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A Study on the 3D Measurement Data Application: The Detailed Restoration Modeling of Mireuksajiseoktap (미륵사지석탑 정밀복원모형 제작을 중심으로 한 3차원 실측데이터의 활용 연구)

  • Moon, Seang Hyen
    • Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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    • v.44 no.2
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    • pp.76-95
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    • 2011
  • After dismantled, Mireuksajiseoktap(Stone pagoda of Mireuksa Templesite) is being in the stage of restoration design. Now, different ways - producing restoration model, a 3 dimension simulation - have been requested to make more detailed and clearer restoration design prior to confirmation of its restoration design and actual restoration carry-out. This thesis proposes the way to build the detailed model for better restoration plan using extensively-used Reverse Engineering technique and Rapid Prototyping. It also introduces each stage such as a 3-dimension actual measurement, building database, a 3-dimension simulation etc., to build a desirable model. On the top of that, this thesis reveals that after dismantled, MIruksaji stone pagoda's interior and exterior were not constructed into pieces but wholeness, so that its looks can be grasped in more virtually and clearly. Secondly, this thesis makes a 3-dimension study on the 2-dimension design possible by acquiring basic materials about a 3-dimension design. Thirdly, the individual feature of each member like the change of member location can be comprehended, considering comparing analysis and joint condition of member. Lastly, in the structural perspective this thesis can be used as reference materials for structure reinforcement design by grasping destructed aspects of stone pagoda and weak points of the structure. In dismantlement-repair and restoration work of cultural properties that require delicate attention and exactness, there may be evitable errors on time and space in building reinforcement and restoration design based on a 2-dimension plan. Especially, the more complicate and bigger the subject is, the more difficult an analysis about the status quo and its delicate design are. A series of pre-review, based on the 3-dimension data according to actual measurement, can be one of the effective way to minimize the possibility that errors about time - space happen by building more delicate plan and resolving difficulties.

Investigation of Microbial Contamination in Semisulcospira libertine and Evaluation of Its Reduction Effects by Sediment Removal Treatment (다슬기(Semisulcospira libertine)의 미생물 오염도 평가 및 해감 제거공정에 따른 저감화 효과)

  • Choi, Man-Seok;Jun, Eun Bi;Choi, Seungho;Bang, Hyeon-Jo;Park, Shin Young
    • Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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    • v.34 no.4
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    • pp.361-366
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    • 2019
  • In this study, microbial contamivation semisulcospira libertine and effect of sedimentation treatment of major bacterial and fungal pathogens were investigated. The total aerobic bacteria, coliforms, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and yeast and mold present in raw and water-dipped Semisulcospira libertine were enumerated using the standard plate count methods on using the standard plate method on potato dextrose agar (PDA), 3M Petrifilm for coliforms / E. coli, 3M Petrifilm for S. aureus, and plate count agar (PCA), respectively. In analysis of microbial contamination of raw Semisulcospira libertine, the total aerobic bacteria, coliforms, and yeast and mold were monitored as 6.40, 2.70, and $6.79{\log}_{10}CFU/g$, respectively. Both E. coli and S. aureus were not detected (detection limit: 10 CFU/g). However, Semisulcospira libertine dipped in ground water for 3 hours had higher contamination levels of all natural indigenous microorganisms than raw Semisulcospira libertine. Especially, E. coli was detected as $2.46{\log}_{10}CFU/g$ in the ground water-dipped Semisulcospira libertine. The total aerobic bacteria in the ground water-dipped Semisulcospira libertine was not significantly reduced (p>0.05) compared to that in the raw Semisulcospira libertine. Moreover, coliforms were significantly increased (p>0.05) in all water-dipped Semisulcospira libertine. Only fungi were slightly reduced (less than 0.2 log) (p>0.05) in the tap water-dipped Semisulcospira libertine by comparison with the raw Semisulcospira libertine. The results of this study suggest that the use of chemical sterilizing agents and other physical methods in the washing stage will be necessary for the microbial reduction in raw Semisulcospira libertine because the use of sediment removal treatment by ground or tap water did not affect the microbiological safety of the raw Semisulcospira libertine.

