• Toxicological Research
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.391-403
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• 2007

The study was conducted to assess the repeated dose and reproduction and developmental toxicities of acetanilide, an intermediate for drug production, as a part of OECD Screening Information Data Set (SIDS) program. The test agent was administered by gavage at dose levels of 0, 22, 67, 200 and 600 mg/kg to Sprague-Dawley rats (12/group/sex) during pre-mating and mating period for males(up to 30 days) and females and pregnancy and early lactation period for females (up to 39-50 days). At 22 mg/kg, decreases in HGB, HCT (males) and MCHC (females), hyperplasia of spleen red pulp, hyperplasia of femur bone marrow (both sexes) were observed. At 67 mg/kg, salivation (males), reduced food consumption (both sexes), decreases in RBC, HGB, HCT and MCHC (males), increases in MCV (males) and spleen weight (males), hyperplasia of spleen red pulp and femur bone marrow (both sexes) were observed. At 200 mg/kg, decreases in locomotor activity and salivation (both sexes), reduced food consumption (both sexes), decreases in RBC, HGB, HCT and increases in MCV, MCH, BUN, T-BIL (males), enlargement of spleen (both sexes), increased weight of spleen (males), hyperplasia of spleen red pulp and femur bone marrow and extramedullary hematopoiesis of liver (both sexes), atrophy of thymus and corpus luteum hyperplasia of ovary (females) were observed. At 600 mg/kg, decreases in locomotor activity, cyanosis (both sexes), reddish tear, and salivation (males), mortality (4 out of 12 females), decreased body weight (females), reduced food consumption (both sexes), decreases in RBC, HGB, HCT and MCHC and increases in WBC, MCV, MCH, reticulocyte, neutrophil, lymphocyte, monocyte, AST, ALT, BUN, T-BIL, ALB, Ca and A/G ratio (males), enlargement of spleen, increased weights of spleen (both sexes), liver (males), kidney and ovary, decreased weights of thymus (females), hyperplasia of spleen red pulp, hyperplasia of femur bone marrow and extramedullary hematopoiesis of liver (both sexes), and atrophy of thymus and corpus luteum hyperplasia of ovary (females) were observed. Regarding the reproduction and development toxicities, there were no treatment-related changes in precoital time, mating index, fertility index and pregnancy index at all doses tested. At 22 and 67 mg/kg, there were no adverse effects on all the parameters observed. At 200 mg/ kg, decreased body weight of pups (day 4 p.p.) were observed. At 600 mg/kg, decreased body weight of pups (day 0 and 4 p.p.) and viability index (day 4 p.p.), increased incidence of newborns dead or with abnormal clinical signs were observed. The results suggest that the NOAELs for general toxicity are < 22 mg/kg, LOAELs are 22 mg/kg and the NOAELs for reproductive toxicity are 67 mg/kg.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제44권1호
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• pp.49-55
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• 2004

The present study was carried out to investigate the potential acute toxicity of CKD-602 by a single intravenous dose in Beagle dogs. The test chemical was administered intravenously to male and female Beagle dogs at dose levels of 0.3, 0.5, or 2.5 mg/kg. Mortalities, clinical findings, and body weight changes were monitored for the 14-day period following the administration. At the end of 14-day observation period, all animals were sacrificed and complete gross postmortem examinations were performed. All males and females of the 2.5 mg/kg dose group were found dead between the fourth and seventh day after the injection. Treatment related clinical signs, including vomiting, anorexia, mucous stool, diarrhea, and no stool were observed. Decrease or suppression of body weight was observed in a dose-dependent manner. In autopsy, dark red discoloration of the gastrointestinal tract, atrophy of the thymus, paleness of the spleen, sporadic dark red spots of the lung and petechia of the heart were observed in dead animals of the 2.5 mg/kg dose group. There were no specific adverse effects on males and females of the 0.3 and 0.5 mg/kg dose groups, except for the transient clinical signs such as anorexia, vomiting, and mucus/no stool. On the basis of the results, it was concluded that a single intravenous injection of CKD-602 to Beagle dogs resulted in increased incidence of abnormal clinical signs and death, decreased body weight, and increased incidence of abnormal gross findings. The absolute toxic dose of this chemical was 2.5 mg/kg for both genders. The $LD_{50}$ value was 1.1 mg/kg (95% confidence limit not specified) for both genders. The no-observed-effect level (NOEL) was considered to be below 0.3 mg/kg for both genders.

