• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.110 no.3
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• pp.341-354
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• 2021

A large part of Gapyeong is occupied by Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis) and Japanese larch (Larix kaempferi) plantations. Abies holophylla stands are scattered throughout Gapyeong, but little information on their distribution is available. This study explored the potential of succession from planted species to native A. holophylla in plantations. Trees were inventoried and regeneration of A. holoplhylla and stand management history were examined in Korean pine, Japanese larch, and A. holophylla-dominated stands. The importance percentage of A. holophylla was the highest among species with a range of 36.1% to 79.1% in all stands and the density of A. holophylla in understory (DBH <2 cm or <1.3 m height) ranged from 50 to 5,820 trees ha^-1. Non-metric multidimensional scaling classified stands into four types, AN, AP, AM, and P. The AN type showed a reverse J-shape DBH distribution, which was similar to that in natural A. holophylla stands. Both AP and AM types included Korean pine plantations with A. holophylla seed trees within stands. For AP, A. holophylla competed with planted species in overstory and deciduous broadleaved species in understory. The AM type was once thinned from below, thus stem density in the mid DBH classes was lower than upper or lower DBH classes. The P type consisted of plantations without A. holophylla seed trees. However, understory regeneration of A. holophylla was abundant through seed supply from A. holophylla in adjacent stands. Plantations with A. holophylla seed trees within or in adjacent stands showed vigorous natural regeneration of A. holophylla, highlighting the potential for succession from planted species to native A. holophylla in the Gapyeong area. Further studies can help develop techniques to restore plantations to native species-dominated natural stands using ecological succession.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.106 no.1
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• pp.87-99
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• 2017

The first purpose of this study is the verification of hypothesis on Abies holophylla planted as a guardian for Japanese. Second, the purpose of this study is on Abies holophylla planted in the historic sites for anti-Japan fighter. Japan planted Abies holophylla to honor the god of Suwataisha that took care of the Jingu-Kogo's Conquest of Samhan(Three Kingdoms). The fact that Abies holophylla was planted in the historic sites for anti-Japan fighter such as General Gwon Yul, Yi Sun-Shin was investigated. The hypothesis that Abies holophylla was planted as a guardian for Japanese was verified through survey on the pictures of Abies holophylla in Japanese temple, public sites, company of nursing the saplings, commemorative tree of governor and the judgment of Abies holophylla damage incident. Further studies should focus on the intention of planting Abies holophylla by Japan. Researcher should discuss Abies holophylla planted in the historic sites for anti-Japan fighter because old big trees will be respected.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.108 no.2
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• pp.200-207
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• 2019

The aim of this study was to provide the basic information necessary to identify Korean fir (Abies holophylla), momi fir (A. firma), and Nikko fir (A. homolepis), and other fir trees planted in South Korea that are protected by law. Analysis of the morphological characteristics of the needles from each sample was investigated. The shape of the needle-leaf tip from A. holophylla was acute, whereas that from A. firma and A. homolepis was emarginate and that from the protected fir trees was obtuse. The number of stomata on the needles was not significantly different between A. holophylla and A. firma, and the number of stomata on the needles from A. homolepis and the protected fir trees were highly similar. In addition, the genetic differences among the Abies species were analyzed using the sequences of five chloroplast DNA regions-matK, atpF-atpH, rpoC2-rps2, rpoC1, and psbA-trnH.The atpF-atpH and psbA-trnH regions were useful for discriminating A. firma from the other species, but there were no differences among A. holophylla, A. homolepis, and the protected fir trees. The same chloroplast sequences were found in both A. holophylla and A. homolepis, which suggests that additional genetic studies might be necessary to identify the Abies species planted in both South Korea and Japan.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.99 no.1
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• pp.153-162
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• 2010

