• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.347-354
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• 2006

Most patients suffering from TMD appear to have unsatisfactory masticatory function and compromised values of bite force. The purposes of this study were to investigate and compare bite force between affected and unaffected sides of patients with unilateral TMD and to evaluate its relation with duration of TMD. 42 patients with unilateral TMD, from Department of Oral Medicine, Dankook University Dental Hospital, were selected for this study. The ratio of men to women was 9:33 and their mean age of $27.2{\pm}10.4$ years. The bite forces were measured over both canines (for anterior bite force) and $1^{st}$ molars (for posterior bite force) using a bite force recorder while all the subjects were asked to clench successively for 3 seconds not until pain was felt. They were compared with those measured from bilateral TMD patients(N=6, M:F=1:5, mean age: $23.0{\pm}27.3$ years). The unilateral TMD patients were divided into time groups according to duration of TMD on the basis of 1 and 6 months, respectively. Paired and unpaired t-tests were used for statistical analysis. Unilateral TMD patients in this study showed that the affected sides had significantly lower bite force than the unaffected sides(force difference of about 7-8 kgf, p<0.05) while there was no significant sides difference in the bilateral patients. Nor did bite force on the affected sides reveal significant difference between unilateral and bilateral TMD patients. With regards to TMD duration, there was significant difference between the patients with TMD < 6 months and $\geq$ 6 months (p<0.05) while no significant difference existed between < 1 month and $\geq$ 1 month. The results of this study indicated that unilateral TMD patients can exhibit more reduced bite force on the affected sides compared with that on the unaffected sides and that bite force on the unaffected sides might be deteriorated more as longer did TMD last.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.73-87
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• 1992

저자는 28명의 측두하악장애 환자와 31명의 정상인을 대상으로 최적기능교합의 개념에 입각하여 교합시의 치아접촉점을 동적이며 정량적인 방법으로 평가하여 교합안정장치의 사용으로 인한 교합안정성의 개선여부를 알아보고자 하였다. 이와 동시에 교근과 전측두근의 활성도를 측정하여 치료의 경과에 따른 근활성의 변화를 알아보기 위해 본 연구를 시행하였다. 측정항목은 개구범위, 두개하악장애지수, 치아접촉점 좌우균형치, 치아접촉점 전후균형치, 치아접촉점 평균시간간격, 치아접촉점의 개수, 접촉시간, 좌우측 교근과 좌우측 전측두근의 근활성, 근활성 비대칭 지수 등이었다. 이의 측정을 위해 T-Scan System, K-6 Diagnostic System 그리고 EM 2등을 사용하였으며 얻어진 자료에 대해 검정한 후 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 1. 교합안정장치를 이용하여 측두하악장애 환자들을 4주간 치료한 결과 전반적인 임상증상이 호전되어 개구범위와 두개하악장애지수에 있어서 뚜렷한 개선이 있었다. 2. 측두하악장애 환자에서 최대 악물기시의 치아접촉점 좌우균형치및 평균시간 간격이 큰 것으로 나타나 치아접촉이 일어나는 순간의 교합안정성이 좋지 않은 것으로 평가되었다. 3. 치료 4주후 교하안정장치를 장착한 상태에서 측정한 치아접촉점 좌우균형치및 치아접촉점 평균시간간격은 치료전에 비해 개선된 것으로 나타났다. 4. 치료 4주후 치아접촉점의 전후방 분포가 구치부위로 이동되는 양상을 보였다. 5. 측두하악장애 환자에서 최대 악물기시의 좌우측 교근 및 전측두슨의 근활성은 정상인에 비해 낮에 나타났으며, 이는 치료기간 동안 감소되는 경향을 나타내었다. 6. 측두하악장애 환자에서 전측두근의 근활성 비대칭지수는 정상인에 비해 상당히 높게 나타났으며 이는 치료기간 동안 감소되는 경향을 나타내었다.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.279-294
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• 2008

