• Journal of the Korean Solar Energy Society
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.58-63
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• 2008

This study has analysed power output characteristics of transparent thin-film PV module depending on incidence angle and azimuth. The experiment results showed power outputs of transparent thin-film PV module applied to full-scale mock up model on slope of $90^{\circ},\;30^{\circ},\;0^{\circ}$ to the south. The simulation results was evaluated power outputs of transparent thin-film PV module depending on incidence angle and azimuth after calibrating the experimental and computed data. As a result. the best power output performance of transparent thin-film PV module was obtained at slope of $30^{\circ}$ to the south, producing the annual power output of 977kWh/kWp. The annual power output data demonstrated that the PV module with a slope of $30^{\circ}$ could produce a 68 % higher power output than that with a slope of $90^{\circ}$ with respect to the inclined slope of the module, Furthermore, the PV module facing south showed a 22 % higher power output than that facing to the east in terms of the angle of the azimuth, Specipically. the varying power output with incidence angle of PV module can be resulted from the influence of incidence angle modifier of glass on PV module. That is, the solar energy transmission can be reduced as an increase of incidence angle of PV module. Therefore, when the inclined slope of the PV module was over $70^{\circ}$ there was a significant reduction of power output, and this was caused by the decrease of solar energy transmission in the transparent thin-film PV module.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Postharvest Science and Technology of Agricultural Products Conference
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• 2002.08a
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• pp.13-31
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• 2002

쌀은 중국에서 중요한 식량작물로 제9차 5개년 계획(1966-2000년) 동안 재배면적 31.4백만 ha이며 생산량은 단위 ha당 6,303kg으로 198백만톤에 이르며 이는 재배면적으로는 식량작물의 27.7%, 그리고 생산량으로는 전체식량작물의 40%를 각각 점하고 있다. 이러한 재배면적과 생산량은 각각 세계전체면적과 생산량의 20.7%와 33.7%를 차지하는 많은 량이다. 중국의 남부지역은 전지역의 73.5%가 이모작으로 재배되며 주품종은 Indica이다. 중국의 중부지역은 이모작과 일모작의 재배형태가 2:3으로 공존하고 있으며 양쯔강 이북은 주로 일모작의 형태이다. 중국의 쌀 재배면적은 1960년대 이후 점차 증가하다가 1980년대 후반으로 정체되었다가 최근 90년대 말에 이르러서는 재배면적의 감소가 가속화되고 있으나 단보당 생산량은 꾸준히 증가하고 있다. 2001년 중국의 쌀소비량은 138백만톤으로 이의 85.2%는 식량용으로, 5.8%는 사료용으로, 1.3%는 가공용, 1.5-2.0%는 수출용으로 그리고 1.2%는 종자용으로 소비되었다. WTO체제에 들어서도 중국의 쌀 생산에는 크게 영향을 받지않을 것으로 여겨지는데 그 이유로는 충분한 생산능려과 자급률, 쌀의 낮은(4%) 국제교역비율, 총생산량에 대한 낮은 쿼터비율 등을 들 수 있다. 그러나 WTO체제 가입에 따른 압력 또한 존재하는 것이 사실인데 그것은 낮은 품질, 국제가격보다 높은 국내가격 등을 들 수 있다. 향후 중국 쌀의 발전적 전략들로는 쌀의 안정적 발전을 지속하는 일, 쌀 재배구조 조정과 함께 높은 미질을 가지는 품종육종, 기계화를 비롯한 경작기술의 발달, 쌀과 부산물 가공기술의 개발연구, 특징 기능을 함유하는 유전공학적 기술의 적용, 토지와 도시화 그리고 식량순환에 시스템의 개혁 등 과학기술을 고양하는 일 등을 들 수 있다.TEX>$\times$10cm의 소식일수록 짧아서 재식주수와 경장은 정의상관이 인정되었다. 9 경직경은 30$\times$10cm, 40$\times$10cm의 소식일수록 크고 20$\times$10cm의 밀식일수록 작았다 10. 수량구성요소인 주근장과 수량인 건근중은 30$\times$10cm, 40$\times$10cm의 재식주수가 적을수록 높아서 재식주수와는 부의 상관이 인정되었다. 11 이상과 같은 결과로 보아 경직경이 크고 주근장이 길어서 10a당 건근중이 많은 30$\times$10cm(33주/$m^2$)가 알맞은 재식거리였다.에 대한 인식을 새롭게 하고 농약취급시의 건강장해예방행동을 촉구하는 등의 효과도 높은 것으로 예방의학적인 유용성이 크다고 볼 수 있다. 미침을 알 수 있었다. 대두 단백질로 코팅된 golden delicious는 상온에서60일 동안 보관하였을 경우, 사과표피의 색도 변화를 현저히 지연시킴을 확인하였다. 또한 control과 비교하여 성공적으로 사과에 코팅하였으며, 상온에서 보관하여을 때 사과의 품질을 30일 이상 연장하는 효과를 관찰하였다. 이들 결과로부터 대두단백질 필름이 과일 등의 포장제로서 이용할 가능성을 확인하였다.로 [-wh] 겹의문사는 복수 의미를 지닐 수 없 다. 그러면 단수 의미는 어떻게 생성되는가\ulcorner 본 논문에서는 표면적 형태에도 불구하고 [-wh]의미의 겹의문사는 병렬적 관계의 합성어가 아니라 내부구조를 지니지 않은 단순한 단어(minimal $X^{0}$ elements)로 가정한다. 즉, [+wh] 의미의 겹의문사는 동일한 구성요 소를 지닌 병렬적 합성어([$