• 한국컴퓨터그래픽스학회논문지
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.9-15
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• 2012

본 논문은 컬러 이미지를 의미 있는 영역으로 분할하기 위한 새로운 방법을 제시한다. 본 연구에서, 의미 있는 영역을 이미지에서 많이 등장하는 색을 가지고 있는 영역이라고 정의하고, 많이 등장하는 색들을 파악하기 위해서 주어진 이미지를 RGB 공간에서 컬러 점들의 집합으로 표현한다. 그리고 본 기법에서 정의한 점들의 밀도를 이용하면, RGB 공간에서 점들의 밀도가 높은 영역에 속한 컬러들이 이미지에서 많이 등장하는 컬러라고 볼 수 있게 된다. 결국, 새롭게 제시하는 레벨셋 함수를 이용하여 RGB 공간에서 점들의 밀도가 높은 영역들을 찾음으로써 이미지에서의미 있는 영역을 구분해 낼 수 있지만, 이미지에서 의미 있는 영역(점들의 밀도가 높은 영역)을 구성하고 있는 컬러들이 충분한 크기의 연속된 영역을 이를 만큼 인접해 있지 않으면, 의미 있는 영역이라고 볼 수 없으므로, 그러한 픽셀들은 이웃 영역에 포함시키게 된다. 본 논문에서 새롭게 제시 하는 방법은, RGB 공간에서 컬러들의 밀도 분포를 레벨셋 함수에 적용해서 영역을 분할하고 이를 이미지 공간으로 다시 매칭 시키는 방법으로, 이미지상에 레벨셋 함수를 직접 정의하고 이를 이용하여 이미지 영역분할을 하는 기존의 레벨셋 기반의 이미지 분할방법과는 차이가 있다.

• 한국보건간호학회지
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.5-22
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• 1991

This study was conducted to provide information of affective area in developing a nursing curriculum. The sample consisted of 38 sophomores and 43 seniors in Department of Nursing, College of Medicine, Han Yang University. Data were collected by using a structured questionnaire, which consisted of social, home and self control aspects in self concept. The results are summarized as follows; 1. CD In sophomore, as father's academic career were higher, the self concept In social aspects became higher. The students whose father's job was profesion and a white-collar job and who applied for nursing by force and were satisfied with their educational expenses had more positive self concept in social aspects. In senior, as their age were higher, the self concept in social aspects became higher. The students who had religion, recognized the visions of nursing, and were satisfied with their major, had more positive self concept in social aspects. In self concept in social aspects, home environment explained the major variable in sophomore. On the other side, the variable related to major was important in senior. (2) In sophomore, the students who were satisfied with educational expenses and their major had more positive self concept in home aspects. In senior, the students who counseled of their problems with their parents and recognized the visions of nursing had more positive self concept in home aspects. Counsel of their personal problem with their parents explained the most affective variable $(9.6\%)$ for self concept in home aspects in senior. But, it explained only $1.1\%$ of the variance for self concept in home aspects in sophomore. (3) In senior, the students who were unsatisfied with their educational expenses had more negative self concept in self control aspects. 2. There was no significant difference accord ing to the academic year m social, home and self control aspects. 3. The aspects with the highest positive perception of the self concept was home aspects. Self concept in social aspects was more positive perception than in self control aspects. Self concept in self control aspects was lower than in other aspects. 4. Significant relationship a revealed between social aspects and home aspects in sophomore. In senior, the positive correlation were found between social aspects and home aspects and between social aspects and self control aspects. In conclusion, the self concept m home aspects was more positive perception than in other aspects. It resulted from the fact that the nursing uniqueness was based on the spirit of humanity and service. But, when we consider social and self control aspects, good relationship between subjects and nurse is important in nursing, so it is desirable that nursing curriculum include human relationship program. Therefore. in order to strengthen positive self concept, professors and parents must pay attention to student's problems and counsel with then is required.

