• Bangmulgwan gwa yeongu (The National Museum of Korea Journal)
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• v.1
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• pp.96-119
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• 2024

Some inscribed bricks excavated from the western region of North Korea have been found bearing an era name used after 314 when the Nangnang and Daebang Commanderies had been completely ousted from the region. Others have been found with an era name used in the early fifth century. This indicates that the tradition of constructing brick chamber tombs was sustained for a century after the disappearance of the two commanderies. However, brick chamber tombs were never adopted as a burial system for the ruling class of the Goguryeo Kingdom. The Tomb of Jang Mui built in 348 and the Tomb of Dongni built in 353 both departed from the typical brick chamber tomb style of the region, and elements associated with stone chamber tombs were added to them. The Tomb of Dongsu (Anak Tomb No. 3), which is similar to the other two tombs in that its occupant is of Chinese descent, was constructed in 357 not as a brick chamber tomb, but as an earthen mound tomb with a stone chamber. Still, the continuation of brick chamber tomb tradition in the next half century has been somewhat puzzling. Although dated inscribed bricks have served as important evidence for understanding the continuation of the brick chamber tomb tradition, there has been a problem of continually repeating previous studies. It has also been pointed out that there was an error in the interpretation of era names in some of the dated inscribed bricks that had been believed to have been produced in or after 357. For example, "second year of Taean" (Taian in Chinese), which had been understood to correspond to 386 (during the Former Qin Dynasty), in fact refers to 303 (during the reign of Emperor Hui of the Western Jin Dynasty). In the case of "first year of Geonsi" (Jianshi in Chinese), which had been believed to indicate 407 (during the Later Yan Dynasty), it actually refers to 301. "Geonsi" is the era name used during the period when Sima Yun ousted Emperor Hui of the Western Jin Dynasty and briefly occupied imperial throne. Outside these two cases, the remaining dated inscribed bricks thought to have been produced in or after 357 are those dated to the "third year of Wonheung" (Yuanxing in Chinese). However, a reexamination of these bricks reveals that what is really "Yeongheung" (Yongxing in Chinese) has been misread as "Wonheung." The third year of Yeongheung corresponds to either 306 during the Western Jin Dynasty or 352 during the Later Zhao Dynasty, but it is highly probable that it refers to 306. This means that there is no conclusive evidence to support the hypothesis that brick chamber tombs were built in the area until the late fourth century and even into the early fifth. Accordingly, the Tombs of Jang Mui and Dongni should be viewed as the latest known brick chamber tombs to be constructed in the western region of North Korea. Moreover, brick chamber tombs appear to have been no longer built in the area around the time when the Tomb of Dongsu was constructed. These speculations accord with the historical circumstances of the time.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.22
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• pp.348-355
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• 1989

고성능 핵자탐기를 이용하여 1988. 6. 11부터 6. 30까지 충남 공주 송산리 고분군의 탐사를 수행했다. 고분탐사의 표본으로 이미 알고 있는 전축분 6호분과 석축분 5호분을 동시에 탐사결과 백제당시 높은 온도로 구어 만든 벽돌로 축성된 6호분에서는 5호분보다 아주 강한 고지자기반응을 보여주었다. 그리고 탐사지역 Ａ지역과 Ｄ지역에서는 고지자기반응이 어떠한 일정한 양상을 따라 나타났다. 이들은 각각 석열(石列) 혹은 석축열(石築列)였음을 발견했다. 또한 Ｄ지역의 강한 고지자기 반응에서는 백제시대의 토기항아리가 발견되었다. 이번 탐사의 결과로 고지자기탐사는 높은 열처리와 관계된 고고학적 유적, 유물탐사에 매우 유리하다는 것을 알게 되었다.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.433-445
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• 1998

본 연구는 정상인의 저작근에서 지속적인 등척성 수축후 근전도 power spectrum과 압력통각 역치의 회복 특성을 구명하기위해 시행되었다. 악안면 영역의 동통과 긴으장애의 벙력 및 현증이 ㅇ벗고 정상적인 교합관계를 가진 26명의 정상인(남자 14명, 여자 12명) 을 대상으로 최대근활성도의 70% 수준에서 인내가능 할 때까지의 등척성 수축과 수축후 회복기 동안의 근전도 power spectrum과 압력통각 역치를 컴퓨터를 이용한 근전도 시스텀과 전자식 압력통각계를 사용하여 분석한 결과 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 1. 지속적인 등척성 수축 시작 시점의 중간주파수에서 남녀간에는 통계적으로 유의한 차이가 관철되지 않았지만, 근육간 비교에서는 전측두근에서 교근보다 유의하게 높게 나타났다(p<0.05). 2. 지속적인 등척성 수축전 암력통각 역치는 전축두근에서 교근보다 유의하게 높았고(p<0.001), 남성에서 여성보다 유의하게 높게 나타났다(p<0.05). 3. 지속적인 등척성 수축시 중간주파수와 압력통각 역치의 변화량은 성별간, 근육간에 우의한 차이가 관찰되지 않았다. 4. 지속적인 등척성 수축말기 중간주파수는 수축초기에 비하여 유의하게 감소하였으며(p<0.001), 이의 회복은 모든 근육에서 60초와 120초 사이에서 이루어 졌다. 5. 지속적인 등척성 수축후 압력통각역치는 수축전에 비해 유의하게 감소하였으며(p<0.001), 수축전 수준으로의 회복은 여자군의 전측두근과 교근에서는 30분후에 남자구느이 전측두근과 교근에서는 50분 후에 이루어졌다. 6. 지속적인 등척성 수축후 주관적인 동통이 소실된 시각은 여자군의 전축두근에서는 28분, 교근에서는 42분으로 남자군의 전측두근에서는 30분, 교근에서는 40분으로 나타났다.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.4-23
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• 2013

Songsalli Ancient Tombs of Gongju consists of seven tombs. King Muryeong's tomb, the seventh tomb, is a brick chamber tomb discovered during the drainage works for the fifth and the sixth tombs in 1971. The excavation at the time focused on topographic surveys of the tomb entrance and the inside of the burial chamber as well as collection of the remains. The burial mount survey confirmed the status of some stone slab remaining and lime-mixed soil layers, but the survey did not examine the exterior structure of the whole tomb as the mounds were removed even more deeply. The excavation revealed damages to the bricks and mural damages due to moisture and fungus in the sixth and the seventh tombs. Between 1996 and 1997, Gongju National University conducted a comprehensive detailed survey of Songsalli Ancient Tombs including a geophysical survey, with an aim to identify the root causes of such degradation. Based on the results, repair took place in 1999 and the fifth, sixth and seventh tombs were placed under permanent conservation to conserve the cultural assets. General public is currently denied access. The purpose of this study was to conduct a three-dimensional resistivity and GPR surveys on the ground surface of the fifth, sixth and seventh tombs of Songsalli Ancient Tombs in order to understand the underground status after repair. The study also aimed to understand the thickness of all the tomb walls and exterior structure based on GPR inside King Muryeong's tomb. The exploration on the ground surface found that the three tombs and soil adjacent to the tombs had resistivity as low as 5 to $90{\Omega}m$, which confirmed that the soil water content was still as high as that prior to the repair work. Additionally, GPR found that the wall construction of the burial chamber of King Muryeong's tomb was approximately 70cm in thickness, while the structure was of 2B with two bricks, about 35cm in length, put together longitudinally(2B brick masonry). The pathway to the burial chamber was of the 2B structure just like that of the burial chamber walls, while its thickness was 80cm with an eyebrow-type arch connected to it. Also, the ceiling exterior appears to have an arch structure, identical to the shape inside.