• Journal of the Korean Society of Fisheries and Ocean Technology
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.17-22
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• 1984

The author carried out an experiment to find on the optomotor response of crusian carp, Carassius carassius and goldfish, Carassius auratus in accordance with the colors of the wall and the stripes labeled on the revolving visual screen. The results are as follows; 1. The optomotor response rate of crusian carp was 80% or more in case of B-Y, R-Bl and W-Bl pair of colors, and 50% or less in case of Bl-B, B-Bl, R-W, R-Y, W-Y and Y-W pair. 2. The optomotor response rate of goldfish was 80% or more in all except B-Bl, W-R and W-Y pair. 3. Mean round number of crusian carp was 7.5-9.5 revolutions in case of W-Bl, Y-Bl, W-B and Y-B pair, and 1.8-3.9 revolutions in case of Bl-B, Bl-Y, B-Bl, B-R, R-All and Y-W pair for 3 minutes. 4. Mean rounded number of goldfish was only 4.1-4.9 revolutions in case of W-Bl, W-B and Y-B pair for 3 minutes.

• Proceedings of the Korean Aquaculture Society Conference
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• 2003.10a
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• pp.82-83
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• 2003

최근 인공종묘생산기술이 개발된 붉은쏨뱅이(Sabastiscus tertius)는 자연산과 양식산의 체색이 붉은색과 검정색으로 많은 차이가 있어 양식산업화에 많은 어려움이 있다. 따라서 상품가치와 경쟁력 향상을 위하여 사료에 카로티노이드 성분을 함유한 크릴새우(25, 50, 75, 100%)와 astaxanthin(5, 10, 15, 20%)를 비율대로 첨가하여 양식산 붉은쏨뱅이의 체색 변화를 살펴보았다. 크릴새우의 경우 50% 첨가한 사료실험구에서의 적색도와 황색도는 각각 6.29와 13.42로 높게 나타나기 시작하였으며 크릴새우 75% 첨가실험구에서는 적색도와 황색도가 각각 8.31과 14.91로 최고치를 보였다. 그리고 크릴 100%에서는 적색도와 황색도가 각각 7.27과 10.33로 75% 실험구에 비하여 감소하는 것으로 나타났다. astaxanthin 실험구들에서는 5%와 10% 실험구에는 체색도가 높게 나타나지 않았으나 15%에서 적색도가 7.86 황색도가 9.32로 가장 높게 나타났다. 그리고 20% 실험구에는 7.18과 6.32로 나타났다. 본 실험결과 붉은쏨뱅이의 체색회복을 위해서는 크릴새우의 경우 최소 50% 이상을 첨가해야만 가능할것으로 판단되며 astaxanthin는 15% 이상 첨가해야 효과가 있는 것으로 판단된다. 그리고 astaxanthin보다는 크릴새우가 더 효과적이였으며 모든 실험구는 대조구(펠렛사료 100%)에 비하여 체색 회복효과가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 자연산에서는 적색도와 황색도는 각각 23.80과 13.44로 적색도가 아주 높게 나타났으나 양식산에서는 적색도와 황색도가 1.09와 1.98로 매우 낮게 나타났다. 그리고 체색의 변화는 모든실험구에서 등지느러미와 꼬리지느리미 그리고 턱과 가슴주변에서부터 점차 배와 등쪽으로 색이 변화하는 것이 관찰되었다. 크릴 75%와 astaxanthin 15%를 공급하였을 때 체색이 변화하는 시간은 크릴의 경우 사료공급 20일 후부터 체색의 변화가 시작하여 30일이 경과 될때에는 등지느러미, 꼬리지느러미 및 턱주변이 붉은색으로 변화하였다. astaxanthin의 경우는 30일부터 등지느러미와 꼬리지느러미 부근에서 체색의 변화가 시작되었으며 40일 이후부터 붉은색으로 변화하였다. 크릴새우와 astaxanthin를 함유하여 실험하였을 때 붉은쏨뱅이의 성장은 크릴 75% 실험구에서 전장 172.3mm, 체중 65.9g으로 가장 좋았다. 그러나 대조구에서는 전장 148.7mm, 체중 49.5g으로 가장 성장이 저조하였으며 astaxanthin 실험구들에서는 전장 152.3~159.8mm, 체중 56.9~59.3g으로 서로 유의적인 차이를 나타내지 않았다.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.201-209
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• 1987

