• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.397-405
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• 2003

The cleanness of Korean(n=292), Chinese(n=46), Japanese(n=114) and Western(n=74) styles restaurants in 25 districts in Seoul was evaluated in terms of kitchen area(6 criteria), handling of raw materials(3 criteria), hygiene practice for cook(1 criteria), treatment of wastes(2 criteria) and hall(2 criteria). The western-style restaurants were scored the highest points in all criteria. The other three restaurants were poorly evaluated compared with western-style ones in kitchen area, including cleanness of inside of the kitchen, hygiene practice, ventilation and working environment, drainage, and storage of utensils. The most critical criterion which represents the overall evaluation was the ventilation and working environment of the kitchen for Chinese, Japanese and Western-style restaurants, and was the cleanness of inside the kitchen for Korean-style restaurants.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.25-30
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• 2010

Purpose: This study was conducted to estimate the changes of corrected diopter and corrected visual acuity with the change in vertex distance. Also we aimed to provide basic data for refraction test. Methods: Using the trial lens, we measured the corrected diopter and corrected visual acuity after performing binocular balance test. We measured the changes of corrected diopter and corrected visual acuity in change of vertex distance. We analyzed statistical significance and relations between vertex distance and corrected diopter and corrected visual acuity. Results: There was no difference in corrected diopter with the change of vertex distance within -1.00D, but the corrected diopter increased with it over - 1.25D. In particular, the change of diopter was largest when the vertex distance increased 15 mm. At over 11.00D, there was large changes of diopter with the changes of vertex distance at 5 mm, 10 mm and 15 mm. On correlation analysis between the vertex distance and the corrected diopter, there was strong correlation (r=0.999 at 5 mm increase of vertex distance, r=0.982 at 10 mm increase and r=0.957 at 15 mm increase) and also there was significant (p<0.01). At the change of visual acuity in increased of vertex distance, the range of a decrease in visual acuity was large when the changes of vertex distance was largest. On correlation analysis between the vertex distance and the corrected visual acuity, there was strong correlation (r=0.969 at 5 mm increase of vertex distance, r=0.985 at 10 mm increase and r=0.994 at 15 mm increase) and also there was significant (p<0.01). Conclusions: The vertex distance was very important at the refraction test and at wearing spectacle. On correlation analysis between the vertex distance and the corrected diopter, and the corrected visual acuity, there was strong correlation and statistically significant. Therefore, the vertex distance should be kept at the refraction using trial lens, and the best fitting was made not to slipping forward, and so we suggested regular refitting of spectacle and the managing method of spectacle were educated to the spectacle wearers.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.51 no.3
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• pp.264-274
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• 2018

Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the current status of food service management in elementary care classes. Methods: A focus group interview with seven care class managers and a survey with 101 care class managers using a self-administered questionnaire in Gyeonggi province were conducted. Results: In the focus group interview, purchased meals and snacks were evaluated as low quality by the care class managers. Frequent use of frozen or processed food and products with low prices were also reported as problems. Care class managers were in charge of meal and snack planning without any guidelines or expert advices. The results of the survey show that most schools serve purchased snacks and meals. The average unit costs of one meal and snack were 4,062 and 1,463 Won, respectively. The average unit costs of snacks during semester (p = 0.015) and vacation (p = 0.039) were significantly lower in rural than urban areas. The percentages of schools that prepared nutrition standards for meal and snack planning in elementary care classes were only 7.4% and 10.9%, respectively. The meal menus were mostly provided by catering service companies, and the snack menus were planned mostly by the care class managers. Menu planning by the care class managers was more usual in rural than urban areas (p = 0.054 for meal planning and p = 0.008 for snack planning). Just 33.7% of schools introduced safety standards for food service in elementary care classes, and more than half of the respondents (56.4%) did not do a regular medical check-up. Only 33.7% of the respondents received education for food safety. Conclusion: These results show the necessity for establishment of detailed guidelines for food service in elementary care classes and for the introduction of a food safety and nutrition education program customized for care class managers.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.51 no.4
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• pp.415-419
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• 2008