This study aimed to make an analysis of the occlusion in the state of muscle fatigue produced by excessive mouth opening and clenching during the dental treatment to control the dental pain and to evaluate the sensory nerve in the muscle pain state. Most of the reasons why patients visit the dental office result in pain-either conceivably the dental origin pain or the non-dental origin pain. The dental offices have many therapeutic actions to produce the masticatory muscle fatigue for the treatment. Dental treatment with long minutes of mouth opening can cause some headaches, masticatory muscle pain and mouth opening difficulties. Patients with mastication problems who visits a dental office to alleviate pain run against another unexpected pain with other aspects. This study uses T-scan II system(Tekscan Co., USA) for the evaluation on the occlusal pattern in the experimental muscle fatigue after clenching, opening the mouth excessively and chewing gum. The occlusal contact pattern is analyzed by the contact timing, namely first, intercuspal, maximum and end point of contact. This inspection was performed at frequencies of 2000Hz, 250 Hz and 5 Hz before and after each experimental muscle pain was produced to 24 subjects who had normal occlusion without the orthodontic treatment or a wide range of the prosthesis by using $neurometer^{\circledR}$ CPT/C(Neurotron, Inc. Baltimore, Maryland, USA). The measuring sites were mandibular nerve experimental muscle fatigue respectively. This study could obtain the following results after the assessment of occlusion and sensory nerve of the experimental muscle fatigue. 1. There were the fastest expression after the excessive mouth opening in muscle fatigue and after tooth clenching in muscle pain. In the visual analog scale that records the subjective level, there was the highest scale after the clenching in the muscle fatigue in jumping off the point of pain. 2. Tooth contact time, contact force, relative contact force on the point of the first contact had no difference, and there were decreases in the contact force after the excessive mouth opening on intercuspal position point, after the excessive mouth opening and the gum chewing on the point of the maximum, and in the contact time after all the experimental muscle fatigue state on the point of the end contact. 3. There was no statistic significance in the current perception threshold before and after the experimental muscle fatigue. 4. There was no significant difference in the contact number, the maximal contact number on the point of the first contact, and the contact number after the mouth opening and gum chewing on the point of the intercuspal position and the contact number after the experimental muscle fatigue on the maximum point, and showed significant decreases. In conclusion, it was found that the occlusal pattern can cause the changes on the case of the clinical muscle weakness by intra-external oral events. It was important that the sedulous attention to details is required during dental treatment in case of excessive mouth opening, mastication and clenching.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.242-250
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• 2006

Objective: Periodontal ligament fibroblasts have an ectomesenchymal origin and are thought to play a crucial role for not only homeostasis of periodontal tissues but also bone remodeling, wound healing and regeneration of tissues. Recently, it has been reported that UNC-50 is not expressed in gingival fibroblasts but in PDL fibroblasts. The purpose of this study was to examine the expression of UNC-50 and osteocalcin in the periodontium after application of intermittent force. Methods: Twelve rats had 40 grams of mesially-directed force applied at the upper molar for 1 hour/day. Four rats were sacrificed at 1, 3 and 5 days. Immunohistochemical localization of UNC-50 and osteocalcin antibody was carried out. The results showed apposition of new cellular cementum and a slight increase in periodontal space at the tension side. Results: Strong UNC-50 expression was observed in the differentiating cementoblasts close to PDL fibroblasts in the tension side whereas it was barely expressed at the compression side. Expression was strong at day 3, and decreased at day 5. Osteocalcin immunoreactivity expression was strong in differentiating cementoblasts at the tension side. Conclusion: It can be suggested that UNC-50 is related to the differentiation of cementoblasts, and may be responsible for the molecular event in PDL cells under mechanical stress.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.211-218
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• 2007