Toxicity Assessment of Antifouling Agent using the Survival and Population Growth Rate of Marine Rotifer, Brachionus plicatilis (해산로티퍼(Brachionus plicatilis)의 생존 및 개체군 성장률을 이용한 신방오도료(Zinc undecylenate)의 독성평가)

  • Hwang, Un-Ki;Choi, Hoon;Park, Yun-Ho;Park, Na-Young;Jang, Soo-Jung;Lee, Seung Min;Choi, Yun-Seok;Yang, Joon-Yong;Lee, Ju-Wook
    • Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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    • v.36 no.3
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    • pp.392-399
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    • 2018
  • Toxicity assessment of antifouling agent, zinc undecylenate (ZU) has been investigated using the rate of survival and population growth in marine rotifer, Brachionus plicatilis. The survival rate of Brachionus plicatilis was determined after 24 h of exposure to ZU and was not affected up to the maximum level of $100.0mg\;L^{-1}$ of ZU. The population growth rate (r) was determined after 72 h of exposure to ZU. It was observed that r in the controls (absence ZU) was greater than 0.5 but exhibited a sudden decrease with an increase in the concentration of ZU. ZU reduced r in a dose-dependent manner and a significant reduction occurred at a concentration greater than $12.5mg\;L^{-1}$. The 50% effective concentration ($EC_{50}$) value of r during ZU exposure was $26.4mg\;L^{-1}$, No-observed-effect-concentration (NOEC) was $6.3mg\;L^{-1}$ and Lowest-observed-effect-concentration (LOEC) was $12.5mg\;L^{-1}$, respectively. Based on the results, it is apparent that ZU concentration greater than $12.5mg\;L^{-1}$ exhibited a toxic effect on the r of zooplankton, B. plicatilis in natural ecosystems.

A Study on the Simcho of Wooden Pagodas in Baekjae (백제의 심초 및 사리봉안)

  • Jung, Ja Young
    • Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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    • v.41 no.1
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    • pp.109-125
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    • 2008
  • Recently, there has been an increase in excavation studies of wood pagodas from the Three Kingdoms and Unified Shilla periods and new data related to wood pagoda erection are being found bringing about progress in research on this field. In other words, studies on wooden pagodas in Korea were composed mainly of flat, axis construction techniques and sarijangeomgu, but by acquiring new data, it has now become possible to study not only the stylobate construction procedure and transition, but also studies on restoring wooden pagodas. Furthermore, pagoda sites similar to this were found in China and Japan as well, making it possible to make comparative studies among ancient wooden pagodas possible. In this paper, the main remains were set as Baekjae wooden pagodas, which were the most frequently studied and among the wooden pagodas, the simcho (central base stone) and sarira housing locations. In result, simcho can be found changing its position from underground ${\rightarrow}$ halfway underground ${\rightarrow}$ above ground. Baekjae wooden pagodas up until the mid sixth century located at Neungsan-ri saji (AD 567) and Wangheungsaji (AD 577) had its simcho located underground and later it was constructed halfway underground and then above ground. It was confirmed that in the 7th century, it became customary to place above ground as seen in the Jaeseoksaji (AD639) and Hwangnyongsaji (AD645) wooden pagoda sites. The sarira was usually located on the south side of the simcho, but gradually changed to the center. In particular, sarira were combined in the simcho in the mid sixth century at the Wangheungsaji. This is approximately 11 years earlier than the Bijosa (AD 588) simcho found in Japan and this was not found even in the simcho of wooden pagodas in Yeongnyeongsa (AD 516) and Jopaengseong temple (AD 535~561) of China showing that the Wangheungsaji simcho was the earliest of its kind.