Purpose : Herbal medicine is thought to be widely used by children with epilepsy, but there have been few studies. This study aimed to investigate the perceptions and the actual conditions of usage of herbal medicine by children with epilepsy. Methods : From July to August 2007, three hundred seventy eight questionnaires were completed by parents of epileptic children who visited pediatric neurology clinic of Korea University hospital and Kwangmyung-Sungae hospital. Demographic data and patterns of usage of herbal medicine were investigated. Results : Among 378 patients, sixty five (17.2%) reported using herbal medicine. Major reasons for using herbal medicine were 'to enhance general health' and 'belief that it has fewer side effects'. Majority of respondents did not notify their physician about using herbal medicine because 'they did not need to share this with doctor' and 'they thought their doctor would disapprove'. After taking herbal medicine, 33.3% of patients reported that it did not benefit their seizure but they felt healthier. Usage of herbal medicine was significantly related to number of AEDs (antiepileptic drugs), duration of AED treatment, association with psychosomatic disorders and motivation by other people or by mass media. Conclusion : Considerable numbers of epileptic children were using herbal medicine during treatment with AED and did not inform their physician about usage of it. Physicians should be aware of benefits and harms of herbal medicine and actively intervene in the usage of herbal medicine by epileptic patients.

• Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.129-140
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• 1994

The survey has for its object to detect prevalence rate of hypertension in target population, to find out the risk factor to hypertension, to detect the hypertensive patients cared pattern and therefore, to consider a effective counter plan for the long term about hypertension. The study, population of this survey was 894 out of 1013 target population from Feb. 1 1994 to March 31 1994 in Kyougsang-namdo Ulsan-gun Samnam-myoun. For these two month, check of blood pressure and direct measurement of height and weight was carried out by mass screening and home visiting and had an interview about risk factors for hypertension and cared pattern by questionnaire. The results of survey were as follows : 1. The prevalence rate of 894 study, population was 27.5% and 26.0% in man and 28.6% in women. 2. In male, the prevalence rate for age group, family history of hypertension, drinking, salt intake by risk factors were significant statistically. 3. In female, the prevalence rate for salt intake, body mass index by risk factors were significant statistically. 4. Motivation which was diagnosed as hypertension was that be examined for subjective symptoms of hypertension and routine check for health was only 25.0%, 9.1% and visiting to the hospital for other diseases, detect hypertension by chance was 65.9%. 5. The experience of treatment in prevalent cases was significant statistically in middle class of SES. And the place of treatment by risk factors could not be significant statistically in spite of the majority selected hospital generally. 6. The reasons of non-compliance in prevalent cases was restricting daily activities for its 45.5% most high and the interruption of treatment in prevalent cases was far from hospital geographically for its 47.6% most high 7. The preventive behavior about hypertensive by risk factors or general characteristics wasn't significant statistically. 8. Being treated or not in the near future about age group, SES, family history of the hypertension was significant statistically. And with regard to the place of treatment in the near future, in spite of the majority selected hospital generally, it wasn't significant statistically. 9. The reasons of non-compliance in incidence cases was restricting daily activities for its 46.8% most high. 10. The preventive behavior in the near future about age group, education level, SES, family history of hypertension was significant statistically.

• Neonatal Medicine
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.224-231
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• 2010

Purpose: Hospital readmissions have recently increased due to early hospital discharge and increased trends in breast-feeding. Neonatal hyperbilirubinemia can lead to fatal permanent neurological sequelae without appropriate management. Early detection and intervention are critical. We evaluated the clinical features, risk factors, and brain MRI findings of Korean newborns with idiopathic nonhemolytic hyperbilirubinemia to determine the optimal management policy. Methods: A retrospective review of the medical records of 79 newborns with idiopathic nonhemolytic hyperbilirubinemia was performed at the NICU of the Kyungpook National University Hospital from January 2006 to September 2009. All patients were 35 or more weeks of gestation, and their peak level of serum total bilirubin was more than 20 mg/dL. Results: The mean gestational age was $38^{+3}{\pm}1^{+4}$ weeks, and the mean age on admission was 8.8$\pm$4.0 days. The mean body weight (3,105$\pm$479 g) was decreased by 2.8$\pm$6.4 percent compared to the mean birth weight (3,174$\pm$406 g). There were no statistically significant differences for the peak serum bilirubin level or the duration and effects of phototherapy between the patients with and without risk factors, which included: breastfeeding, cephalohematoma, subdural hemorrhage, and/or ABO incompatibility. Patients were grouped according to change of body weight. Group I consisted of patients that gained weight compared to birth weight, and group II of patients that lost weight compared to birth weight. There were significant differences in the peak serum total bilirubin level between the two groups. Thirty nine patients had brain MRI evaluation; 21 patients had bilateral symmetric signal intensity increases in the globus pallidus compared to adjacent corticospinal tract and putamen on T1-weighted images. Conclusion: Bilirubin encephalopathy is preventable with early screening and proper management. Parents require instruction on feeding practices and follow-up to prevent complications from idiopathic nonhemolytic hyperbilirubinemia.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.7-12
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• 2008