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.744-750
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• 2015

The present study was designed to investigate the effects of hot water and ethanol extracts of Nelumbo nucifera Gaertner flower on lipid accumulation and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production during adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 cells. 3T3-L1 preadipocytes were treated with both hot water and ethanol extracts for up to 8 days following standard induction of differentiation. Regarding anti-adipogenic activity, compared with the control, the hot water and ethanol extracts significantly inhibited lipid accumulation (37.4 and 66.6%, respectively) and ROS production (46.4 and 46.8%, respectively) during adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 cells. Treatment with hot water and ethanol extracts significantly inhibited mRNA expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma ($PPAR{\gamma}$) and CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein alpha ($C/EBP{\alpha}$), thereby reducing the mRNA expression of adipocyte-specific fatty acid binding protein (aP2). Moreover, both the extracts significantly inhibited mRNA expression of NADPH oxidase (NOX4). Overall, our research suggests that N. nucifera Gaertner flower extracts might be a valuable source of bioactive compounds that exhibit anti-adipogenic activity and could have applications in the field of medicine and food industry.

• Membrane Journal
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.133-139
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• 2001

The hydorgen ions in PVA/SSA membranes were substituted with monovalent metal ions, $Li^{+}$, $Na^{+}$, $K^{+}$, divalent metal ion forms, $Mg^{2+}$, $Ca^{2+}$, $Ba^{2+}$, trivalent metal ion forms, $Al^{+}$. The effect of exchange with metal ions was investigated through the swelling measurement and pervaporative experiments for water-ethanol and water-methanol mixtures at various operating conditions. In addition, ESCA analysis was carried out to study the substitution of the metal ions in membranes. The swelling ratio decerased in the sequence of $Li^{+}$, $Na^{+}$, $K^{+}$ and this might be due to the 'salting-out` effect while the swelling ratios for divalnet and trivalent ion-substituted membranes were affected by the combined effect of salting-out, electrostatic crosslinking and extent of metal ion substitution. For the pervaporation performance, PVA/SSA-$H^{+}$membrane showed the lowest flux and highest separation factor for all aqueous ethanol solutions. The typical results of the flux, 59 g/$m^{2}$hr and the separation factor, 44 were obtained at $50^{\circ}C$ for 90% ethanol aqueous mixture. For water-methanol solutions, the PVA/SSA membranes substituted with monovalent PVA/SSA membranes substituted with divalent and tribalent metal ions, both `salting-out` and electrostatic effects affected the pervaporative results.