• 한국보건간호학회지
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.12-22
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• 1996

Currently. exchanges of industrial workers between countries are more active than ever. and the problem of AIDS in connection with the operation of preventive educational programs has reached a point where the issue cannot be limited to native people alone any more. Based on such judgement. this research has been carried out to provide basic study materials by grasping the latent factors representing the difference between countries in the levels of right knowledge. attitude and behavior with respect to AIDS maintained by workers who have grown in different social and cultural living background. During the period from Apr. 1. 1995 to Jun. 30. questionnaires. written both in Korean and English, were distributed to Korean and Malaysian employees working at certain Korean video manufacturers. and the results of replies. given by 80 workers who were analyzed through matched sampling· method where ages and sex matched by country. were used as the research materials. The gathered materials were analyzed through the SPSS package t-test. ANOVA. factor analysis and multiple stepwise regression methods. and the following results were obtained. 1. The 2 extracted latent factors could be named 'common. social' knowledge factor and 'in-depth. psychological' knowledge factor respectively. 2. The percentile points of 'external. social' knowledge factor. in the case of Korean workers. howed 90.0 at average. a figure 13.75 points higher than those of Malaysian workers. 76.25. On the other hand. the percentile points of the 'in-depth. psychological'knowledge factor showed 70.80 at average in the case of Korean workers. a figure 7.47 points lower than those of Malaysian workers. 78.33. Meanwhile. the difference in percentile points between the 2 latent factors was 8.54 at average. indicating that the points of 'in-depth. psychological' knowledge factor was lower than those of the 'external. social' knowledge factor. 3. As for Korean workers. the percentile points of the 'in-depth. psychological' knowledge factor showed higher points in office workers than in non-office workers. and such variables exhibited in the position of workers can explain the $7\%$ of the latent factor. The percentile points of the 'in-depth. psychological' knowledge factors. in the case of Malaysian workers. showed higher points in groups who had religion than in groups who did not. and higher points in groups who obtained information from newspapers than in groups who obtained from televisions or other sources; and with these 2 variables. $26\%$ of this latent factor can be explained. The results. of analysis described so far suggest that while Korean workers possessed general level of knowledge on AIDS. they had low level of practical knowledge as far as its depth is concerned. and that they had social prejudice on patients as well as on the AIDS infection route. In addition. because the overall knowledge level of Malaysian workers. is lower than that of Korean workers. it suggests that separate programs intended for Malaysian workers are required prior to executing integrated programs.

• 한국보건간호학회지
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.312-329
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• 2004

This study was examined 718 workers who had consistent blood pressure results in 2001 and 2002 general health examinations that were held at a work places managed by a health care agency in Seoul. Significant results are found as follows by analysing SPSS 11.0 on the result of self-recorded questionnaires investigated from Mar 1, 2003 to April 30, 2003. 1. A sampled healthy group and a sampled unhealthy group had significant differences in four variables out of possible nineteens that are sex, age, marriage and occupation. The unhealthy group had more males than females, more aged (over 50 years old) than youngers (under 50 years old), more married than singles, more manufacturing workers than non-manufacturing workers. In the case of systolic blood pressure, as the healthy group had 16.52mmHg while that of the other group had 149. 58mmHg, 33.06mmHg of difference between those groups were detected. In the case of diastolic blood pressure, 74.93mmHg of the healthy group and 96.53mmHg of the unhealthy group yielded 21.60mmHg of difference between them. This result implies that a guidance of health care is required to be aware of 20-30mmHg volatility in blood pressure rate or to understand and treat properly own blood pressure. as it is difficult to detect hypertension in early stage due to no initial symptom. According to the result. an establishment of management system of workers, companies and health care agencies is required for consist health care. 2. In terms of risky habits to health, the unhealthy group had more proportion of past smokers, over-twice-a-week drinkers, people with higher obesity rate. However, in terms of excercise, the proportion of regularly exercising people is higher in the unhealthy group while that of non-exercising people is higher in the healthy group. On the other hand. the average grade of health practicing behaviour in two groups are not significantly different as the health group had 3.00 out of possible 6.00 while the other had 3.10. This result means that as workers are not interested in health practicing behaviour. health promoting programmes must be developed in such a way of various method of motivations and incentives. Particularly this implies that distortional objectives of exercises should be readjusted through health guidance. 3. Systolic blood pressure in the healthy group can be explained by sex and the obesity rate while that in the unhealthy group can be explained by subjective health awareness and the obesity. Diastolic blood pressure in the healthy group can be explained by sex and the obesity rate like the former. The obesity rate was significant variable affecting the blood pressure of both groups, and particularly the effect to the unhealthy group was remarkably higher than that to the healthy group. Therefore, this research identified that the health care on the blood pressure of workers is not only limited to hypertension patients, but also extended to all workers. In order for consistent care, an establishment of management system of workers, companies and health care agencies is required.

