• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
• /
• v.32 no.3C
• /
• pp.113-120
• /
• 2012

An actual slope failure was analyzed in residual soils at Jinju. Due to rainfall infiltration, the safety factor decreases in the unsaturated layers, since the effective stress and shear strength decrease. In this study, the effective stress is based on suction stress using soil water retention curve. Unsaturated properties were evaluated on soil water retention curve, hydraulic conductivity and shear strength with samples from the site. After infiltration analysis of unsaturated flow under the actual rainfall, the distribution of pore water pressure could be calculated in the slope layers. In the stress field of finite elements, an elastic analysis calculated total stress distribution in the layers and also shear stresses on the slip surface using elastic model. On the slip surface, suction stress and effective stress evaluated the shear strength. As a result, the factor of safety was calculated due to rainfall, which could simulate the actual slope failure. In particular, it was found that the suction stress increases and both the effective stress and the shear strength decrease simultaneously on the slip surface.

• Journal of the Korean GEO-environmental Society
• /
• v.12 no.8
• /
• pp.13-24
• /
• 2011

In the part of geotechnical engineering, soils are classified as either the coarse grained soil or the fine-grained soil following the fine content($F_c$=50%) according to the granularity, and appropriate design codes are used respectively to represent their mechanical behaviour. However, sand-clay mixtures, which are typically referred to as intermediate soils, cannot be easily categorized as either sand or clay. In this study, several monotonic undrained shear tests were carried out on Silica sand fine mixtures with various proportions, and a wide range of soil structures, ranging from one with sand dominating the soil structure to one with fines controlling the behaviour, were prepared using compaction method or pre-consoldation methods in prescribed energy. The shear strength of mixtures below the threshold fines content is observed that as the fines content increases, maximum deviator stress ratio decrease for dense samples while an increase is noted for loose samples. Then, by using the concept of fines content and granular void ratio, the monotonic shear strength of the mixtures was estimated. It was found that the shear behavior of mixtures is greatly dependent on the skeleton structure of sand particles.

• Journal of the Earthquake Engineering Society of Korea
• /
• v.14 no.2
• /
• pp.37-47
• /
• 2010

In order to attain enhanced seismic performance of RC bridges, premature shear failure prior to the achievement of target ductilities of the piers should be prevented. For this purpose, a reliable shear strength evaluation is required. The shear strength of an RC column subjected to a lateral force decreases with an increase in ductility. Many empirical equations for the shear strength have been proposed by many researchers. However, there are many discrepancies in the initial shear strength in the low ductility range, and in the decrease rate according to the ductility. In this study, a new empirical equation of shear strength considering the displacement ductility effect has been proposed, in which the initial shear strength equation proposed by the authors was revised on the basis of the investigation of many other researchers' test results. The resulting improvement in accuracy is confirmed by comparison with other empirical equations.

• Proceedings of the Korea Concrete Institute Conference
• /
• 2008.11a
• /
• pp.851-854
• /
• 2008

Using the recycled aggregate not only saves landfill space but also reduces the demand for extraction of natural raw material for new construction activity. However few investigations have been carried out to study the shear behaviors of RC beams with recycled aggregates such as low absorption of recycled aggregate and full-scale specimens. In this study, six reinforced concrete beams were tested to evaluate the effects of shear strength, and shear behavior on the replacement level (0, 30, 60, and 100%) of recycled coarse aggregate and different amounts of shear reinforcement. The results showed that the beams with recycled coarse aggregates present the similar shear strength and deflections as the beam with natural aggregate on an equal amount of shear reinforcement. the reinforced concrete beams with recycled coarse aggregates present the Influence of shear span-to-depth ratio, effective depth, tension reinforcement ratio and compressive strength as the beams with natural aggregate. Shear strength were compared with the provisions in current code (KCI2007) and the equation proposed by Zsutty. The KCI equations were conservative and subsequently can be used for the shear design of recycled aggregate concrete beam.

