the maintenance of life, while the advancement of Korean gardens overseas plays an essential role in the spread of garden culture in our country.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.77-84
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• 2021

This paper attempted to examine the value of private house garden as a historical garden among local cultural heritages remaining in Chungcheong-do Province. To this end, the following conclusions were drawn through the framework of value analysis in which the contents of Ji Cheng's Yuanye of China, Tachibana Toshitsuna's Sakuteiki in Japan, and HISTORIC GARDENS THE FLORENCE CHARTER 1981 were applied to target sites. First, local cultural heritage belong to unregistered cultural heritage, and a total of 616 local cultural heritages in Chungcheong-do Province were identified, and Cheongju City possesses the largest number of local cultural heritages. Most of the local cultural heritages are distributed in ancient capital or adjacent to it, and five of the local heritages are related to historical garden. Second, the target sites were old houses constructed during the Joseon Dynasty with a long history, and although there were few changes in spatial division, the scale of some gardens and outer yard spaces was reduced due to urban planning, etc. Third, the target site is Sangjihapui(相地合宜) and Inchacheui(因借體宜) in location and space division, so the space is divided according to the surrounding terrain and the landscape is naturally drawn to construct a garden. Fourth, the garden of the target site has a structural value of a garden that is Jeongihapui(精而合宜) and Gyoideukche(巧而得體) as it is subtle and naturally constructed with the garden by grasping the surrounding terrain. Fifth, for the continuous preservation of historical garden, it is necessary to strengthen the already enacted local cultural heritage ordinance, and to establish a documentary project for each spatial component and a plan for climate change.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.51 no.5
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• pp.57-69
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• 2023

This study investigates the garden vision of the Ancient Rome, focusing on garden literature in the Natural History by Pliny the Elder. Ancient Roman garden's types, character, and forms greatly influenced the development of later Western gardens, to which the practical and professional texts of Pliny the Elder and others contributed. This study explores the garden visions projected in these texts, with an introduction of Roman garden forms and stylistic features. The Natural History and other garden and agricultural texts written during the Ancient Roman period are characterized by their focus on practical production spaces rather than abstract nature or garden art. In the Natural History, Pliny described botanics in terms of usefulness rather than pleasure, and his discussion is premised on the practical hortus. In ancient Roman society, gardens were not only spaces for practical production and relaxation, and places to reproduce or realize the ideals of Roman rulers and intellectuals, including Pliny. They shared the episteme that sought to encompass knowledge of the entire world they ruled and, in doing so, realize their vision of the Roman Empire. Through the Natural History, Pliny sought to embrace useful knowledges of his time into the vast civilized world of the Roman Empire, and the garden was an important place to practice this ideal.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.21-31
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• 2014

This study aims to comparison of spatial composition that Okhojeong garden and Seokpajeong garden. Construct background and space structure in both of Okhojeong garden and Seokpajeong garden is analyzed. The results were as follows. First, Okhojeong garden and Seokpajeong garden of the nobles gardens in late Joseon dynasty. They had the advanced techniques of contemporary based on their political power and wealth, and therefore could built garden and enjoy the garden culture of the upper layer. Furthermore, composition of the Okhojeong garden can be assumed that it is related to construction of the Seokpajeong garden through analysis of the relationship between builders. Secondly, Space structure of Okhojeong garden and Seokpajeong garden is divided into pavilion unit of small gardens with living space as the center. Construction pavilion in each garden space imbues certain landscape theme. In addition, authorization of characteristics of a place in each area is attempted through boundary establishment and selective garden culture of varied seasonal landscape. Thirdly, In Seokpajeong garden, most of construction characteristics of Okhojeong garden are appeared. This indicates that Seokpajeong garden was affected by space-configuration-technique of Okhojeong garden such as acceptation or modification recreation. Fourth, In many cases, fanciers regarding floriculture are expanded to enthusiasts in late Joseon dynasty. In Okhojeong garden and Seokpajeong garden, herbaceous ornamental is considered to be precious and garden materials such as water tray, stone couch, oddly shaped stone, potted plant, artificial hill, wisteria trellis are diversified at the time.