• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.63-69
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• 2015

The biological characteristics of Bacillus sp.CPB-St as a probiotic strain to control fish streptococcosis was determined. Based on 16S rRNA sequencing, Bacillus sp.CPB-St was identified as Bacillus pumilus and named B. pumilus CPB-St (Abbreviated as CPB-St). Growth inhibitory activity of CPB-St against Streptococcus spp. was examined at three different incubation temperatures ($20^{\circ}C$, $25^{\circ}C$, and $30^{\circ}C$) and three culture media (NA, TSA, and BHIA) based on the diameter of inhibition zone. Its activity (inhibition zone of 11~29 mm) at $20^{\circ}C$ was higher than that (12~21 mm) at $30^{\circ}C$. Its activity (29 mm) in NA media was the same as that (29 mm) in TSA media. However, it was higher than that (22 mm) in BHIA media. The inhibitory activity of CPB-St against Streptococcus spp. was high at pH7. However, its activity was the same at salinity of 0.5% to 3%. CPB-St showed maximum growth after incubation at $25^{\circ}C$ for 48 h. To use CPB-St as probiotics, settlement studies in fish intestine and its efficacy through feeding are needed. CPB-St was highly resistant to gastric juice at pH4 and flounder's bile salt as well as deoxycholic acid at $300{\mu}g/ml$. CPB-St showed optimal viability in 1% NaCl. It showed similar growth in 0% to 7% NaCl. CPB-St could tolerate $-20^{\circ}C$ and $-70^{\circ}C$ for 45 min. There was no difference in the growth of the strain between room temperature and $4^{\circ}C$. Fish diet supplemented with CPB-St could be stored at low temperature without cell loss. Therefore, CPB-St might be used as probiotics to control streptococcosis of fish.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.45 no.9
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• pp.1316-1323
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• 2016

The aim of this study was to evaluate proteolytic and antioxidant activities of fresh pineapple and kiwi juices extracted using a slow-speed masticating household juicer during low temperature storage. While over 90% of vitamin C and total polyphenols in both juices were retained after storage for 30 days at $-20^{\circ}C$, reduction of 56.8% for vitamin C and 31.9% for total polyphenols in pineapple juice were detected after storage at $4^{\circ}C$. In the case of kiwi juice, 32.9% of vitamin C and 22.4% of total polyphenols were lost. A high initial content of vitamin C in kiwi juice resulted in a slower reduction rate than that for pineapple juice. A similar result was obtained for 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity. Proteolytic activities of both juices were maintained efficiently with less than 10% loss during storage for 30 days at $-20^{\circ}C$. Protease stability of pineapple juice was better than that of kiwi juice during storage at $4^{\circ}C$, and the same result was obtained when boiled chicken breast was used as a substrate. From these results, when storing pineapple and kiwi juices, which are widely used as a natural meat tenderizer and digestive aid, cold storage at $-20^{\circ}C$ seemed to be more suitable for maintaining antioxidant and proteolytic activities than cold storage at $4^{\circ}C$.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.43 no.11
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• pp.1716-1723
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• 2014

This study was designed to examine the change in physical properties of extruded brown rice-vegetable mix at different pregelatinized brown rice contents and $CO_2$ gas injection. Moisture content, screw speed and die temperature were fixed to 30%, 100 rpm and 60, respectively. $CO_2$ gas injection was adjusted to 0, 300, 600, and 800 mL/min. The content of vegetables (carrot, pumpkin, kale and Angelica keiskei) mix was fixed 5%. Pregelatinized and raw brown rice powder were blended as the ratio of 0/95, 30/65 and 50/45. Specific mechanical energy input decreased as pregelatinized brown rice ratio increased. Expansion index increased and the size and number of pores increased but density decreased with the increasing in $CO_2$ gas injection. Gelatinization degree increased as $CO_2$ gas injection increased. In conclusion, cold extrusion with $CO_2$ gas injection at $60^{\circ}C$ die temperature could be applied for Saengsik (uncooked food) making.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.41-45
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• 2003

A study was under taken to investigate the appropriate explant sources of flower organ and suitable cultural conditions such as light, temperature, and sucrose in plant regeneration of Iris ensata culture. Explants of perianth, ovary, pedicel, and peduncle of Iris ensata were cultured at different daylength (0, 8, 16, 24 hour), different temperatures (10, 15, 25, 3$0^{\circ}C$), and sucrose concentrations (1, 3, 6, 9%) on MS medium. Formation of adventitious roots from explants of Iris ensata was effective in the dark, while that of adventitous shoots was effective in the light. The optimum daylength for young plant regeneration was 16 hours. The optimum temperature for shoot formation of Iris ensata explants was $25^{\circ}C$ but the formation at 10 and 15$^{\circ}C$ was ineffective. Especi-ally, perianth and ovary was effective in shoot formation from flower organ expants. T-he optimum concentration of sucrose for shoots and roots formation of Iris ensata explants was 3 and 6%, respectively.

