• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
• /
• v.32 no.3
• /
• pp.21-31
• /
• 2014

This study aims to comparison of spatial composition that Okhojeong garden and Seokpajeong garden. Construct background and space structure in both of Okhojeong garden and Seokpajeong garden is analyzed. The results were as follows. First, Okhojeong garden and Seokpajeong garden of the nobles gardens in late Joseon dynasty. They had the advanced techniques of contemporary based on their political power and wealth, and therefore could built garden and enjoy the garden culture of the upper layer. Furthermore, composition of the Okhojeong garden can be assumed that it is related to construction of the Seokpajeong garden through analysis of the relationship between builders. Secondly, Space structure of Okhojeong garden and Seokpajeong garden is divided into pavilion unit of small gardens with living space as the center. Construction pavilion in each garden space imbues certain landscape theme. In addition, authorization of characteristics of a place in each area is attempted through boundary establishment and selective garden culture of varied seasonal landscape. Thirdly, In Seokpajeong garden, most of construction characteristics of Okhojeong garden are appeared. This indicates that Seokpajeong garden was affected by space-configuration-technique of Okhojeong garden such as acceptation or modification recreation. Fourth, In many cases, fanciers regarding floriculture are expanded to enthusiasts in late Joseon dynasty. In Okhojeong garden and Seokpajeong garden, herbaceous ornamental is considered to be precious and garden materials such as water tray, stone couch, oddly shaped stone, potted plant, artificial hill, wisteria trellis are diversified at the time.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
• /
• v.42 no.1
• /
• pp.100-121
• /
• 2009

This study is subjected to those gardens of the Korean Folk Village 'Oeam-Ri' designed in 1920s. - transitional period of traditional gardens - and define socio-cultural change's influences and through documents on garden design, descendant's testimony and measured drawings, to understand that period's garden culture's characteristics according to garden design elements. This study applied following analysis methods and procedures to derive out characteristics of transitional garden culture. Analysis on socio-cultural characteristics in 1920s. Analysis on actual condition of transitional garden's design. In this point Outline of the Garden, Space formation, Garden designing elements are (1) water landscape, (2) plant, (3) structures, (4) paving, to derive out characteristics of the transitional garden. The results follow as below; First, during the transitional period 1920s, the economical development, fueled by opening nation's door to foreign countries and indication of collapse of statue systems together with idea of practical science and Enlightenment Thought, was element of changes in garden style. Second, Garden Designers of transitional gardens in 'Oeam-Ri' were limited to upper class of the society. They were wealthy enough to maintain their high social statue in rapidly changing society. As results, tendency of returning to nature developed gardens located in a site of scenic beauty and development of geographical features arranging techniques, and also showed copying foreign styles. Third, arrangement of garden and space composition, in most cases, composed of buildings and yards. Changes in water landscape features and garden spaces are centered to main-yard. Major changes of the garden spaces are water landscapes and plants that showing foreign influences. Fifth, scenic appearance techniques appears with dense garden space and emphasizing visual scenic view. Sixth, the characteristics of transitional garden design techniques are development of geographical feature arranging techniques, changes and mixture of the materials and garden types, emphasizing garden's decorative beauty, change of concept of yard within house into garden, changes from 'borrowing of landscapes' to 'selecting landscapes', changes of front garden from emptiness to fullness, changes of attitudes of enjoying gardens from 'staying calm in the garden' to 'moving or walking in the garden', changes to inner-oriented view, and changes from 'just watching and enjoying the nature' to 'enjoying specific objects'. This study is one of the efforts to restore the identity of Korean Traditional Garden by approaching and observing modern era which function as bridge between tradition and present day, and we observed transitional aspects of changes of traditional garden into modern garden. Hereafter, more studies will be needed to Modern Garden Design be recognized as part of Korean Garden Design History and these would be author's next assignment.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture Conference
• /
• 2016.03a
• /
• pp.89-90
• /
• 2016

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
• /
• v.40 no.3
• /
• pp.67-73
• /
• 2022