• Membrane Journal
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.1-12
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• 2011

Partially fluorinated poly(arylene ether sulfone) block ionomer membranes with different branch degree for fuel cell applications were investigated. A sulfonable monomer, a non-sulfonable monomer and a trifunctional branching agent were synthesized and the sulfonable monomer was oligomerized to obtain block structures. The oligomer was then further polymerized with the non-sulfonable monomer and the branching agent. The mole ratio of oligomer : non-sulfonable monomer was fixed at 4:6 and the content of the branching agent was varied from 0 to 2 mol% (BBC-40Bx). Post-sulfonation of BBC-40Bx was carried out using chlorosulfonic acid (CSA) (SBBC-40Bx). All the synthesized compounds were characterized by $^1H$-NMR, $^{19}F$-NMR and FT-IR. It was confirmed that the ion exchange capacity (IEC), water uptake and ion conductivity of SBBC-40Bx increased with the increment of branching agent content.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.115-120
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• 2006

To convert the soybean curd residue (SCR) to functional food ingredient, alkaline fermentation of SCR was performed by Bacillus firmus NA-1 and Bacillus subtilis GT-D for 22 hr at $42^{\circ}C$. The micronized full-fat soy flour (MFS) was fortified to reduce the moisture content as well as to supply protein source. The mucilage and flavor productions in the fermented SCR were enhanced by the fortification of $20\%$ MFS. The peptide production from the SCR fermented with B. subtilis GT-D substantially increased when judged by the detectable amount of tyrosine $(480\;mg\%)$. The production of fibrinolytic enzyme was increased by the fermentation for 22 hr, indicating the relative activity of $62\%$ (B. firmus NA-1) and $47\%$ (B. subtilis GT-D), respectively. The SCR fermented by B. firmus NA-1 and B. subtilis GT-D indicated the consistency of $1.95\;Pa{\cdot}s^n\;and\;0.21\;Pa{\cdot}s^n$, respectively. After freeze-drying, the protease activity (615 unit/g) and a-amylase activity (180 unit/g) were obtained from SCR fermented by Bacillus firmus NA-1 and Bacillus subtilis GT-D, respectively.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.41 no.12
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• pp.1753-1757
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• 2012

A new liquid chromatographic tandem mass spectrometric (LC-MS/MS) assay for the quantification of ginsenoside Rb1 in human plasma was developed and validated. The separation was performed on a Agilent C18 column ($4.6mm{\times}150mm$, particle size 5 ${\mu}m$) with a gradient elution of 0.1% formic acid in water and 0.1% formic acid in methanol and a flow rate of 0.9 mL/min. The analyte was determined using electrospray positive ionization mass spectrometry in the multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode (m/z 1131.714${\rightarrow}$365.303). Human plasma samples were extracted with acetone : water (50:50) by the liquid-liquid extraction method. The method was linear over the dynamic range of 10~500 ng/mL with a correlation coefficient of r=0.9995. The intra-and inter-day precision over the concentration range of ginsenoside Rb1 was lower than 5.8% (correlation of variance, CV), and the accuracy was between 96.0~104.6%. This LC-MS/MS assay of ginsenoside Rb1 in human plasma is applicable for quantification in a pharmacokinetic study.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.14-18
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• 2006

This study was carried out to investigate the distribution and habitat characteristics of Boehmeria for utilization and conservation plan of natural agro-plant resources in South Korea. The native habitat of B. longispica Steud., B. platanifolia Fr. et Sav., B. spicata Thunb., and B. tricuspis var. unicuspis Mak. were distributed nearly all areas in South Korea. B. nivea Gaudich. was distributed south of Chungnam but B. pannosa Nak. et Sat. and B. sieboldiana Bl. were partially distributed toward the southern part in South Korea. The average number of plant species growing with Boehmeria in natural habitat was found 124.9 species and Artemisia princeps var. orientalis Hara showed the highest importance value among neighbor species. B. platanifolia Fr. et Sav. and B. spicata Thunb. were the most commonly neighbor species growing with Boehmeria in rate of 49%. Average yearly precipitation and temperature of habitat for Boehmeria were 1100 mm to 1390 mm and $11.3^{\circ}C\;to\;13.7^{\circ}C$ respectively. Soil characteristics of habitat for Boehmeria. were that pH was 5.3 to 7.2 and B. nivea Gaudich. was higher content of organic matter than the other Boehmeria. Content of K and Na were similar among Boehmeria. $P_2O_5$, Ca and Mg were shown a little difference among seven species.