The purpose of this study is to improve the oral health after understanding the usage status of oral health items and to conduct active guidance for prohibition of smoking. The survey of 326 visitors for continuous oral health management in the dentist from April 2nd 2007 to May $20^{th}$ is accomplished. The data is handled from the SPSS 12.0 statistics program and we can get the results like below. 1. The number of people answering the usage of the smooth toothbrush is 64.5% which is higher in smoking peoples than in non-smoking ones (p < 0.001). Non-smoking people 61.4% answering '3 minutes more' per brushing their teeth is higher than smoking respondents. 2. The more used device is the interdental brush by non-smoking people 36.7% than smoking ones and the answer. 3. The percentage answering 'recommendation in the dentist' in the question about the motive using the oral health devices are nearly same in 69.6 % and 67.5% by non-smoking and smoking persons. The most reason not using these devices is 'don't know how to use this' and the number of smoking guys is 38.7% which is higher than that of non-smoking ones(p < 0.05). 4. The percentage of answering 'regular visiting the dentist', the method for oral health management is 28.3% in smoking parts and 35.3% in non-smoking ones which is slightly higher. From this study, the usage and the recognition of oral hygiene devices of the patient with smoking is a little bit lower than those of non-smoking patients and small difference is shown. So public relations of the effects and the necessity of the oral hygiene devices to all people have to be performed and the education and the activity prohibiting smoking are expanded by the dental hygienist based on the understanding of oral health when the patients are smoking or not.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.43 no.6
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• pp.916-925
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• 2014

The purpose of this study was to compare dietary and lifestyle habits in middle-aged women based on their self-perceived health-related physical fitness (SPF) level as well as investigate the effects of dietary and lifestyle habits on SPF. The study subjects were divided into two groups, 'High' group (${\geq}3.2$, n=64) and 'Low' group (<3.2, n=69), based on average SPF value (3.2). Women in the 'High' group showed a greater lean mass (P<0.05), whereas women in the 'Low' group had higher triglycerides (P<0.05). In analyzing characteristics of lifestyle habits, it was found that the 'High' group showed significantly higher scores for 'vitality level (P<0.001)', 'self-rated health status (P<0.001)', 'regular medical checkups (P<0.05)', and 'regular exercise (P<0.05)'. The average score for dietary habits was significantly high in the 'High' group (P<0.05). Furthermore, ordinary dietary habits showed a significant positive correlation (P<0.001) with SPF in the regression analysis after adjusting for disturbance factors. From these results, ordinary desirable dietary habits were shown to be an important factors having positive effects SPF. Therefore, healthy dietary and lifestyle habits should be practiced to improve the SPF of middle-aged women. For this purpose, related educational programs should be developed for the middle-aged women to take interest in their dietary habits.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship
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• v.10 no.6
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• pp.69-80
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• 2015