This study tracked the changing process of unregistered private house gardens by using the form at the time of the construction of gardens as the prototype of each garden, investigated the spatial value of the garden, and discussed the historical spatial value of unregistered private house gardens in terms of inheritance and change of traditional gardens. To this end, targeting on unregistered private house gardens in Gangwon-do, which are in danger of preserving their gardens due to the recent increase in the number of designated cultural heritage dismantled, the patterns of unregistered private house gardens, their characteristics and values were identified through the spatial change of the garden, and the following results were derived. First, the unregistered private house gardens were able to inherit and maintain the form of a traditional garden, being located in a clan village. The garden space was divided by the influence of Confucian philosophy, and the components of the garden, tree species and planting methods appeared differently. In other words, the use of garden components according to the status hierarchy appeared. Second, space reduction was continuously confirmed at four target sites. The reduced spaces are garden spaces, and part of the garden was attributed to the state due to the building of new road and environmental improvement project. The reduced spaces are garden spaces, and part of the garden was attributed to the state due to the new road and environmental improvement project. Third, eight old big trees over 100 years old were identified in three of the four target sites, and the garden components such as stone water tanks, quickset doors, and ponds were commonly identified in Korea, China, and Japan during the Joseon Dynasty, inheriting the historicity of the traditional garden.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
• /
• v.38 no.4
• /
• pp.25-38
• /
• 2020

For the purpose of recording Folk House Garden, this study was to review the historical value, location, space composition, Placememnt of the Building, garden composition, and management status of Folk House Garden designated as a cultural asset in Jeolla-do and to promote continuous maintenance and preservation in the future and enhance its value. The results of the study are as follows. First, most of them have been influenced by the trend of the times, such as the creation of a modern private garden and the spread of agricultural and commercial development through the garden components influenced by the royal, Japanese, and Western styles. Second, there are differences in the spatial composition of private households and the way they handle sponsorship, depending on the geographical location. When the geographical features were divided into flat and sloping areas, private houses located on flat land were divided into walls, walls were placed around the support area, and flower systems and stone blocks were created. The private houses located on the slope were divided into two to three tiers of space, and the wooden plant, flower bed, and stone bed were naturally connected to the background forest without creating a wall at the rear hill. Third, the size of the house and the elements of the garden have been partially destroyed, damaged, and changed, and if there is a lack of records of the change process, there is a limit to the drawing floor plan. There were many buildings and garden components that were lost or damaged due to changes in the trend and demand of the times, and some of them without records had to rely on the memory of owners and managers. Fourth, the species in Warm Temperate Zone, which reflects the climatic characteristics of Jeolla-do, was produced, and many of the exotic species, not traditional ones, were introduced. Fifth, fine-grained tree management standards are needed to prepare for changes in spatial function and plant species considering modern convenience.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
• /
• v.36 no.1
• /
• pp.67-77
• /
• 2018

This study investigated the recognition of Koreanesss, preference factors and the difference of recognition from adjacent Chinese and Japanese gardens for foreign visitors of Seoul gardens, a Korean traditional garden located within the Marzahn garden in Berlin, Germany. Overall, the Chinese garden and the Japanese garden were better known to most visitors than the Seoul garden due to their earlier construction. The awareness of the specialty to the Korean garden was at an average level indicating most visitors did not recognize the difference among the traditional gardens constructed from other countries. These less awareness on the Korean garden was because the traditional gardens of the three countries are located adjacent to the park in a continuous landscape with similar plant species created through natural planting techniques. This means the Korean garden is required for considering diversity and representativeness of planting species, uniqueness in space composition and recognition of Korean oriental garden culture in an initial design project stage. Visitors without prior information has better understanding on Korean garden and higher revisit intention resulting in increasing publicity and understanding of Korean traditional garden. Among the preference factors representing Koreaness of the Seoul gardens, the waterfall, stream, pavilion and natural stone within the water landscape were visitors favorite interests due to design concept with a representative Korean stream scenery of Dokrack-dang and Byeolseo garden resulting in differences from the landscape displaying technique for other oriental gardens. These stylistic differences in the dominant landscaping of garden architecture from surrounding the physical environments, the garden displaying technique derived from Korean natural landscape can be recognized as an unique garden element for foreign visitors.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
• /
• v.41 no.3
• /
• pp.59-66
• /
• 2023