The Real States of Affairs and Features of Fortune-Telling in Gwang-Ju (광주 점복(占卜)문화의 실상과 특징)

  • Pyo, In Ju
    • Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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    • v.43 no.4
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    • pp.4-23
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    • 2010
  • Danggol, in other words the hereditary shaman, is a person who is performing the Gut(the Korean shamanistic ritual) as the job but fortuneteller simply tells someone's fortunes. Nowadays most of fortunetellers think their works are wholly managed the Gut as the holy jobs. But Generally this kinds of jobs, we think it is lower than ordinary people's level of education in the korea. Actually we can meet eleven fortunetellers who have a college diploma out of them, so we can know that their education's level is increasing gradually. On the other hand a house of fortunetellers is the place where can lead the way of our lives in the method of seeing one's past life or making predictions of someone's coming events etc. Gradually this place seems to be separated with a private home, so the most of them is managing as the monthly rent. Consequently this houses are heavily located at the Gyerim five-way crossing, the Yang-dong Dakjeonmeory street, Jungheung-dong local culture street area. Each fortunetellers have the different ways of fortune-telling because this methods are decided by their one's characters. So their fortune-telling time and its time required for a task is far different. The methods of telling it is very much different in accordance with the learning fortuneteller or spiritualistic fortuneteller. But the process of fortune-telling is common like as a preparatory stage, carrying a Jumsa(fortune-telling) stage and acting by a Jumsa stage. These steps are sequential but linked together. There are six special features of fortune-telling culture in Gwang-Ju. 1. The role of a fortuneteller and Bosal(spirit-descended shaman) runs at the same time. 2. The house of fortune-telling is doing Gutdang(ritual house)'s works. 3. Its location are heavily collectivized at the specific districts. 4. The learning fortuneteller are increasing gradually. 5. The youth are growing use in the fortune-telling house. 6. There are many person that are visiting this house because of individual problems not their family's problems.

"As the Scientific Witness Is a Court Witness and Is Not a Party Witness" ("과학의 승리"는 어떻게 선언될 수 있는가? 친자 확인을 위한 혈액형 검사가 법원으로 들어갔던 과정)

  • Kim, Hyomin
    • Journal of Science and Technology Studies
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    • v.19 no.1
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    • pp.1-51
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    • 2019
  • The understanding of law and science as fundamentally different two systems, in which fact stands against justice, rapid progress against prudent process, is far too simple to be valid. Nonetheless, such account is commonly employed to explain the tension between law and science or justice and truth. Previous STS research raises fundamental doubts upon the off-the-shelf concept of "scientific truth" that can be introduced to the court for legal judgment. Delimiting the qualification of the expert, the value of the expert knowledge, or the criteria of the scientific expertise have always included social negotiation. What are the values that are affecting the boundary-making of the thing called "modern science" that is supposedly useful in solving legal conflicts? How do the value of law and the meaning of justice change as the boundaries of modern science take shapes? What is the significance of "science" when it is emphasized, particularly in relation to the legal provisions of paternity, and how does this perception of science affect unfoldings of legal disputes? In order to explore the answers to the above questions, we follow a process in which a type of "knowledge-deficient model" of a court-that is, law lags behind science and thus, under-employs its useful functions-can be closely examined. We attend to a series of discussions and subsequent changes that occurred in the US courts between 1930s and 1970s, when blood type tests began to be used to determine parental relations. In conclusion, we argue that it was neither nature nor truth in itself that was excavated by forensic scientists and legal practitioners, who regarded blood type tests as a truth machine. Rather, it was their careful practices and crafty narratives that made the roadmaps of modern science, technology, and society on which complex tensions between modern states, families, and courts were seen to be "resolved".

On Securing Continuity of Long-Term Observational Eddy Flux Data: Field Intercomparison between Open- and Enclosed-Path Gas Analyzers (장기 관측 에디 플럭스 자료의 연속성 확보에 대하여: 개회로 및 봉폐회로 기체분석기의 야외 상호 비교)