• Journal of Korean Society of Steel Construction
• /
• v.15 no.6 s.67
• /
• pp.611-620
• /
• 2003

Shear studs with a diameter of 19mm or 22mm are typically used in steel-concrete composite bridge. For the simplification of details in steel bridges, the convenience of removing concrete slab, and the efficient distribution of shear pockets for precast decks, large studs can be an excellent alternative. Through push-out tests on large stud shear connectors that transcend the limitation of current design codes, static behavior was investigated and comparisons with design equations performed. The shear stiffness of the connectors in elastic range and trilinear load-slip curves were proposed after shear tests on 25mm, 27mm, and 30mm studs. The ultimate slip capacity and ultimate strength of large studs were also evaluated, with the test results revealing conservative values for the design shear strength in Eurocode-4. For 30mm stud shear connectors, the welding quality and bearing capacity of concrete slab should be improved.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
• /
• v.34 no.1
• /
• pp.30-37
• /
• 2009

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of pre-heating on some physical properties of composite resin. Eighty extracted, noncarious human molars were used in the present study. Four different temperatures of composite resin were used: $4^{\circ}C$, $17^{\circ}C$, $48^{\circ}C$, and $56^{\circ}C$. The $4^{\circ}C$ and $17^{\circ}C$ values represented the refrigerator storage temperature and room temperature respectively. For $48^{\circ}C$ and $56^{\circ}C$, composite resin was heated to the temperatures. As physical properties of composite resin, shear bond strength, microhardness, and degree of conversion were measured. The data for each group were subjected to one-way ANOVAs followed by the Tukey's HSD test at 95% confidence level. Both in enamel and dentin, among composite resin of $4^{\circ}C$, $17^{\circ}C$ $;48^{\circ}C$, and $56^{\circ}C$, the pre-heated composite resin up to $56^{\circ}C$ revealed the highest shear bond strength, and pre-heated composite resin to the higher temperature revealed higher shear bond strength. Microhardness value was also higher with composite resin of higher temperature. Degree of conversion was also higher with composite resin of the higher temperature. In this study, it seems that pre-heating composite resin up to the higher temperature may show higher shear bond strength, higher microhardness value, and higher degree of conversion. Therefore, when using composite resin in the clinic, preheating the composite resin could be recommended to have enhanced physical properties of it.

• Journal of the Korean Geosynthetics Society
• /
• v.10 no.2
• /
• pp.21-28
• /
• 2011

Several theoretical soil nonlinear models to predict damping ratio, which is one of the typical dynamic properties of soils, it is impractical to predict damping ratio. The resonant column and torsional shear test(RC-TS) is used to represent the dynamic behavior of soils from intermediate to medium shear strains. A limitation of RC-TS is measure precise shear strain in large strains and the modified equivalent radius($R_{eq}$) was obtained using both modified hyperbolic model and Ramberg-Osgood model. Bonneville clays were tested using RC-TS test to obtain rotation and torque. The measured rotation and torque were then compared with calculated rotation and torque using curve-fitting method. Then, the nonlinear soil model parameters were obtained and the equivalent radius was calculated using the model parameters.

• Journal of the Korean Geosynthetics Society
• /
• v.8 no.4
• /
• pp.27-34
• /
• 2009

In this paper, characteristics of shear strength and deformation of geosynthetics-reinforced slag materials are described. In order to investigate the effect of geosynthetics on shear strength and deformation behavior of slags, when they are reinforced with geosynthetics or geomat such as PET mat, large triaxial tests were performed under consolidated-drained condition. The materials used in the study are real ones as they are in the field, so that the scale effect of samples disappeared. From the large triaxial tests, it was observed that the stress-strain relationship of geosynthetics-reinforced slags shows relatively small dilatancy and weak tendency of strain hardening, compared with that of slags without reinforcement. The shear strength parameters such as apparent cohesion and internal friction angle increase with PET mat reinforcement, consequently result in about 1.2 (for low confining pressure) to 1.4 (for high confining pressure) times of shear strength of un-reinforced sample. Therefore, the adoption of geomat-reinforced slag layers leads to an increase in the factor of safety for embankment design on soft soil formations.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
• /
• v.4 no.1
• /
• pp.35-47
• /
• 1979

