• Polymer(Korea)
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.74-80
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• 2005

To use the filter materials for reduction of carbonyl compounds in cigarette mainstream smoke, the bead type cation and anion exchangers were synthesized by the suspension polymerization of GMA and DVB followed by the subsequent functionalization with sodium sulfite and diethylamine, respectively. FT-IR/ATR was used to characterize functionalized copolymer formation by sulfonation and amination, and the morphology change of ion exchangers according to the adsorption of cigarette mainstream smoke were observed by SEM. Ion exchange capacity, functionalization yield and adsorption properties of carbonyl compounds in cigarette mainstream smoke were investigated. The highest functionalization yields and ion exchange capacity were obtained at 5 wt% DVB content in co-monomer. The adsorption amount of carbonyl compounds in cigarette mainstream smoke of anion exchanger was higher than that of cation exchanger because of its electron delocalization in carbonyl group. The adsorption efficiency was increased in the presence of moisture. This results indicated that the anion exchanger was applicable for cigarette filter material because of its large ion exchange capacity and rapid ion exchange reaction.

• Health Policy and Management
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.4-10
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• 2019

The term new tobacco products (NTPs) refers to the new alternatives to conventional cigarettes. There are several kinds of NTPs in South Korea. The present study discusses the most widely used NTPs namely electronic cigarette (ECs) and heated tobacco products (HTPs). The aims of this study are to evaluate the risk related to the use of ECs and HTPs, introduce policy examples across different countries of management of this issue, and finally, present some policy implications of the problem and our response strategies. Since the advent of ECs, there has been a lot of debate about its risk. Some studies have reported that ECs are less harmful than conventional cigarettes and that they are effective in aiding smoking cessation. Nevertheless, the efficacy of ECs in smoking cessation and its potential health risks are still unclear. However, the obvious fact is that it is not harmless. Regulations on ECs differ from country to country. In many countries, they are strictly regulated as tobacco or toxic substances; however, in the United Kingdom, the use of ECs are included as part of their smoking cessation policy, and in Japan, they are treated as a form of medication. On the other hand, HTPs are the most recently introduced NTPs and they have attained sensational popularity because of the wrongly held belief that they are less harmful to health. So, what about our policy response to these two tobacco products? The research on ECs requires more systematic statistical monitoring, such as monitoring the ratio of dual-users. Further, the new EC smokers should be identified taking into account that the arguments for the use of ECs often emphasize smoking cessation or less risks to health, the government should further strengthen its policy to prevent those claims. The HTPs market experienced a very sharp growth and continues to grow because the government policy is too passive. Taking this as a lesson, it is necessary to approach NTPs, such as HTPs, proactively and increase their contribution to the National Health Promotion Fund by imposing greater taxes on them. Finally, considering the likelihood of NTPs being promoted as a less harmful tobacco product, it is essential to strictly regulate tobacco companies' publicity from the very beginning to ensure that potential consumer s are not mislead.

• Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion
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• v.30 no.5
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• pp.15-26
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• 2013

Objectives: To present the bases for health education on electronic cigarettes, we analyze the present state of electronic cigarettes. Methods: We applied descriptive study, reviewing the literature from domestic and foreign electronic databases such as National Discovery for Science Leaders and PubMed. Results: Electronic cigarette has been the subject of much controversy but very little study. I reviewed and summed up the definitions, device safety, health risk, smoking cessation effects, addiction, second hand smoke, and regulations of electronic cigarettes. Conclusion: Finally,I presented the evidence-based contents and desirable direction for health education about electronic cigarettes. The results suggested that the health educators focus on the potential addiction to electronic cigarettes, instead of the cessation effects.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Pharmacy
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.133-143
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• 2022

E-cigarettes were considered safe at the early stage of market entry because they were thought not to contain harmful ingredients such as nicotine and because the smoke emitted was vapor. For this reason, the use of e-cigarettes as a safer alternative to tobacco cigarettes or as a smoking cessation aid has emerged. However, the study results on the effectiveness of e-cigarettes for smoking cessation are mixed. In response to the increased use of e-cigarettes, foreign countries have implemented various regulations, such as utilizing e-cigarettes for smoking cessation with a prescription in Australia; however, South Korea is still standing firm on recommending not to use e-cigarettes at all. Therefore, the effectiveness of e-cigarettes for smoking cessation and the regulatory trends of e-cigarette use overseas will be reviewed to discuss the future direction in South Korea needs to take.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.45 no.6
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• pp.693-699
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• 2013

A simple, sensitive, and specific method for quantifying the nicotine content of synthetic favoring substances (SFS) was developed using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with a photo-diode array detector (PDA). Nicotine was extracted from SFS samples by using an acid-base liquid-liquid extraction method with dichloromethane and distilled water. The nicotine content was quantified by HPLC/PDA (261.9 nm) with a $C_{18}$ column under a gradient of 10% acetonitrile with 20 mM ammonium formate (ammonia solution adjusted to pH 8.7) to 100% acetonitrile. The calibration curve, analyzed from concentration standards between 0.1 to 2 mg/L, presented linearity with a correlation coefficient ($r^2$)>0.9999. The limit of quantitation (LOQ) of nicotine in SFS was 0.4 mg/kg, and the average recoveries ranged from 76.4% to 96.3%. The repeatability of measurements, expressed as the coefficient of variation (CV%), ranged from 1.74 to 5.12%. This newly developed method for nicotine quantification in SFS can be considered an analytical method with an acceptable level of sensitivity and repeatability.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.19 no.3 s.44
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• pp.175-179
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• 1980