  • Kang, Minseok;Kim, Joon;Yang, Hyunyoung;Lim, Jong-Hwan;Chun, Jung-Hwa;Moon, Minkyu
    • Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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    • v.21 no.3
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    • pp.135-145
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    • 2019
  • Analysis of a long cycle or a trend of time series data based on a long-term observation would require comparability between data observed in the past and the present. In the present study, we proposed an approach to ensure the compatibility among the instruments used for the long-term observation, which would allow to secure continuity of the data. An open-path gas analyzer (Model LI-7500, LI-COR, Inc., USA) has been used for eddy covariance flux measurement in the Gwangneung deciduous forest for more than 10 years. The open-path gas analyzer was replaced by an enclosed-path gas analyzer (Model EC155, Campbell Scientific, Inc., USA) in July 2015. Before completely replacing the gas analyzer, the carbon dioxide ($CO_2$) and latent heat fluxes were collected using both gas analyzers simultaneously during a five-month period from August to December in 2015. It was found that the $CO_2$ fluxes were not significantly different between the gas analyzers under the condition that the daily mean temperature was higher than $0^{\circ}C$. However, the $CO_2$ flux measured by the open-path gas analyzer was negatively biased (from positive sign, i.e., carbon source, to 0 or negative sign, i.e., carbon neutral or sink) due to the instrument surface heating under the condition that the daily mean temperature was lower than $0^{\circ}C$. Despite applying the frequency response correction associated with tube attenuation of water vapor, the latent heat flux measured by the enclosed-path gas analyzer was on average 9% smaller than that measured by the open-path gas analyzer, which resulted in >20% difference of the sums over the study period. These results indicated that application of the additional air density correction would be needed due to the instrument heat and analysis of the long-term observational flux data would be facilitated by understanding the underestimation tendency of latent heat flux measurements by an enclosed-path gas analyzer.

Osteoblastogenic Activity of Tenebrio molitor Larvae Oil on the MG-63 Osteoblastic Cell (갈색거저리 유충 오일이 MG-63 조골세포 분화에 미치는 영향)

  • Seo, Minchul;Baek, Minhee;Lee, Joon Ha;Lee, Hwa Jeong;Kim, In-Woo;Kim, Sun Young;Hwang, Jae-Sam;Kim, Mi-Ae
    • Journal of Life Science
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    • v.29 no.9
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    • pp.1027-1033
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    • 2019
  • Recently, Korea has seen a rapid increase in the elderly population. As a result, osteoporosis, a geriatric disease, has become a social problem. To investigate the novel and natural materials for promoting osteoblastogenesis, we investigated the osteoblastogenic activity of Tenebrio molitor larvae oil (TMO) on the MG-63 preosteoblast cells. The cytotoxicity and proliferation effects of TMO on MG-63 cells were measured by MTS assay. There was no cytotoxicity up to $80{\mu}g/ml$. At 40 and $80{\mu}g/ml$ of TMO (treated for 48 hr), cell proliferation was elevated about 120% compared to the control. The osteoblastogenic activity of TMO was measured with alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity at 5 days. Doses of 5 to $80{\mu}g/ml$ of TMO increased ALP activities significantly compared with the control. In addition, expression of ALP and Runx2 (osteoblastogenic markers) were markedly increased after treatment of TMO for 5 days. These results provide evidence that TMO promotes osteoblastogenesis by increasing the gene and protein expression of ALP and Runx2, and they suggest that TMO may be a potential agent for bone formation and preventing osteoporosis.

Anomaly Detection for User Action with Generative Adversarial Networks (적대적 생성 모델을 활용한 사용자 행위 이상 탐지 방법)