This can be promoted collaboration environment for the system and the system is very important for competitiveness, it is equipped. If so, could work in collaboration with members of the organization to promote collaboration what factors? Organizational collaboration and cooperation of many people working, or worth pursuing common goals by sharing information and processes to improve labor productivity, defined as collaboration. Factors that promote collaboration are shared visions, the organization's principles and rules that reflect the visions, on-line system developments, and communication methods. First, it embodies the vision shared by the more sympathetic members are active and voluntary participation in the activities of the organization can be achieved. Second, the members are aware of all the rules and principles of a united whole is accepted and leads to good performance. In addition, the ability to share sensitive business activities for self-development and also lead to work to make this a regular activity to create a team that can collaborate to help the environment and the atmosphere. Third, a systematic construction of the online collaboration system is made efficient and rapid task. According to Student team and A corporation we knew that Cloud services and social media, low-cost, high-efficiency services could achieve. The introduction of the latest information technology changes, the members of the organization's systems and active participation can take advantage of continuing education must be made. Fourth, the company to inform people both inside and outside of the organization to communicate actively to change the image of the company activities, the creation of corporate performance is very important to figure. Reflects the latest trend to actively use social media to communicate the effort is needed. For development of systematic collaboration promoting model steps to meet the organizational role. First, the Chief Executive Officer to make a firm and clear vision of the organization members to propagate the faith, empathy gives a sense of belonging should be able to have. Second, middle managers, CEO's vision is to systematically propagate the organizers rules and principles to establish a system would create. Third, general operatives internalize the vision of the company stating that the role of outside companies must adhere. The purpose of this study was well done in collaboration organizations promoting factors for strategic alignment model based on the golden circle and collaboration to understand and reflect the latest trends in information technology tools to take advantage of smart work and business know how student teams through case analysis will derive the success factors. This is the foundation for future empirical studies are expected to be present.

• Proceedings of the Korean Statistical Society Conference
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• 2005.11a
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• pp.117-120
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• 2005