Soybean stunt virus (SSV) was newly isolated in Korea from naturally infected soybeans (Glycine max). The main symptoms caused by this virus on soybean cultivars are crinkling, mild mottling and reduction in plant size. This virus induced local lesion on the inoculated leaves of Chenopodium amaranticolor, C quinoa and Vigna sinensis, and mosaic symptoms on Nicotiana tabacum (Bright yellow, KY-57). The virus was inactivated at 60C, and was infectious at dilution of $10^3$. Extract juice became infective 3 days later at room temperature. The virus was transmitted by green peach apid (Myzus persicae). This virus closely is related serologically to cucumber mosaic virus. The virus particles observed in the electron microscopy were spherical types of 30mm in diameter.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.20 no.4 s.49
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• pp.191-195
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• 1981

Cucurbits including pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo), gourd (Lagenariaa siceraria), cucumber (Cucumis sativus), melon(Cucumis melo) and watermelon(Cucurbita anguria) were diseased with mosaic symptoms. The causal virus was identified as watermelon mosaic virus(WMV). The WMV was transmitted by Myzus persicae Sulzer, and no seed borne virus was found. The virus caused large local lesions on the inoculated leaves of the Chenopodium amaranticolor and mosaic symptom on the upper leaves of Cucumis melo, Cucumis sativus, Lagenaria siceraria, Cucurbita anguria and Cucurbita pepo. There were no symptoms on the inoculated leaves of the Nicotiana tabacum var. Bright yellow, Nicotiana glutinosa, Vigna unguiculata. Petunia hybrida and Datura stramonium. Thermal inactivation point was $55\~65^{\circ}C$, dilution end point was $10^{-4}\;10^{-5}$ and longevity in vitro of the virus was $7\~8$ days. The virus showed positive reaction against watermelon mosaic virus antiserum in microprecipitin tests. The virus particles were flexuous rods in size of 750 nm.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.117-122
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• 1977

Development of new burning additives against nitrate salts used in past tobacco industry examined to reduce harmful nitrogenous compounds in smoke. Among several additives treated, the best effect by means of elevation of combustibility and reduction of tar and nicotin contents in smoke was observed by adding sodium citrate from 0.6 to 1% in tabacco. The following results were obtained through investigating combustibility, chemical composition, and differential thermal analysis of the tabacco treated with the buring additives. 1) The close relation was observed between the levels of the smoke components and combustibility of the treated tabacco. 2) Differential thermal analysis (D.T.A.) of citrate-treated tobacco shows an increase in H. Value and a decrease in L. Value as compared with other tobacco sample. 3) The D.T.A. of sodium-nitrate and sodium-citrate shows that sodium-nitrate gives endothermal reaction at $270^{\circ}$ and $310^{\circ}$ and sodium citrate gives exothermal reaction at $290^{\circ}$ with endothermal reaction at $170^{\circ}\;and\;310^{\circ}$. 4) $Na_3-citrate-treated$ tobacco shows an increase in smoke generation between room temperature and $350^{\circ}$ (Zone A) and a decrease in smoke generation between $350^{\circ}$ and $900^{\circ}$ (Zone B) compared with untreated tobacco. The smoke from these tobacco also contains lower levels of Tar, Nicotine, Phenols, Nitrogen oxides and Benzpyrene, and elevation of static Burning rate.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.94-102
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• 1988

Studies were carried out to describe the structure and distribution of various sensilla on the antenna and mouthparts of the Oriental tobacco bud worm (H. assulta) larvae by light and scanning electron microscopy. The larval antenna has 3 segments. The second segment has 2 hairs and 3 pegs, while the third segment shows 3 regular pegs and a segmented peg (styloconicum type). Each mandible bears 2 aporous hairs on the lateral surface. The labrum bears 12 aporous hairs on its external surface. and 6 aporous hairs, 4 coeloconica-like sensilla and 2 campaniformia-like sensilla on its epipharynx. The stipes has 3 hairs, and the galea has 3 pegs. 2 papillae and 2 domes. The maxillary palpus has only a digitiform sensillum on its 1st segment but 11 sensilla of 4 different types on its 2nd segment. Maxillary sensilla represent almost 70% of total number of larval sensilla on the mouthparts. Labial pal pus has a single segment bearing a large segmented uniporous peg and a small peg. Finally their possible fun¬ctions were suggested.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Clinical Toxicology
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.60-64
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• 2017

Nicotine-poisoning related to the electronic cigarettes (e-cigarette) is increasing worldwide. Moreover, the American Association of Poison Control Centers has advised the public to use caution with e-cigarette devices and highly concentrated liquid nicotine after a surge in related poisonings. We report here the first case of nicotine poisoning from self-injected e-cigarette fluid in Korea. A 17-year-old male patient subcutaneously injected himself with 0.5 ml of nicotine solution for an electronic cigarette via the dorsum of his hand, after which he complained of nausea, vomiting, dizziness and dyspnea. His vital signs were within the normal range, but his mental status was drowsy. He was admitted for observation and the symptoms disappeared the following day. Sinus bradycardia with a rate of 45/min was observed on the third hospital day, but improved after 6 hours. He was discharged without complications.