Abies holophylla Maxim. is a shade tolerant species that has potential to be used for continuous cover forestry system. Stand structure and natural regeneration of A. holophylla stands in Yong-In area located in the central part of Korea was investigated to estimate the self sustainability of A. holophylla plantation. Species composition, diameter at breast height (DBH) and height distribution of trees larger than 2 cm DBH were measured in ten stands in three study sites of Jeongsu-ri, Daedae-ri, and Hodong. Species and coverage of shrub layer, and A. holophylla seedlings were also investigated. While A. holophylla in non-managed stands (Jengsuri and Daedae-ri study sites) had the importance value of 40% and showed continuous diameter and age distribution, A. holophylla in Hodong site had narrow bell-shaped DBH distribution mostly concentrating between 25-35 cm DBH classes, and single canopy structure. Abies holophylla stands in Hodong have experienced occasional thinning and selective cutting. The correlation coefficient between age-DBH was significant but low ($R^2$=0.2, P=0.03), and similar aged A. holophylla had diverse DBH values. Continuos DBH distribution and multi-canopy structure of A. holophylla stands in Jeongsu-ri site show that natural regeneration of A. holophylla has been continuously occurred in this area. Seedling density of A. holophylla was between 2000 and 33000/ha, however, the number of trees in 2-5 cm DBH class was only 40-150 trees/ha, implying that the survival rate of seedlings is not high. Continuous natural regeneration and 0.6 cm/year of diameter growth rate of A. holophylla indicate that this area could be an appropriate habitat for this species, and A. holophylla plantation in this region seem to persist suggesting the possibility of managing the stands for continuous cover forestry system as well as selective harvesting practices.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.88-95
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• 2004

The purpose of this study is to identify the species of wood members used in the Keunjungjeon Hall, main building of the Kyungbok palace in Seoul. The total 144 samples consist of 52 from pillars and 92 from other wood members. Only two species were identified, which were Abies holophylla Max. (needle fir) and Pinus densiflora Sieb. et Zucc. (Japanese red pine). For the pillars, A. holophylla were more abundantly used than P. densiflora. Among 20 outer pillars ('Pyeongju'), 11 were A. holophylla, and 9 were P. densiflora. Among 12 inner pillars ('Naejinkoju'), 7 were A. holophylla, and 5 were P. densiflora. Among 4 inner corner pillars ('Gwikoju'), 3 were A. holophylla and 1 was P. densiflora. For 92 other wood members, only 2 purlins were A. holophylla and the others were all P. densiflora. The results suggest that the common opinion 'Palace buildings of Korea are made from red pine woods' should be corrected. We think that fir logs might be used for the pillars instead of pines because long and straight pines were not available during 1860s due to heavy utilization of pines as construction and fuel materials in the late Chosun period.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.173-183
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• 2008

This research was aimed at looking into the vegetation structure of Abies holophylla forest distributed between Iljumun of Woljeong Temple and Keumgang bridge in Odaesan National Park. It was found that existed a total of 977 tree of Abies holophylla which are more than 20cm in DBH within the target site, and in 2006 when the survey was made, the number of fallen trees and poor growth trees was about 96, accounting for 9.8% of all. The age of Abies holophylla ranged from 41 years to 135 years($11\sim82cm$ in DBH). The number of Abies holophylla over 100cm in DBH was 8 and the largest Abies holophylla was 175cm in DBH and 31m in height. Its density was 5.9 individuals per $400m^2$. As a result of the analysis of the plant community structure using the TWINSP AN classification, Abies holophylla was divided into four community types. Firstly, Pinus densiflora-Abies holophylla community was predicted to vary into Abies holophylla community. In case of other three other communities, Abies holophylla communities were predicted to compete with deciduous broadleaf trees, such as Tilia amurensis and Acer pictum subsp. mono. Abies holophylla forest adjacent to Woljeong Temple of Odaesan National Park has a high value as sustainable resources for culture, landscape and tourism. Thus, it is necessary to clarify the reason for the incidence of poor growth trees and fallen trees among all trees of Abies holophylla and take counter-measures against it for the preservation and management of Abies holophylla forest. In addition, a more aggressive managrment like getting rid of the deciduous broadleaf trees, such as Tilia amurensis and Acer pictum subsp. mono, which appear mostly on understory layer or shrub layer within Abies holophylla, and continuous management is also needed for the young trees of Abies holophylla which are feared to be pressurized outside from their neighboring trees because their initial growth after germination is very slow.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.50-61
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• 2015