This study attempts to examine the process of establishing a Japanese-style garden in the modern period through the perspectives of garden designers, spatial composition, spatial components, and materials used in their works, and to use it as data for embodying the identity of Korean garden. The results are as follows: First, by incorporating elements associated with Koreanness into the modern garden culture, there are differences in location, presence, and subjectivity when compared to Japan. This reflects Japan's relatively seamless cultural continuity compared to Korea's cultural disconnection during the modern period. Second, prior to the modern period, Japan's garden culture spread and continued to develop throughout the country without significant interruptions. However, during the modern period, the Meiji government promoted the policy of 'civilization and enlightenment (Bunmei-kaika, 文明開化)' and introduced advanced European and American civilizations, leading to the popularity of Western-style architectural techniques. Unfortunately, the rapid introduction of Western culture caused the traditional Japanese culture to be overshadowed. In 1879, British architect Josiah Condor guided Japanese architects and introduced atelier and traditional designs of Japanese gardens into the design. The garden style of Ogawa Jihei VII, a garden designer in Kyoto during the Meiji and Taisho periods, was accepted by influential political and business leaders who sought to preserve Japan's traditional culture. And a protection system of garden was established through the preparation of various laws and regulations. Third, as a comprehensive analysis of Japanese modern gardens, the examination of garden designers, Japanese components, materials, elements, and the Japanese-style showed that Yamagata Aritomo, Ogawa Jihei VII, and Mirei Shigemori were representative garden designers who preserved the Japanese-style in their gardens. They introduced features such as the creation of a Daejicheon(大池泉) garden, which involves a large pond on a spacious land, as well as the naturalistic borrowed scenery method and water flow. Key components of Japanese-style gardens include the use of turf, winding garden paths, and the variation of plant species. Fourth, an analysis of the Japanese-style elements in the target sites revealed that the use of flowing water had the highest occurrence at 47.06% among the individual elements of spatial composition. Daejicheon and naturalistic borrowed scenery were also shown. The use of turf and winding paths were at 65.88% and 78.82%, respectively. The alteration of tree species was relatively less common at 28.24% compared to the application of turf or winding paths. Fifth, it is essential to discover more gardens from the modern period and meticulously document the creators or owners of the gardens, the spatial composition, spatial components, and materials used. This information will be invaluable in uncovering the identity of our own gardens. This study was conducted based on the analysis of the process of establishing the Japanese-style during Japan's modern period, utilizing examples of garden designers and gardens. While this study has limitations, such as the absence of in-depth research and more case studies or specific techniques, it sets the stage for future exploration.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
• /
• v.29 no.2
• /
• pp.90-98
• /
• 2011

This study aims to discuss the characteristics of garden architecture in Italian Renaissance Villa Lante that was constructed by the cardinal in Bagnaia at 16th century through actual survey and analysis of the garden's elements. To do this, it was studied in two ways: Analysis of the present conditions and review historical documents. The results are as follows. First, the buildings, the gardens and the surrounding landscapes are visually connected each other in relations between the topography and the surrounding landscapes. Second, the spatial composition accepted Neoplatonic law of multiple proportions and was influenced by ancient myth and "Liber ruralium commodorum" of Pietro de Crescenzi(1305). Third, the garden's elements consist of plants, buildings and items. In plants, the upper plants are fir tree, cypress and pine tree and the lower plants are english holly, box tree and sweet oleander. The buildings are casino, loggia and terrace. The items are pot, sundial, chair, viewing platform and fountain. The result of this study, the political and social, technical phenomena which constitute construction pattern affected the locational property and the spatial organization of the neighbor on Villa Lante.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
• /
• v.38 no.4
• /
• pp.101-110
• /
• 2020