• Korean Journal of Family Social Work
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• no.53
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• pp.235-263
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• 2016

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships among caregiving stress, depression, and partner violence by gender. Data were gathered though questionnaires surveying 223 cases living in the Seoul and Kyeonggi, Pusan areas. In analyzing precess, the researchers used t-test, ANOVA, correlation and regression. Additionally, bootstrapping was used to verify the significant mediating effect of depression. The findings are follows: First, approximately 37.3 percent of adult children caregivers reported having experienced partner violence in the past year. And the depression mean score among adult children caregivers was 1.00, higher compared to 0.73 of general population. Female caregiving burden and depression level was higher than those of male. Second, the results from regression analysis revealed that caregiving stress influenced to partner violence positively. Depression has the full mediating effect between caregiving stress and partner violence. The results suggest a necessity of intervention to reduce caregiving stress, depression and prevent partner violence in the dementia caregiver's family. The implications for social work practice were also discussed.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2019.05a
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• pp.73-73
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• 2019

지구 표면의 약 2%에 해당하는 담수에서 육상계 전체가 흡수하는 탄소의 50%가 배출되며, 이는 토양표면에서 배출되는 탄소량에 비해 더 큰 수치로 전 지구적 탄소순환 해석에 중요한 역할을 한다. 특히, 내륙수역과 대기의 경계면에서 $CO_2$ 이동은 전 지구적 탄소순환의 중요한 구성요소로 평가되고 있다. 호수와 저수지 같은 담수 저류시설은 육상에서 기인한 탄소의 운송 및 처리 역할을 한다. 하지만, 저수지에서 온실가스배출량을 평가할 수 있는 명확한 방법론이 부족하며, 전지구 규모 GHGs배출량에 대한 추정에 대한 불확실성이 상당히 큰 상황이다. 본 연구에서는 몬순기후대에 위치한 인공저수지를 대상으로 보다 신뢰도있는 온실가스 배출량 추정을 위해 $CO_2$ NAF 산정하고, 산정에 영향을 미치는 인자들을 분석 하였다. 분석을 위해 $CO_2$ NAF 산정에 필요한 수리 및 수질 인자들을 2017년부터 2018년까지 수집하고, 기초통계량 및 상관분석을 실시하였다. 또한, 주성분분석(PCA) 및 다중선형회귀모델(MLR)과 랜덤포레스트(RF) 기법을 사용해 변수 중요도를 평가하였으며, $CO_2$ NAF 산정 주요인자인 기체교환 계수를 경험적 모델 3종(Cole and Caraco, Crusius, Vachon), 표면갱신형 모델 4종(Heiskanen, Maclntyre, Read, Soloviev)을 비교, 검토하였다. 조사기간 동안 기체교환계수 산정 결과 Crusius 모델 예측값이 평균 $0.342(0.047{\sim}4.323)cm\;hr^{-1}$으로 검토한 모델중 가장 낮은 평균값을 보였으며, Heiskane 모델이 $2.135(0.337{\sim}5.152)cm\;hr^{-1}$으로 가장 큰 평균값을 보였다. 대상 수체는 연주기로 완전혼합되며 수온성층이 약화되는 시기에 저수지 표층 아래에 축적된 탄소가 표층으로 전달되어 높은 수준의 p$CO_2$를 보이며, 수표면에 큰 난류 강도가 작용하는 기간에 대기중으로 배출(pulse emission) 기작이 나타난다. NAF 산정결과 경험적 모델의 NAF값($-1246.0{\sim}6510.3mg-CO_2m^{-2}day^{-1}$)은 표면갱신형 모델 NAF값($-1436.1{\sim}8485.7mg-CO_2m^{-2}day^{-1}$)보다 낮은 수준을 보였으며, 풍속의 함수만을 이용하는 경험적 모델보다 부력 플럭스와 난류 혼합의 영향을 고려하는 Macintyre, Heiskanen모델이 성층 저수지의 $CO_2$ NAF 산정에 적합한 것으로 나타났다. $CO_2$ NAF 산정의 주요인자로 MLR모델은 Tw, EC, pH, Chla, TOC, Alk, RF모델은 EC, DO, TOC가 중요 변수로 평가되었다. PCA 분석결과, 수온이 낮고 성층이 약화되며 pH가 낮은 상태에서 NAF가 큰 것으로 나타났다.