• 농촌의학ㆍ지역보건
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.123-133
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• 2003

농촌 지역 남성 주민들을 대상으로 혈청 GGT 활성도와 혈압 및 혈청 지질의 관련성을 검토해 보기 위하여 경상남도 내 농촌 지역인 울주군 두동면과 창녕군 장마면에 거주하는 40세 이상의 남성으로서 1997년과 2000년에 실시한 주민 건강 검진에 참여하였던 사람들 중 379명의 자료를 분석하였다. 혈청 GGT 활성도의 수준을 중앙값을 기준으로 이분하여 두군에서의 수축기및 이완기 혈압, 혈청총 콜레스테롤, HDL-콜레스테롤의 평균치를 비교하였고 중성지방은 중앙값을 비교하였으며 통계학적 유의성은 t-검정과Wilcoxon rank sum 검정을 이용하여 검토하였다. 교란변수로 작용할 가능성이 있는 연령, 신체비만지수와 커피음용에의한영향은공분산분석으로보정하였다. 수축기 혈압과 이완기 혈압은 비음주자에서 GGT 활성도 수준이 높은 경우에 더 높은 값을 보였고 통계학적 유의수준에 접근하였다(P=0.055와 P=0.074). 음주자에서도 역시GGT 활성도가 높은 경우에 더 높은 값을 보였으나 통계학적 유의성은 없었다. 혈청 총 콜레스테롤은 비음주자에서 GGT 활성도가 높은 경우에 더 높은 값을 보였으며 통계학적 유의수준에 접근하였다(P=0.052). 음주자에서는 GGT 활성도 수준에 따라 비슷한 값을 보였다. 중성지방은 비음주자와 음주자 모두에서 GGT 활성도가 높은 경우에 더 높은 값을 보였다(P=0.035와 P=0.002). 이상의 소견으로 보아 혈청 GGT 활성도의 증가는 비음주자에서 혈청 중성지방, 총 콜레스테롤 및 혈압의 상승과 관련성이 있음을 암시한다.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.17-27
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• 1996