Solutions of food colorants were tested with insoluble drugs (kaolin, active carbon, talc, natural aluminum silicate) for their adsorption phenomena in purified water, gastric and intestinal fluid test solutions, respectively. The adsorption isotherms of kaolin with Red 2 in purified water, and active carbon with Red 2, 3, 40 in the three media, with Yellow 4 in purified water, gastric fluid, with Yellow 5 in intestinal fluid and natural aluminum silicate with Red 3 in purified water, intestinal fluid, with Yellow 4, 5 in purified water followed the Freundlich equation, and those of talc with Red 2, 3, Yellow 5 in the three media, with Red 40 in purified water, gastric fluid, with Yellow 4 in intestinal fluid fitted the Langmuir equation. With decrease of the alcohol content of aqueous solutions, the adsorption of coloring food additives is increased, but it decreased in high temperature. Also the activation energy of adsorption of coloring food additives by active carbon was determined.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.31-36
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• 1979

Yellow pigment was extracted by petroleum ether, and red pigment by 60％ ethanol. By thin layer chromatography red pigment preparation consists of more than five species whereas yellow pigment preparation consist of single species. The absorption curve of pigment solution exhibits maximum peak at wavelongth range of 495~500 nm and endo pigment at 394~403 nm. Pigment solution was relatively stable at the pH range of 3~9. Extracted pigment solution gave negative hemolysis test and pigment showed no bio-activity and nontoxicity.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Propulsion Engineers Conference
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• 2010.05a
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• pp.390-393
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• 2010

The thermal decomposition rate of ammonium perchlorate with 3% of yellow iron oxide, FeOOH was found to be much faster than with red iron oxide, $Fe_2O_3$. By applying yellow and red iron oxide as a burning rate modifier to HTPB/AP propellant, burning rate of the HTPB/AP propellant with yellow iron oxide was shown to be 10 ~ 25% faster than with red iron oxide. There was no special difference in viscosity and hardness buildup of yellow and red oxide added HTPB/AP formulations.

• 한국생물공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2000.11a
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• pp.321-324
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• 2000

The Effect of pH red pigment production by Monascus purpureus ATCC 16365 has been studied in pH-controlled batch fermenter culture. A maximum of yellow and red pigments were detected using UV-Vis spectrophotometer at 385nm and 495nm, respectively. Fungal growth and pigment production were favoured at low pH(pH 4.0-5.5). Especially extracellular formation rate of orange to yellow pigment was decreased compared with that of orange to red pigment at pH 7.0. In addition, the enhancement of ratio of extracellular to intracellular pigment and the red pigment production in pH 7.0-controlled batch fermenter was observed. However, the pH 7.0-controlled batch cultures depressed the total production of pigments. The pH change from 4.0 to 7.0 during batch fermenter cultivations sharply increased both red pigment production and the extracellular composition.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Information and Commucation Sciences Conference
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• 2013.10a
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• pp.283-285
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• 2013

피부의 관리를 위한 방법 중 광을 이용한 케어는 비침습적인 방법으로 세포를 활성화 시켜 도움을 주는 매우 유용한 방법이다. 최근에는 낮은 에너지의 LED를 광원으로 이용하는 LLLT (Low Level Light Therapy)가 많이 적용이 된다. 본 논문에서는 피부 미용기기에서 많이 사용되고 있는 가시광 영역의 적색과 황색, 그리고 적외선 영역의 LED를 이용하여 array를 제작하였다. 제작된 LED array는 5V의 전압과 50mA의 전류로 구동되며, 적색이 평균 $10.7mW/cm^2$, 황색이 평균 $1.8mW/cm^2$, 적외선이 평균 $5.5mW/cm^2$의 광출력을 갖는다. 이를 배양된 human cell plate에 각각 10, 20, 40분의 시간으로 조사하였으며, LED array와 조사면 사이에 20 mm의 거리를 두어 균일한 광량이 조사 될 수 있도록 하였다. 실험결과, wound healing의 경우는 적색광을 조사하였을 때, injury line의 길이가 $604.36{\mu}m$에서 10분 조사 시 $368.92{\mu}m$, 20분 조사 시 $298.04{\mu}m$, 40분 조사 시 $491.22{\mu}m$로 줄어드는 효과를 보였으며 특히 20분간 조사하였을 경우의 효과가 가장 좋았다. Cell regeneration의 경우는 황색광을 20분간 조사하였을 경우에 UV 에 의해 손상된 세포 수가 가장 크게 줄어드는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 결과적으로 photorejuvenation 효과를 줄 수 있는 wound healing과 cell regeneration에는 적색 및 황색광의 LED array를 20분간 조사하였을 때가 가장 효과적이었으며, 적외광의 경우에는 모든 실험에서 효과가 없음을 확인할 수 있었다.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.108-113
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• 2000