The purpose of this study was to compare the maximum bite forces between pre- and post-treatment related to specific diagnostic groups of TMD including masticatory muscle disorder (MMD), disc derangement (DD), joint inflammation (JI) and osteoarthritis (OA). Bite force between pre- and post-treatment was compared in 36 patients with unilateral TMD, successfully-managed in the Department of Oral Medicine, Dankook University Dental Hospital, for this study. The ratio of men to women was 7:29 and their mean age of $28.1{\pm}13.7$ years. The patients were categorized, through clinical and radiographic examination, into aforementioned 4 groups; MMD (N=18), DD (N=6), JI (N=5) and OA (N=7). The maximum bite force measurements were done at the antagonizing canines and 1st molars using a bite force recorder. Paired t-test, ANOVA, Multiple Comparison t-tests were used for statistical analysis. The results of this study showed that the maximum bite force before treatment increased after TMD treatment, which was noticeable at the canines (p=0.001 and p=0.000 for the affected and unaffected sides, respectively). In comparison related to the diagnostic groups of TMD, patients with osteoarthritis of TMJ exhibited the lowest strength while those with inflammatory disorder of TMJ had the highest strength on the affected sides. Increase of bite force after treatment was also found in each group. Significant difference between pre- and post-treatment was found at canines on the affected sides in MMD (p=0.045) and DD groups (p=0.009) while on the unaffected sides in OA group (p=0.003). Conclusively, the reduced bite force due to TMD could be recovered by conservative TMD treatment and that the difference of bite forces between pre- and post-treatment was noticeable at the canines.

• Cartoon and Animation Studies
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• s.29
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• pp.243-266
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• 2012

As contest exhibits have been activated, a variety of organizations are holding contest with various purposes. Analysis on the guidelines prepared by various sponsoring bodies ranging from public organizations to privately owned businesses shows that sponsoring bodies tend to possess copyrights of entries. Parts of guidelines of contest exhibit are the contract. While sponsoring body shows its opinion on copyright through guidelines, individual participant tends to consider it simply as a form to submit for contest exhibit rather than a contract. Now is the time to bring out a question in respect of the copyright on the contest exhibit. The important fact is that copyright on corporate contents is important, but copyright on individual contents is equally important and it must be protected and respected. This study aims to bring out a question on copyright by analyzing possession and infringement of copyright that stands forth in the guidelines of contest exhibit. Provisions on copyright of contest exhibit play a role as a contract. Provisions on copyright of contest exhibit shall be the ones which can be understood and accepted by both sponsoring body and winner who are the A and B of a contract. For this, change in perception of sponsoring bodies ranging from public organizations to privately owned businesses with prominent position is strongly required. For the foregoing, First, Indication of Copyright: Clear and concrete terms must be used. Second, Scope of Interpretation: Concrete and detailed indication must be made for preventing indication that allows comprehensive interpretation. Third, Cost for Author's Property Right: In case sponsoring body needs to possess or use the author's property right of prize-winning work, proper rights on use considering prize money corresponding to possession or use of author's property right must be indicated. Fourth, Term of Use: The term for using author's property right must be indicated. Fifth, Scope of Rights: The scope of author's property right that sponsoring body requires must be limited and indicated. Sixth, Mutual Respect: Items related to copyright must be indicated on the basis of the concept of bilateral contract founded on mutual consideration and respect, not on the concept of unilateral contract.

• Proceedings of the Korean Information Science Society Conference
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• 2007.06d
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• pp.384-388
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• 2007

WebDAV(Web-based Distributed Authoring and Versioning)는 웹 기반의 분산 저작과 버전관리를 지원하는 표준 명세로서, 인터넷을 통하여 다양한 콘텐츠의 비동기적인 협업을 지원하는 표준 하부구조를 제공한다. 특히 WebDAV의 속성 관리 기능은 자원의 주요 정보를 속성으로 설정하여 관리할 수 있는 기능이다. 이러한 WebDAV의 속성 관리기능을 이용하는 경우 사용자 측에서 자유롭게 속성관리가 가능하여 웹을 기반으로 하는 협업시스템 및 자원공유 시스템을 개발하는데 매우 유용하게 활용될 수 있다. 본 논문에서는 웹을 통한 문서 및 데이터의 관리를 제공하는 응용시스템의 개발을 효율적으로 지원할 수 있도록 한 WebDAV 프로토콜의 확장과 이를 이용하여 기업내에서 생성되는 기술문서 및 도면 문서에 대한 협업을 지원해주는 도면공유시스템을 개발하였다. 확장된 WebDAV의 기능을 이용하는 경우 응용시스템 개발자는 사용자 속성을 정의함으로써 어플리케이션을 간편하게 설계할 수 있게 되며, 기존의 웹 서버에서는 복잡하게 구현해야했던 자원에 대한 잠금관리 및 버전관리 기능도 지원받을 수 있게 된다.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.85-95
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• 2008