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the decreasing effects of Korean garlic against the accumulation of mercury levels in maternal and fetal organs in pregnant Fischer 344 rats, based on the theory and information that neutral amino acids have protective effects against mercury poisoning and garlic contains a large of neutral amino acids. The results obtained are as follows: 1. On the 20th day of gestation, the maternal body weight in 20 mg/wt$\cdot$kg methyl mercuric chloride groups was 76.1% of those in control group, but those recovered to be 81.2% and 93.6% by treating with garlic (0.5 g/wt$\cdot$kg and 1.0 g/wt$\cdot$kg). 2. The mercury levels in maternal organs were reduced 6.2% and 47.2% (p<0.05) in kidney, 8.2% and 42.1% (p<0.05) in spleen, 9.7% and 40.9% (p<0.05) in blood, 35.6% (p<0.05) and 67.2% (p<0.05) in liver, 38.0% (p<0.05) and 57.6% (p<0.05) in brain, by treating with garlic (0.5 g/wt$\cdot$kg and 1.0 g/wt$\cdot$kg). 3. The mercury levels were reduced 22.4% and 44.3% (p<0.05) in placenta, and 34.7% (p<0.05) and 54.9% (p<0.05) in fetal body, by treating with garlic (0.5 g/wt$\cdot$kg and 1.0 g/wt$\cdot$kg). 4. The mercury levels in fetal organs were reduced 17.5% and 46.7% (p<0.05) in kidney, 15.1% and 37.0% (p<0.05) in brain, 30.2% (p<0.05) and 46.7% (p<0.05) in liver, by treating with garlic (0.5 g/wt$\cdot$kg and 1.0 g/wt$\cdot$kg). 5. Mercury levels in maternal kidney were 6.73~7.71 times higher than those in fetal kidney, but those in fetal liver and brain were 1.67~2.25 times and 1.98~2.93 times higher than those in maternal liver and brain, respectively. In conclusion, Korean garlic decrease the accumulation of mercury levels in maternal and fetal organs in pregnant Fischer 344 rats as increasing the dose.

• 한국전자통신학회논문지
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• 제10권11호
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• pp.1271-1276
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• 2015

최근 발전원가가 높은 도서지역의 디젤발전을 신재생에너지로 대체하는 추세이다. 이에 따라 전라남도는 디젤발전기에 의존하여 섬에 전기를 공급하는 지역을 대상으로 태양광과 풍력 그리고 에너지 저장장치 등을 이용한 친환경에너지원을 통해 전기를 공급하는 에너지 자립섬 조성사업을 추진하고 있다. 하지만 신재생에너지원의 용량 설계는 환경적, 지형적 조건으로 부하에 100%로 대응할 용량의 신재생에너지원을 설치하기란 어렵다. 또한 경제성 있는 하이브리드시스템 최적 구성을 위해서는 설계 단계부터 기후조건과 부하패턴 분석을 통해 시스템 구성요소의 적절한 용량 설계와 효과적인 운영을 고려한 마이크로그리드 설계가 요구된다. 따라서 본 논문에서는 서남해안에 위치한 도서지역 중 300호 이상의 가구수를 갖고 증설이 요구되는 거문도를 대상으로 디젤 발전량 중 40%를 신재생에너지원으로 대치하는 하이브리드 발전시스템을 구성하여 최적조합과 용량산정 그리고 경제성에 대한 연구를 수행하고자 한다.

• 한국전자통신학회논문지
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.357-368
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• 2018

석유는 지난 100년 이상 원격지 마을의 전력생산을 가능하게 해왔으며, 지속적인 전력공급이 가능한 장점을 갖고 있다. 섬과 원격지 마을에서 석유만을 의존한 전력생산은 몇 가지 위험과 단점을 갖고 있다. 석유를 사용한 발전은 위험한 연료 연계매매 전략을 사용하여 가격의 변동성이 크고 더 비싸지기도 한다. 섬과 원격지 공동체 주민은 미래 기후변화 영향에 대한 우려와 탄소배출의 감축을 위한 대응행동 요구를 주장하기도 한다. 이러한 위험과 단점은 제조업체에서 태양광, 풍력 및 에너지저장장치 기술 등의 단가를 지속적으로 줄여서 극복할 수 있다. 비용을 줄이는 것은 쉬운 일이 아니며, 본 연구에서는 좀 더 다양하고 새로운 재생에너지원 배치를 기반으로 여러 가지 상황에 따른 현장시공 비용을 줄이는 방안을 검토하였다. 본 논문에서는 GIS를 이용하여 재생에너지설비의 최적위치 및 선로 경과지를 가능하게 하는 편리하고 간단한 설계해법을 제안한다. 제안된 방법은 GIS를 사용하여 거문도를 대상으로 구현하였으며 현장조사를 통하여 설계타당성을 확인하였다.