This study investigates how Abies holophylla was planted as a tree sacred to the gods by Japan during the late Chosun and Japanese colonial periods. This study surveyed the current conditions of old Abies holophylla geological information, year planted, and the relationship between Abies holophylla and traditional Japanese values. The reasons that Abies holophylla was considered a tree sacred to the gods are as follows. Firstly, trees are planted on the spaces between Iljumun and Numun in Buddhist temples of Korea in the same way as trees are planted on the roads for worship in traditional temples of Japan. Secondly, tree diameter at breast height ranged from 60cm to 100cm. This means that the Abies holophylla trees range in age from 70 years to 138 years, showing that the trees were planted at the period between the beginning of Japanese Buddhism(1877) and the Japanese Colonial Period (1945). Thirdly, conclusions regarding why the Abies holophylla were planted in Korean temples at the beginning of Japanese Buddhism will be drawn based on the records that Jingu-Kogo's Conquest of Silla was taken care of the Suwataisha as a tree sacred to the gods in Japanese tradition. The reason for which Abies holophylla was planted in Korean temples should be evaluated through the remnants of Japan in the past. The issue of the old Abies holophylla in Korean temples should be investigated and further discussed in depth.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.251-256
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• 2003

Baseline data on the type, species and volume for dead trees were collected from old growth fir (Abies holophylla) forest in Sorak National Park. Though the survey was restricted to fly forest, a basic data compatible to those in other countries were collected. Besides fir, dead trees were also found in deciduous species. All the Known dead tree types were found. Average volume of dead tree in the surveyed area was 00.42 $\textrm{m}^2 \; ha^{-1}$. There seems no correlation existing between the distributions of dead tree and coarse woody debris (CWD).

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.69-81
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• 2000

The vegetation structure of Abies holophylla forest was analyzed to provide the information for conservation of Abies holophylla forest at Wol-jong Temple in Mt. Odae national park, southern Korea. The layer structure of Abies holophylla forest was consists of tree layer(2 species), subtree layer(20 species), shrub layer(46 species) and herb layer(87 species), The importance value of Abies holophylla was the highest one 34.09%, and those of Acer pseudo-sieboldianum. Acer barbinerve, Philadelphus schrenckii. Isodon excisus, Acer triflorum, Staphylea bumalda, Carex humilis, Isodon japonicus, Acer mono and Actinidia polygama were 23.07%, 14.44%, 10.72%, 8.49%, 7.80%, 7.65%, 6.79%, 5.76%, 5.47% and 5.41%, respectively, Especially, when predicting succession in Abies holophylla forest, such seedlings were not formed and succession was governed by competition of Acer species, Quercus species and Tilia species of subtree and shrub layer.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.89 no.2
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• pp.223-231
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• 2000

This study aims to clarify the effect of forest management practices(thinning and pruning) on water quality to get the fundamental information on the facility of cleansing water quality after forest operation. Rainfall, throughfall and stemflow were sampled at the study sites which consist of Abies holophylla and Pinus koraiensis in Kwangnung Experimental Forest for 6 months from May 4, to November 1, 1999. Average tree height in the management sites increased by 0.5m more than that in the non-management sites in Abies holophylla and Pinus koraiensis, respectively. Increment of average D.B.H. at the management sites grew 3.5cm and 2.6cm more in Abies holophylla and Pinus koraiensis compared with that at non-management sites. Average pH of the total amount for the event in throughfall and stemflow was higher than that of throughfall and stemflow of the beginning of the event at the management and non-management sites. Average electrical conductivity of throughfall and stemflow at the beginning of the event was higher than that of the total amount for the event at management and non-management sites. Water qualities of throughfall and stemflow were buffered more by the management practice in both. The forest management may affect purification of water quality of throughfall and stemflow in Abies holophylla and Pinus koraiensis.