• Childhood Kidney Diseases
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.33-39
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• 2000

Purpose: Our study was designed to investigate the association of MHC Class II (DR, DQ) allele with IgA nephropathy and its significance as a prognostic factor for progression to ESRD Material and Methods: 69 children with IgA nephropathy with normal renal function(serum creatinine $\leq$ 1.5mg/dL) was classified as group A and 70 patients who received renal transplantation due to IgA nephropathy were selected as group B. The HLA-DQB1 and HLA-DRB1 alleles were studied by polymerase chain reaction using sequence specific primers. We have compared the difference in alleles between these two groups and with normal control and also examined any possible effect of the MHC class II genes on the histopathological severity and prognosis of IgAN. Results: Mean age was $8.8{\pm}2.9$ years in group A and $35.0{\pm}15.5$ years in group B. Male to female ratio was 2.8:1 in group A and 2.5:1 in group B. There was a significantly higher frequency of HLA-$DQB1^*03\;and\;DQB1^*05$ in Group B. The frequency of HLA-$DQB1^*0302\;and\;^*05031$ allele had increasing tendency in Group B(P<0.05). HLA-$DRB1^*03\;and\;^*05$ were more common in Group B(P<0.05). HLA-$DRB1^*04$ allele was the most common DR alleles in both group, but there was no statistical significance. There were no significant correlation with MHC class 13 genes on the hjstopathological severity in Group A. Conclusion: In conclusion, $HLA-DQB1^*0302\;and\;HLA-DQB1^*05031 $ allele seemed to be more common in transplanted patients compared to group with normal renal function suggesting that this allele is associated with poor prognosis in IgAN. However larger studies and follow up are required to confirm this due to uncharacterized heterogeneity in etiopathogenesis of IgA nephropathy and possibly one or more than one gene may exert influence in determining susceptibility to the diseases.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.130-136
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• 2005

Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the correlation among descriptions regarding one's stool, Bristol stool form scale and colon transit time (CTT) in children with gastrointestinal symptoms, along with the clinical significance of Bristol stool form scale. Methods: 489 patients treated in the pediatric department of Severance hospital with gastrointestinal symptoms between May 2002 to May 2004 were included. We analyzed their age, sex, verbal descriptions of stool, Bristol stool form types, and CTT measured by Metcalf's method. Results: 116 children were under 5 years of age, 202 children between 5.1~10, and 171 children 10 years of age or older. Their mean age was $8.2{\pm}3.9years$. Stools were described as loose in 65 children (13.3%), normal in 221 (45.2%), hard in 188 (38.4%), and mixed (loose+hard) in 15 (3.1%). According to Bristol stool form scale, 57 children(11.7%) were classified as type 1, 66 (13.5%) as type 2, 203 (41.5%) as type 3, 109 (22.3%) as type 4, 36 (7.4%) as type 5, 18 (3.7%) as type 6, and 1 (0.2%) as type 7. Their mean CTT was checked $35.9{\pm}19.5hours$. Though no significant relationship was observed between age and CTT (p=0.4), a significant relationship was noted among patient's stool description, Bristol stool form scale and CTT (p<0.001). However, concordance between stool description and Bristol stool form was relatively low in the loose stool group (29%) and normal stool group (37%) while high in the hard stool group (87%). Conclusion: Bristol stool form scale could be used in the estimation of CTT in clinical practice.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.39 no.5
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• pp.400-406
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• 1992

Background: It has been known that see antigen was used in diagnosis of uterine cervical cancer and also known to be higher in squamous cell lung cancer. There has been no report about see antigen in squamous cell lung cancer in Korea. This study was designed to evaluate the usefulness of see antigen as a diagnostic tool and index for follow up after treatment. Method: The serum level of see antigen was measured in 12 cases with squamous cell lung carcinoma, 9 patients with other types of lung cancer, 7 patients with benign lung disease and 7 normal subjects by radioimmunoassay with Abott see Riabeap radioimmunoassay kit. We also measured see antigen after treatment in 6 patients who had received chemotherapy or sugery. Result: 1) The level of see antigen ($mean{\pm}1$ SD) was $2.27{\pm}1.53$, $0.67{\pm}0.38$, $0.62{\pm}0.53$, $0.53{\pm}0.36\;ng/ml$ respectively. 2) The see antigen activity in squamous cell lung carcinoma according to stage were as gollows. I; $2.07{\pm}1.56$, $III_a$; $5.04{\pm}0.53$ $III_b$; $1.94{\pm}0.7$ IV; $1.07{\pm}0.64$ (ng/ml). 3) In squamous cell lung cancer, 5 of 12 (42%) cases was shown more than 2.0 ng/ml see antigen. (sensitivity; 42%), but there was no case in any other type of lung cancer, benign lung disease, and in control groups (specificity; 100%). 4) The serum sec antigen level after treatment was significantly decreased in patients with partial or complete remission (p<0.01). Conclusion; It was suggested that see antigen might be used as a useful tumor marker for the response of treatment and assessment of prognosis in squamous cell lung cancer, but further study should be performed for the clinical use of see antigen.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2004.05b
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• pp.809-813
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• 2004