This study was conducted through the analysis of literature and on-site research as a case study of 14 artists' gardens with traditional themes presented at the garden fair. With Focusing on the design process for determining traditional reproduction, the following characteristics and implications were derived by analyzing the design goals, selection of subjects for traditional reenactment, determination of methods for reproduction, and design stages of landscape components. First, the pattern of selecting traditional structures as subjects for reproduction in many artist gardens can be understood as an advantage of being suitable for narrow sites and having remarkable topic communicability. They directly delivered the design intent by adding the names of traditional structures such as Madang, Wool, Buttumak, Jangdokdae, Chuibyeong and Seokgasan. Works expressed indirectly, such as Wall, Korean Garden, Suwon, and Seoul craftsmen, have relatively weak topic communicability. There were also symbolic representations of objects to be reproduced, such as Seonbi, marginal spaces, and Pung-lyu. Second, while reproducing Hanok Madang, separate the gardens paved with grass and stone, the fortress wall of Suwon Hwaseong and the northwest Gongsimdon of the watchtower. Also the garden with a miniature version of the extraneous Yong-yeon and the garden, which was reproduced as a low decorative wall in the rest area based on Nakan-Eupseong Fortress, shows the need for a deep understanding of tradition. On the other hand, the reproducting works of choosing the location of the traditional garden, the Korean Garden showed the importance of systematic arrangement with the surrounding environment, the beauty of the space in the courtyard of Hanok, the beauty of the slowness enjoyed by the scholars and the reenactments of the Pung-lyu culture of Moonlight boating are not only imitating traditional structures but also spreading understanding of tradition to garden culture and sentiment. Third, there were many works that reconstructed the real-size traditional structure in a straightforward way in relation to design. The garden was divided into Chuibyeong and the living space was decorated with Buttumak, chimneys, and gardens, and facilities representing Gyeongbokgung Palace, Soswaewon, and Seoseokji were systemically arranged. However it recognized the importance of selecting the key design elements, constructing the elevation of the structure, and the sense of scale of the space from works that reproduced the large Suwon Hwaseong and Nakan-Eupseong in an abstract way. While there are examples gardens of Hanok yards and Bazawul, which are far from the original image among the gardens that chose the dismantling method, the Blank-space garden expressed only by a frame composed of cubes, and Seonbi's Sarangbang garden, that permeated the moonlight with many traditional structures are the positive examples. The Seoul Artisan Garden, Jikji Simche Garden and Pung-lyu Garden, which display modernly designed landscape components, need an explanation to understand the author's intention.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
• /
• v.45 no.1
• /
• pp.35-51
• /
• 2017

Street gardens, a series of streetscape improvement projects led by Seoul City Government, are initiated for the purpose of providing aesthetic satisfaction and mental refreshment to pedestrians. In order to investigate whether street gardens indeed promote the psychological health of the users, questionnaire surveys were conducted on three selected street gardens - at Gangnam-daero, Digital-ro, and Teheranro - and their comparison sites located on the same streets, which have a similar physical environment but without a street garden. The survey questionnaires, based on Attention Restoration Theory, were composed of Perceived Restorativeness Scale-11 with the eleven individual questions grouped into four categories: 'Fascination', 'Being away', 'Coherence', and 'Scope'. The survey questionnaires also ask about physical components that promote psychological improvement in the aforementioned categories. The collected data was analyzed with factor analysis, reliability analysis, and independent t-test. The results suggested that street gardens had a relatively positive effect on the psychological restorativeness of the users. In particular, they gave fascination and interest to the users. However, they did not offer a feeling of being away to the users, which revealed the limitation in the psychological improvement effect of street gardens. The physical components of the street garden that have led the psychological restorativeness effect were wooden bench, tree, and flower. This result corresponds to an extant theory that natural factors have a positive effect on the psychological restorativeness within a hardscape. This research will shed light on the planning and design guidelines for the street garden project.