  • Choi, Nam woong;Kim, Wooju
    • Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
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    • v.25 no.3
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    • pp.43-62
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    • 2019
  • At one time, the anomaly detection sector dominated the method of determining whether there was an abnormality based on the statistics derived from specific data. This methodology was possible because the dimension of the data was simple in the past, so the classical statistical method could work effectively. However, as the characteristics of data have changed complexly in the era of big data, it has become more difficult to accurately analyze and predict the data that occurs throughout the industry in the conventional way. Therefore, SVM and Decision Tree based supervised learning algorithms were used. However, there is peculiarity that supervised learning based model can only accurately predict the test data, when the number of classes is equal to the number of normal classes and most of the data generated in the industry has unbalanced data class. Therefore, the predicted results are not always valid when supervised learning model is applied. In order to overcome these drawbacks, many studies now use the unsupervised learning-based model that is not influenced by class distribution, such as autoencoder or generative adversarial networks. In this paper, we propose a method to detect anomalies using generative adversarial networks. AnoGAN, introduced in the study of Thomas et al (2017), is a classification model that performs abnormal detection of medical images. It was composed of a Convolution Neural Net and was used in the field of detection. On the other hand, sequencing data abnormality detection using generative adversarial network is a lack of research papers compared to image data. Of course, in Li et al (2018), a study by Li et al (LSTM), a type of recurrent neural network, has proposed a model to classify the abnormities of numerical sequence data, but it has not been used for categorical sequence data, as well as feature matching method applied by salans et al.(2016). So it suggests that there are a number of studies to be tried on in the ideal classification of sequence data through a generative adversarial Network. In order to learn the sequence data, the structure of the generative adversarial networks is composed of LSTM, and the 2 stacked-LSTM of the generator is composed of 32-dim hidden unit layers and 64-dim hidden unit layers. The LSTM of the discriminator consists of 64-dim hidden unit layer were used. In the process of deriving abnormal scores from existing paper of Anomaly Detection for Sequence data, entropy values of probability of actual data are used in the process of deriving abnormal scores. but in this paper, as mentioned earlier, abnormal scores have been derived by using feature matching techniques. In addition, the process of optimizing latent variables was designed with LSTM to improve model performance. The modified form of generative adversarial model was more accurate in all experiments than the autoencoder in terms of precision and was approximately 7% higher in accuracy. In terms of Robustness, Generative adversarial networks also performed better than autoencoder. Because generative adversarial networks can learn data distribution from real categorical sequence data, Unaffected by a single normal data. But autoencoder is not. Result of Robustness test showed that he accuracy of the autocoder was 92%, the accuracy of the hostile neural network was 96%, and in terms of sensitivity, the autocoder was 40% and the hostile neural network was 51%. In this paper, experiments have also been conducted to show how much performance changes due to differences in the optimization structure of potential variables. As a result, the level of 1% was improved in terms of sensitivity. These results suggest that it presented a new perspective on optimizing latent variable that were relatively insignificant.

The Effects of Transformational Leadership on Helping Behavior and Deviant Behavior - Focuse on the moderating effect of value congruence - (변혁적 리더십이 조직원의 도움행동과 일탈행동에 미치는 영향에 관한 연구 - 가치일치성의 조절효과를 중심으로 -)

  • Jin, Jae-Keun;Chang, Sug-In
    • Management & Information Systems Review
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    • v.38 no.2
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    • pp.183-208
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    • 2019
  • The purpose of this study is to examine the effects of the transformational leadership on helping behaviors and deviant behaviors of organizational members and to verify the control effect of value consistency and to suggest a process for effective business management and human resource management. For this purpose, questionnaires were distributed to employees working in office management, area marketing, and manufacturing industries in Seoul, Gyeonggi and Chungcheong provinces, and the final 334 copies were used for empirical analysis. Data were analyzed using SPSS 18.0, and reliability analysis, factor analysis for validity, correlation analysis, and regression analysis were conducted to verify the research hypothesis. The results of the empirical analysis based on the questionnaire based on the object are as follows. First, charisma of transformational leadership showed negative impact on helping behavior, and intellectual stimulation of transformational leadership and individual care showed positive influence on helping behavior. Second, charisma of transformational leadership showed negative influence on deviant behavior, whereas intellectual stimulation of transformational leadership and sub - constitutional factor of individual care did not show significant influence on deviant behavior. Third, as a result of confirming the moderating role of transformational leadership and helping behavior on the level of value consistency, it showed moderating effects on charisma and individual consideration of transformational leadership. Through this study, we proved the effectiveness of transformative leadership which increases the helping behaviors of the members and reduces the deviant behavior. Based on this, we proposed the necessity of developing managers' transformational leadership improvement program to enhance the sustainability of the organization. And we confirmed the partial influence relationship on the adjustment effect of value consistency. In addition, negative influence of charisma suggests a significant point in the management process design.