인구주택총조사는 국가통계의 가장 기본이 되는 자료를 생산하는 조사로 거의 대부분의 나라에서 전수조사방식으로 정기적으로 시행해왔다. 그러나 최근 들어 일부 국가, 특히 선진국에서 응답거부가 늘고, 조사대상을 접촉하기 어려운 등 조사환경이 나빠지고 있다. 아울러 조사비용이 급격하게 증가하고 있다. 이에 각 국의 통계청에서는 이러한 상황을 인구센서스에 대한 '근본적인 도전'으로 간주하고 있다(Jensen, 2000). 심지어 독일이나 네델란드에서는 조사환경의 악화로 1990년대 이후 인구센서스를 중단한 상태이다(Bierau, 2000). 조사환경의 악화는 조사의 포괄성과 신뢰성에 대한 문제를 야기한다. 선진국들과 마찬가지로 우리나라에서도 조사환경이 빠른 속도로 악화되고 있다. 더욱이 우리의 경우 읍면동사무소 기능축소로 말미암아 과거 인구주택총조사에서 실제 조사에 도움을 주었던 행정지원이 없어짐에 따라 앞으로 조사의 어려움은 더욱 커질 것으로 보인다. 이렇듯 악화되는 조사환경변화에 대응하여 선진 국가에서는 다양한 형태의 인구센서스방식들이 모색되고 있다. 많은 나라들이 순환형 센서스보다는 행정자료를 인구주택총조사에 활용하는 방안을 모색하고 있으며, 덴마크나 핀란드 등 일부 국가에서는 이미 전혀 조사를 하지 않고 행정자료로 대부분의 인구센서스 통계를 생산하고 있다(Harala, 1996; Gaasemyr, 1999; Laihonen, 1999), 많은 나라들이 행정자료를 활용한 인구센서스 방식을 선호하는 데는 또 다른 이유가 있다. 자료의 측면에서 보면, 행정자료를 활용할 경우 매년 인구센서스 통계를 생산할 수 있다. 실제로 현재 덴마크와 핀란드는 인구센서스에 준하는 통계를 매년 생산하고 있다. 또한 이러한 자료를 바탕으로 지역통계 수요에 즉각 대처할 수 있다. 더 나아가 이와 같은 통계는 전 국민에 대한 패널자료이기 때문에 통계적 활용의 범위가 방대하다. 특히 개인, 가구, 사업체 등 사회 활동의 주체들이 어떻게 변화하는지를 추적할 수 있는 자료를 생산함으로써 다양한 인과적 통계분석을 할 수 있다. 행정자료를 활용한 인구센서스의 이러한 특징은 국가의 교육정책, 노동정책, 복지정책 등 다양한 정책을 정확한 자료를 근거로 수립할 수 있는 기반을 제공한다(Gaasemyr, 1999). 이와 더불어 행정자료 기반의 인구센서스는 비용이 적게 드는 장점이 있다. 예를 들어 덴마크나 핀란드에서는 조사로 자료를 생산하던 때의 1/20 정도 비용으로 행정자료로 인구센서스의 모든 자료를 생산하고 있다. 특히, 최근 모든 행정자료들이 정보통신기술에 의해 데이터베이스 형태로 바뀌고, 인터넷을 근간으로 한 컴퓨터네트워크가 발달함에 따라 각 부처별로 행정을 위해 축적한 자료를 정보통신기술로 연계${cdot}$통합하면 막대한 조사비용을 들이지 않더라도 인구센서스자료를 적은 비용으로 생산할 수 있는 근간이 마련되었다. 이렇듯 행정자료 기반의 인구센서스가 많은 장점을 가졌지만, 그렇다고 모든 국가가 당장 행정자료로 인구센서스를 대체할 수 있는 것은 아니다. 행정자료로 인구센서스통계를 생산하기 위해서는 각 행정부서별로 사용하는 행정자료들을 연계${cdot}$통합할 수 있도록 국가사회전반에 걸쳐 행정 체제가 갖추어져야 하기 때문이다. 특히 모든 국민 개개인에 관한 기본정보, 개인들이 거주하며 생활하는 단위인 개별 주거단위에 관한 정보가 행정부에 등록되어 있고, 잘 정비되어 있어야 하며, 정보의 형태 또한 서로 연계가 가능하도록 표준화되어있어야 한다. 이와 더불어, 현재 인구센서스에서 표본조사를 통해 부가적으로 생산하는 경제활동통계를 생산하기 위해서는 개인이 속한 사업체를 파악할 수 있도록 모든 사업체가 등록되어 있고, 개인의 경제활동과 관련된 각종 정보들이 사업체에 잘 기록 및 정비되어 있어야 한다. 따라서 행정자료 기반의 인구센서스통계생산은 단지 국가의 통계뿐만 아니라 행정조직과 행정체계를 정비하고, 개인과 사업체의 등록체계를 정비하며, 사업체의 개인에 관한 정보를 정비하여 표준화하는 막대한 작업을 수반한다. 이런 이유에서 대부분의 국가들은 장래에 행정자료 기반의 인구센서스통계생산을 목표로 하되, 당장은 행정자료를 인구센서스에 보조적 수단을 사용하는 데 노력을 기울이고 있다. 우리나라의 경우 행정자료를 인구주택총조사에 활용할 수 있는 몇 가지 중요한 기반을 갖추고 있다. 첫째, 1962년부터 시행한 주민등록제도가 있다. 주민등록제도는 모든 국민 개개인을 파악할 수 있는 주민등록번호를 갖추고 있으며 40년 이상 제도화되어 오류가 거의 없는 편이다. 둘째, 세계 10위권 내에 들 정도로 높은 우리나라의 정보화 수준과 2000년부터 시작된 전자정부사업으로 행정자료를 연계${cdot}$통합할 수 있는 기반이 잘 갖추어져 있다. 반면, 우리나라 행정자료 가운데 주거(생활)단위와 사업체를 파악할 수 있는 자료는 매우불완전하다. 대표적으로 인구센서스통계의 주요한 단위인 가구를 파악할 수 있는 수준으로 주소체계가 정비되어 있지 않으며, 많은 사업체, 특히 소규모 사업 가운데 등록되어 있지 않거나 등록오류가 많은 편이다. 이외에도 과세대장, 토지대장 등 많은 행정자료가 아직은 불완전하여 이들을 직접 연계하기에 어렵다. 행정자료를 연계하기 위해서는 모든 자료를 정비하고 표준화하여 실제 행정에 활용하여야 하기 때문에 행정적으로 많은 노력과 시간이필요하다. 따라서 현재는 손쉬운 부분에서부터 인구주택총조사에 행정자료를 활용하고, 앞으로 활용 과정을 거치면서 행정자료를 정비하고 표준화하는 장기적인 방안을 마련할 필요가 있다.