수자원과 에너지는 식량 생산에 직접 간접으로 큰 영향을 미치고 있으며 또한 1973년 에너지 위기 이후 농업에 사용된 에너지가 효율적으로 사용되었는가에 대한 연구는 농공학자들의 큰 관심이 되어왔다. 본 연구는 필리핀의 수작농업에 있어서 경운정지시 관개에 따른 토양경도의 변화와 , 토양경도와 연료소모율과의 관계를 구명하고, 에너지와 관개수의 효율적인 이용을 연구하고저 건기와 우기에 각각 수행되었으며 그의 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 가. 건기 1) 관개시작후 1-2일간 토양의 수분함량이 증가함에 다라 토양의 경도는 급격히 감소하였으며, 관개 3일째는 온난한 감소를 ,그리고 4일째부터는 거의 변화가 없었다. 2) 토양의 경도에 따라 경운작업시 연료감소율, 기계의 작업성능에 큰 차가 있었으며 , 관개 3일후 토양의 수분함량과 토양의 경도가 안정됨에 따라 각 처리간의 연료의 소모율과 기계의 작업성능도 비슷하였다. 3) IRRI 5 Hp 경운기는 관개수로 인해 경도가 낮아진 토양에서도 이동성 문제가 없을 만큼 충분히 경량이었다. 4) 관개수의 양의 따라 처리별로 경운전 토양의 전단력에 큰 차가 있었으나 , 경운정지작업후의 토양전단력은 전처리에 있어서 거의 비슷하였다. 이는 경운정지작업시 처리간의 연료소모율, 기계의 작업성능의 차로 설명될 수 있다. 5) 경운정지시의 토양상태는 식물의 생육, 잡초의 발생율에 거의 영향을 미치지 않았다. 6) 본 실험은 한가지 토양형식에 대해 수행되었으며 앞으로 여러 토양형식에 대해 이와 같은실험을 수행하여 토양형식에 따른 수분함량, 토양경도, 에너지 소모율들의 관계를 구명하여 관개수의 효율적인 이용이 가능하리라 사료된다. 나. 우기 1) 경운작업전에 이미 토양이 수분으로 포함되어 있는 상태이었으므로, 추가의 관개수가 토양의 경도, 기계의 작업성능, 연료소모율에 영향을 미치지 않았다. 2) 경운정지기간이 가장 짧았던 처리구(3일) 에 있어서 경운정지후 토양전단력이 다른 3 처리에 비해 크게 나타났다. 식물의 생육 또한 타처리에 비해 저조했으며 잡초발생율도 높았다. 3) 경운정지기간이 가장 짧았던 처리구(3일)을 제외한 3처리 간에는 연료소모율, 식물생육, 잡초발생율등이 거의 비슷하였으며, 우기에는 위의 3 처리 중 11 간의 경운정지기간이 가장 효율적인 것으로 나타났다.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
• /
• v.29 no.2C
• /
• pp.51-58
• /
• 2009

In this study, the small strain shear moduli ($G_{max}$) of uncemented and gypsum-cemented sands are evaluated by performing a series of bender element tests on the specimens reconstituted in the calibration chamber. It is observed from the experimental results that $G_{max}$ of crushed-sands is about 35~50% smaller than that of natural sands. The increase in gypsum content is observed to result in an exponential increase of $G_{max}$ value. It is also shown that the relative density has more significant effect on $G_{max}$ of cemented sand, whereas the vertical effective stress has more significant influence on $G_{max}$ of uncemented one. A prediction equation for cemented sand is expressed as a function of gypsum content as well as void ratio and vertical effective stress.