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of oral habits on the muscles of mastication and facial expression by means of two parameters: muscle stiffness and elasticity. 10 healthy, fully-dentate male subjects in their twenties were selected for this study; all had normal Class I occlusal relationships. Muscle stiffness and elasticity were measured with a tactile sensor(Venustron, Axiom Co., JAPAN) while subjects were asked to relax and perform various parafunctional activities such unilateral clenching(biting the bite force recorder with a force of 50kg on each subject's preferred side), jaw thrusting and lip bracing. The following muscles were examined: temporalis anterior(Ta), masseter(Mm), frontalis(Fr), inferior orbicularis oculi(OOci), zygomaticus major(Zm), superior and inferior orbularis oris(OOrs and OOri) and mentalis(Mn). Paired t-test, Correlation Coefficients, ANOVA and Multiple Comparison t-tests were used for statistical analysis. Unilateral clenching was highly correlated with bilateral stiffness and elasticity of all the muscles tested. Mm was affected by all three oral habits; Ta was affected by unilateral clenching(p<0.05); Zm was affected by unilateral clenching and OOrs, OOri and Mn were most affected by lip bracing(p<0.05). This study indicates that not only the masticatory muscles but also the muscles of facial expression, mainly circumoral muscles, can be significantly influenced by parafunctional activities such as unilateral clenching and lip bracing.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.23-33
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• 1988

The purpose of this study was to standardized and classify the coordination pattern among the chewing side and non-chewing side masseter and anterior muscles, in terms of EMG values on lateral excursion, clenching, and mastication in presence of the non-chewing side. In this study, 25 subjects were selected for experiment of lateral excursion, clenching and mastication and EMG value of the masseter and anterior temporal muscle on both sides were recored 2 times respectively. The bioelectric processor model EM2(Myo-tonic research, INC. U.S.A.) with the surface electrodes were used to record the EMG activity during all experimental procedures. The results were as follows : 1. During lateral excursion on intereference of non-chewing side, the EMG values of the temporal muscle were significantly more prominent than those of the temporal muscle on the non-chewing side. The EMG values of non-chewing side were significantly more prominent than those of chewing side on the both side masseter muscle and those of chewing side were significantly more prominent than those of non-chewing side on the both side temporal muscle. 2. During clenching on the occlusal interferance, the EMG values of non-chewing side masseter muscle were most prominent. 3. During mastication on the occlusal interferance, the EMG values of the chewing side temporal muscle were most prominent and those of non-chewing side temporal muscle were the lowest. 4. The EMG values of temporal muscle of non-chewing side on interferance were significantly more prominent than those of canine guidance during lateral excursion. 5. During clenching on the occlusal interferance, the EMG values of the masseter and the temporal muscles of the non-chewing side were significantly more prominent than canine guidance, but those of chewing side temporal muscle on canine guidance were significantly more prominent than those of interferance. 6. During mastication on canine guidance, the EMG Values of the temporal muscle on the chewing side, the masseter muscle on the chewing side and the temporal muscle on the non-chewing side were more prominent than those of interferance, but temporal muscle of non-chewing side was not different between canine guidance and occlusal interferance on non-chewing side.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Information and Commucation Sciences Conference
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.421-424
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• 2005

Recently, As the managing techniques of consuming method and transmission for the sharply increasing multimedia contents has been developed regardless of compatibility by each company, It is a serious obstacle to the development of the organized copyright techniques because nothing can be shared by each other. The MPEG committee under ISO established MPEG-21 framework for it and proposed the REL as the words taking care of copyright and standardized them. However, there seemed to be some problems that special knowledge such as Schema defining the structures of XML and REL should be necessary. Furthermore, There can be some obscurity when the authority of REL document and one of consumer side is different. Therefore, in this paper, we laid out and realized the copyright including consuming system to copyright and prove the REL documents more conveniently and RDD integration system using Web Services technology which can get rid of the vagueness of REL.