This study was carried out to propose a simple method for the extraction of seven tar dyes such as tartrazine, sunset yellow FCF, amaranth, erythrosine, allura red, brilliant blue FCF and indigo carmine using aminopropyl amine cartridge and to determine the content of the dyes in candies, soft drinks, ice bars and okchuns produced in Korea. The tar dyes were simultaneously analyzed by reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC). The recovery rates of the dyes ranged from 65.8% to 99.6%. The contents of the dyes in candies, soft drinks, ice bars and octhuns were N.D.∼50.1 mg/kg, N.D.∼49.9 mg/kg, N.D.∼56.0 mg/kg and N.D.∼867.3 mg/kg, respectively. The types of the dyes used most frequently for candies, soft drinks and ice bars were tartrazine, brilliant blue and amaranth, respectively. Of the samples, tartrazine was used frequently, and indigo carmine was not used at all.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.35 no.6
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• pp.600-611
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• 2019

Yellow to reddish brown soil is generally referred to as hwangto and is used in various industries in Korea. Despite the fact that it is used as an inorganic pigment in dancheong, limited studies have been conducted on the properties of pigments associated with soil and on the mineralogical characteristics of hwangto. This study examines how the pedological and mineralogical features of hwangto affect pigment properties. Results indicate that reddish and yellowish soils have differences in terms of soil texture, mineral composition, oil absorption and stability under light. Reddish soil is mostly found in clay regions, whereas Ulleungdo hwangto is found in loam regions. Yellowish soil is mostly present in the clay loam to loam zones. whereas Haenam hwangto exists in the sandy clay loam zone. As a result of a mineralogical analysis, reddish soil is classified into the feldspar group and clay soil. The major minerals in the yellowish soils are similar however these soils differ in terms of clay mineral compositions. results of the characteristics of pigments prepared by the traditional method revealed that the average particle size is in the range of 10-20 ㎛, reddish soil has an average of 20 ml/100 g higher oil absorption than yellowish soil. In addition, reddish soil is more susceptible to discoloration and deterioration under light than yellowish soil. This study confirms that the soil and mineral characteristics of hwangto affect the physical properties and stability of produced pigments. These result can be used as basic data in future studies natural inorganic pigments using hwangto.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.35 no.5
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• pp.403-415
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• 2019

According to oral tradition, the King Sejo's palanquin is indeed the palanquin of King Sejo, the 7^th monarch of the Joseon dynasty who reigned from 1455 to 1468, which was left behind after visiting the Magoksa temple. The palanquin is painted in five colors, mainly black, white, yellow, red and green. The chromaticity measurement of the yellow pigment showed that orpiment and gold are a noticeable distinction between the lightness and b^⁎ values. In the case of the red pigment, a^⁎ values of areas painted with cinnabar tend to measure at high values. As a result of the optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy analyses, it was determined that Chinese ink was used for the black pigment, lead white and white clay were used for the white, and orpiment and gold for the yellow. The red pigment was found to be the result of minium, cinnabar and red ocher, atacamite was used as green pigment. Though the analysis results of the cross sections on very small exfoliation fragments of pigments, it was confirmed that white clay and lead white were used for the preparation layer. In addition, several coloration techniques were considered based on these analyses.