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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• v.46 no.6
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• pp.609-614
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• 2009

The low-temperature preparation of porous ceramics was carried out using mixtures of alumina-zinc borosilicate (ZBS) glass. The compositions of alumina-ZBS glass mixture with PMMA pore-former were unfortunately densified. Because PMMA was evaporated below the softening point of ZBS glass ($588{^{\circ}C}$), the densification through the pore-filling caused by the capillary force might occur. Howerver, those with carbon possessed pores where carbon was evaporated above the softening point. The porous ceramic having 35% porosity was successively fabricated by the low-temperature sintering process below $900{^{\circ}C}$ using 45 vol% of alumina, 45 vol% ZBS of glass, and 10 vol% of carbon as starting materials.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.55-61
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• 1994

Triploid fish were induced successfully in olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) by cold shocking fertilized eggs 3 minutes post fertilization at $2^{\circ}C$ for 45 minutes. Percent incidence of triploid was $92.6\%$ in this treatment. Floating rate and fertilization rate of eggs were not significanlty different from that of diploid controls (P> 0.05). However, hatchability and abnormal larvae of triploids were significantly different from that of diploid controls (P< 0.05). Incidence of triploidy was confirmed by erythrocyte measurements and chromosome counts. The surface area of triploid erythrocytes and nucleus was 1.6 times larger than that of diploids. Diploids had 48 acrocentric chromosomes, while triploids had 72.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
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• 2004.11a
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• pp.371-374
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• 2004

저온동시 소성용(low temperature co-fired ceramics, LTCC) 마이크로파 유전체을 만들기 위해 $Ca(Li_{1/4}Nb_{3/4})O_3$ 마이크로파 유전체 세라믹스에 zinc-borosililcate glass를 첨가하여 소결 특성과 마이크로파 유전 특성을 조사하였다. $Ca(Li_{1/4}Nb_{3/4})O_3$과 $0.7Ca(Li_{1/4}Nb_{3/4})O_3-0.3CaTiO_3$에 zinc-borosilicate를 $5{\sim}30wt%$ 첨가하여 소결한 결과 $875{\sim}925^{\circ}C$에서 동시 소성이 가능한 것으로 확인되었으며 zinc-borosilicate glass의 함량이 증가할수록 저온에서 소성이 가능하였지만 과량의 액상과 2차상이 형성되면서 유전율과 품질계수가 저하되는 경향을 나타내었다. $Ca(Li_{1/4}Nb_{3/4})O_3$에 5wt%의 zinc-borosilicate를 첨가하여 $900^{\circ}C$에서 소성한 결과 가장 우수한 유전 특성$(\epsilon_r=17.45,\;Q{\times}f_0=5487)$을 나타내었고, 유전율을 높이기 위해 $CaTiO_3$를 0.3mol% 첨가한 $0.7Ca(Li_{1/4}Nb_{3/4})O_3-0.3CaTiO_3$에 10wt%의 zinc-borosilicate를 첨가하여 $925^{\circ}C$에서 소성한 결과 가장 우수한 유전특성$(\epsilon_r=44.92,\;Q{\times}f_0=5567)$을 나타내었다.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.177-183
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• 2008

Sodium is known to reduce a plant growth and yields. However, the relationships between physiological response of seedling and salinity stress caused by growing media are not well understood yet. We conducted experiments to investigate change of some parameters including Na, EC, moisture content in media under different air temperature ($15^{\circ}C$, $25^{\circ}C$), and the response of fruit-vegetables such as cucumber, oriental melon on saline conditions originated from horticultural substrate. Volumetric moisture content of media at $15^{\circ}C$ was 70%, but at $25^{\circ}C$ was decreased by 45% within 22 hrs, showing below optimal matric potential, approximately. During reaction time, the increase of Na concentration was significantly greater in saline substrate than in control. The decrease rate of Na concentration according to supplying irrigation water was higher in saline substrate than in control. $CO_2$ assimilation rate and transpiration rate of Korea melon grown in low temperature were decreased with a Na/cation ratio in hydroponic solution. Water saturation deficit was also increased significantly at $15^{\circ}C$ as compare to $25^{\circ}C$. Saline stress during nursery stage induced a reduction of seedling quality, growth and cucumber yield. The results suggest that the relationship between uncontrolled Na uptake of seedling from saline substrate and meteological condition is responsible for saline stress.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Fundamentals of Nursing
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.237-245
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• 2002

Purpose: This study was to examine the changes in cold discomfort according to the type of blanket used after surgery. Methods : Women scheduled for Cesarean Section were divided into two groups. After the surgery, 30 patients were covered with a warming blanket which was set at $40^{\circ}C$ by the warmer and the other 30 patients were covered with an ordinary blanket. Both group's cold discomfort was measured at 5 time points using a mercury thermometer, shivering scale. and subjective thermal sensation scale. Data were analyzed by using mean scores with t-test, paired t-test using the SPSS/WIN program. Result: At 30 min after being covered with the blanket, the axillary temperature had returned to the pre-operation temperature in both groups. At 45 min after being covered with the blanket, the women in the warming blanket group had no further shivering but for those in the ordinary blanket group shivering continued. At 45 min after being covered with the blanket, the women in the warming blanket group had returned to the condition before surgery, but those in the ordinary blanket group continued to complain of cold sensation. Conclusion: This study suggests that use of a warming blanket helps to relieve cold discomfort following surgery. This study is also expected to enhance understanding of the Importance of subjective data by exploring the difference between subjective complaints and objective data about cold discomfort.

• Korean Journal of Breeding Science
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.288-296
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• 2011

To clarify the seed germination characteristics among cultivated Perilla crop and their weedy types in Korea, we studied the germination percent and germination energy of 162 accessions (102 cultivated var. frutescens, 41 weedy var. frutescens, and 19 weedy var. crispa) in both conditions of $4^{\circ}C$ low temperature treatment and non-cold treatment. In our study, most accessions of cultivated var. frutescens showed more than 50% in both germination percent and germination energy in both cold and non-cold treatment conditions. Whereas, most accessions of weedy var. frutescens and weedy var. crispa showed lower than 50% in both germination percent and germination energy in both cold and non-cold treatment. In addition, most accessions of Perilla crop and their weedy types showed much higher germination percent and germination energy in $4^{\circ}C$ low temperature treatment condition compared to the seeds under non-cold treatment condition. The information provided in this research may help for our understanding the variation of seed germination characteristics among accessions of cultivated Perilla crop and their weedy types in Korea.