강우시 유역 내에서 발생하는 수문특성을 구명하고자 하는 연구는 지속적으로 진행되고 있다. 특히 최근 몇년간 집중호우로 인한 홍수피해가 매우 실각한 수준으로 발생하였고, 이에 지방 소하천을 포함한 전국의 하천정비사업이 새로운 설계홍수빈도를 토대로 진행되고 있다. 우리나라의 강우특성은 여름철에 편중되는 특성을 지니고 있어 홍수시의 홍수방어 대책 등 치수에 많은 어려움이 있는 것이 현실이다. 집중호우로 인한 피해는 전 세계적인 문제로 제기되고 있으며, 이에 강우-유출 관계를 규명하고자 하는 노력이 지속적으로 이루어지고 있다. 강우-유출과정은 시간적, 공간적 다변성을 지닌 수문학적 인자에 의해 좌우되기 때문에 이러한 문제를 해결하기 위해 다년간의 강우-유출 자료를 바탕으로 알고리즘을 생성하고, 이를 바탕으로 정확한 모의가 가능한 수문 모형 및 시스템들을 개발하는데 노력을 기울이고 있다(심순보 등, 1998, 신사철 등, 2002). 그러나 이러한 모형들은 많은 매개변수와 다양한 정보들을 필요로 하게 되어 이들을 처리하는데 많은 어려움이 따른다. 따라서 최근에는 GIS(Geographical Information System)를 활용하여 유역과 분수계를 결정하고 하천형태학적인 특성인자를 추출하는 자동화된 유역정보 추출기술 개발에 대한 관심이 집중되고 있다(Bhaskar, 1992, Francisco, 1995, Yeon, 1999). 이에 본 연구에서는 GIS기법을 이용하여 지형자료로부터 하천연장, 배수면적, 지체시간, 도달시간 등 유역내의 분포형 수문매개변수를 추출하였고 추출된 매개변수를 통해 강우-유출식을 적용하여 분포형 유출량을 산정하는데 활용하고자 한다.ansverse Mercatro) 지구좌표계의 DEM 자료로 변환하였다. 또한 유역의 고도차를 이용한 흐름특성 분석을 위해 수치고도자료를 이용하여 유역흐름특성을 분석할 수 있는 TOPAZ(Topographic PArameteri-Zation) 프로그램을 이용하였다. TOPAZ 프로그램을 통해 분석된 각 격자별 분포형 수문 매개변수는 적합한 관계식을 통해 분포형 유출량을 모의하는데 적용된다.다 정확한 유입량 예측이 가능할 것으로 사료된다.이 작은 오차를 발생하였으며, 전체적으로 퍼프 모형이 입자모형보다는 훨씬 적은 수의 계산을 통해서도 작은 오차를 나타낼 수 있다는 것을 알 수 있었다. 그러나 Gaussian 분포를 갖는 퍼프모형은 전단흐름에서의 긴 유선형 농도분포를 모의할 수 없었고, 이에 관한 오차는 전단계수가 증가함에 따라 비선형적으로 증가하였다. 향후, 보다 다양한 흐름영역에서 장${\cdot}$단점 분석 및 오차해석을 수행한 후에 각각의 Lagrangian 모형의 장점만을 갖는 모형결합 방법을 제시할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.mm/$m^{2}$로 감소한 소견을 보였다. 승모판 성형술은 전 승모판엽 탈출증이 있는 두 환아에서 동시에 시행하였다. 수술 후 1년 내 시행한 심초음파에서 모든 환아에서 단지 경등도 이하의 승모판 폐쇄 부전 소견을 보였다. 수술 후 조기 사망은 없었으며, 합병증으로는 유미흉이 한 명에서 있었다. 술 후 10개월째 허혈성 확장성 심근증이 호전되지 않아 Dor 술식을 시행한 후 사망한 예를 제외한 나머지 6명은 특이 증상 없이 정상 생활 중이다 결론: 좌관상동맥 페동맥이상 기시증은 드물기는 하나, 영유

• Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.155-162
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• 2006

Purpose: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a critical disease with higher rates of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality due to myocardial ischemia and infarction. There is glowing interest in how to determine high-risk patients who are candidates for screening testing. This study was performed to evaluate the incidence of coronary artery disease (CAD) in diabetic patients detected by Tc-99m MIBI myocardial perfusion SPECT (MPS) and to assess risk factors of CAD and cardiac hard events. Subjects and Methods: 203 diabetic patients (64 male, mean age $64.1{\pm}9.0$ years) who underwent MPS were included between Jan 2000 and July 2004. Cardiac death and nonfatal myocardial infarction (MI) were considered as hard events, and coronary angioplasty and bypass surgery >60 days after testing were considered as soft events. The mean follow-up period was $36{\pm}18$ months. Patients underwent exercise (n=6) or adenosine stress (n=197) myocardial perfusion SPECT. Results: Perfusion defects on MPS were detected in 28.6% (58/203) of the patients. There was no cardiac death but 11 hard events were observed. The annual cardiac hard event rate was 1.1%. In univariate analysis of clinical factors, typical anginal pain, peripheral vascular disease, peripheral polyneuropathy, and resting ECG abnormality were significantly associated with the ocurrence of hard events. Anginal pain, peripheral vascular disease, and resting ECG abnormality remained independent predictors of nonfatal MIs with multivariate analysis. Abnormal SPECT results were significantly associated with high prevalence of hard events but not independent predictors on uni- and multivariate analyses. Conclusion: Patients who were male, had longer diabetes duration (especially over 20 years), peripheral vascular disease, peripheral polyneuropathy, or resting ECG abnormality had higher incidence of CAD. Among clinical factors in diabetic patients, typical angina, peripheral vascular disease, peripheral polyneuropathy, and resting ECG abnormality were strong predictors of hard events.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.45 no.5
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• pp.1000-1011
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• 1998

Background: For the diagnosis or evaluation of airway obstruction in bronchial asthma and chronic obstructive lung disorders, various parameters derived from the forced expiratory volume curve and maximal expiratory flow volume curve have been used. Recently the peak expiratory flow(PEF) measured by the peak flow meter is widely used because of its simplicity and convenience. But there were still no data of the predicted normal values measured by the peak flow meter in Korea. This study was to obtain the predicted normal value of PEF and to know the accuracy of this value to predict $FEV_1$. Method: The measurements of PEF by the MiniWright peak flow meter and several parameters derived from the forced expiratory volume and maximal expiratory flow volume curves by the Microspiro HI 501(Chest Co.) were done in 129 men and 125 women without previous history of the respiratory diseases. The predicted normal values of parameters according to the age and the height were obtained, and the regression equation of $FEV_1$ by PEF was calculated. Results: The predicted normal values of PEF(L/min) were -2.45$\times$Age(year) +1.36 $\times$ Height(cm)+427 in men, and -0.96 $\times$ Age (year) + 2.01 $\times$ Height (cm) + 129 in women. FEFmax derived from the maximal expiratory flow volume curve was less than by 125 L/min in men and 118 L/min in women respectively compared to PEF. $FEV_1$(ml) predicted by PEF was 5.98 $\times$ PEF(L/min) + 303 in men, and 4.61 $\times$ PEF(L/min) + 291 in women respectively. Conclusion : The predicted normal value of PEF measured by the peak flow meter was calculated and it could be used as a standard value of PEF while taking care of patients with airway obstruction. $FEV_1$, the gold standard of ventilatory function, could be predicted by PEF to a certain extent.

• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
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• v.29 no.12
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• pp.11-24
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• 2013

This study presents a design method for typical rainfall-induced landslide considering in-situ matric suction. Actual landslide data are used to validate the proposed method. The soil-water characteristic curve (SWCC) and unsaturated permeability are experimentally determined to estimate hydraulic properties of testing site. The field measurement of matric suction is carried out to monitor in-situ matric suction in a natural slope subjected to rainfall infiltration, which is incorporated in the landslide analysis. The wetting band depth and safety factor of the slope are assessed to clarify the effect of domestic rainfall pattern. Especially, the effect of antecedent rainfall on the slope stability is investigated and discussed in terms of wetting band depth using parametric study. It is found from the result of this study that proposed design method can consider the characteristic of unsaturated soil and effect of antecedent rainfall. The location of the scarp zone is fairly well predicted by proposed design method. Moreover, heavy rainfall, concentrated in the backward part with time, causes the lowest safety factor of the slope. These results demonstrate that decrease in matric suction due to antecedent rainfall may trigger slope instability. After the antecedent rainfall, additional rainfall may cause the slope failure due to increasing wetting band depth.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.54 no.1
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• pp.5-14
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• 2003

Background : According to the study in ICOPER (International Cooperative Pulmonary Embolism Registry), the overall mortality rate of acute pulmonary thromboembolism (APTE) at 3 months is 17.4%. According to the study for current status of APTE in Japan, the hospital mortality rate is 14%. Although the incidence and mortality rate of APTE has been increasing, patient characteristics, management strategies, and outcome of APTE in the Korean population have not yet been assessed in large series. We therefore performed the national survey for the current status of APTE in the Korean population. Methods : 808 registry patients with APTE were analyzed with respect to clinical characteristics, risk factors, diagnostic procedures, treatment, and clinical outcome. Results : Main risk factors were immobilization, recent major surgery, and cancer. Common symptoms were dyspnea and chest pain. Common signs were tachypnea and tachycardia. The majority of registry patients underwent lung perfusion scanning. Spiral CT was used in 309 patients(42.9%), and angiography in 48 patients(7.9%). Heparin was the most widely used treatment. On multivariate logistic regression analysis, onset in hospital (odds ratio 1.88, p=0.0385), lung cancer (odds ratio 9.20, p=0.0050), tachypnea (odds ratio 3.50, p=0.0001), shock (odds ratio 6.74, p=0.0001), and cyanosis (odds ratio 3.45, p=0.0153) were identified as significant prognostic factors. The overall mortality rate was 16.9% and mortality associated with APTE was 9.0%. Conclusions : The present registry demonstrated the clinical characteristics, diagnostic strategies, management and outcome of patient with APTE in Korea. The mortality rate was 9.0%, and the predictors of mortality were onset in hospital, lung cancer, tachypnea, shock, and cyanosis. These results may be important for risk stratification as well as for the identification of potential candidates for more aggressive treatment.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.27 no.3 s.62
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• pp.481-492
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• 1997

In order to investigate the possibility of using a cervical vertebral maturation indicator as a mandibular growth indicator, the relationship of cervical vertebral maturation and mandibular & body height growth changes was assessed in biennial serial lateral cephalometric radiographs of eighteen korean male and fourteen korean female while they were 8.5 to 18.5 years old. The following results were obtained. 1. It was a reliable method to evaluate skeletal maturation by using cervical vertebrae. 2. In general, cervical vertebral maturation stages of females were higher than those of males at the same age and there were significant differences in statistics at the age of 10.5, 14.5. 3. The age of a female at the same cervical vertebral maturation stage were earlier than that of a male. 4. In the case of males, significant Ar-Gn increases were found between stage 3 and 4,5; Ar-Go increases between stage 4 and 5. 5. In the case of females, significant S-Gn and Ar-Gn increases were (end between stage 3 and 4. 6. Significant body height increases were found between stage 3 and 4 in both sexes. 7. The peak velocity of body height and mandibular length was observed between cervical vertebral maturation stage 3 and 4 in both sexes. 8. The relationship between mandibular & body height changes and specific maturation stage of cervical vertebra was found, therfore using a cervical vertebral maturation indicator as mandibular growth indicator is quite within realms of possibility.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.41 no.7
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• pp.357-361
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• 1997

8-Azaxanthine (1), 3-${\beta}$-D-ribofuranosyl-8-azaxanthine (2), 3-${\beta}$-D-ribofuranosyl-8-azaxanthine-5'-monophosphate (3), and 3-${\beta}$-D-ribofuranosyl-8-azaxanthine-5'-(3-pyridinylcarbonyl)monophosphate (4) were synthesized. The in vitro antitumor activities of the synthesized compounds against P388 mouse leukemia, FM3A mammary carcinoma, and U937 human histiocytic lymphoma cells were determined by MTT assay. 2 with unnatural N-3 and C-1' glycoside bond had activity against three tumor cell lines and $IC_{50}$s of these compounds were 0.05, 0.06, and 0.06 ${\mu}mol/mL$ against three tumor cell lines, respectively. But these compounds had no antibacterial activity. $IC_{50}$s against U937 human histiocytic lymphoma cells were verified with the structural modification: $IC_{50}$s of 1, 2, 3, and 4 were 0.33, 0.06, 0.25, and 0.33 ${\mu}mol/mL$, respectively.