• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.526-535
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• 2007

This study was conducted at the Civilian Controlled Zone(CCZ) in the Cherowon from February to March 2004 to investigate the reaction to the vehicles of Red-crowned Cranes(RCC) and White-naped Cranes(WNC) and trade-off of the vehicle interruption with food resources. The for-aging distance from the road of WNC was much closer than that of RCC. The large flocks of cranes' average feeding distance from the road was farther than small flocks of cranes in both species. Cranes showed the reaction, such as alert, walking, running and flying against the vehicle stop and were more sensitive as they were close to the road. The reacting time to the stopping vehicle were reduced as it was farther from the road. The distance of about 250m was a reaction threshold distance against the vehicle stop to both species. The reacting time in the same distance was not different in relation to the traffic volume, but large traffic volume tended to cause cranes to stay far away from the road and not to feed themselves near a traffic congested area. The reason cranes fed themselves on fallen rice grains in spite of the vehicular traffic interruption factor was that there was a high density of the fallen rice grains remaining at the area near a road.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.173-178
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• 2008

The habitat composition in the Han-river estuary, where white-naped crane(Grus vipio; endangered migrating bird) spend winter, was analysed by the geographic information system(GIS). And the habitat use pattern of white-naped crane collected by satellite tracking method was analysed. The % composition of seven habitat categories of land cover classification was compared for the buffers of radii 100 m, 200 m, 500 m, and 1 km, respectively, around the white-naped crane position point(n=228), and the statistical analysis was done using chi-square test. The results showed no selective use of habitat area by white-naped crane in the buffers of 100 m, 200 m and 500 m, but showed clear selection of habitat use (p < 0.05) in the case of 1 km buffer.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.375-383
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• 2009

The aims of this study were wintering individuals, usage of foraging sites, potential food availability, daily activity and disturbance factors of White-naped Cranes Grus vipio on the wintering site, Han-river estuary, Goyang and Gimpo city, Korea. We want to provide basic data to conserve the cranes. Maxium population was identified 162 individuals at the middle of February in the river side and mud flat of this study area. Spring migration for breeding was started at the first week of March and finished for two weeks later. White-naped Cranes were used four feeding sites in winter; agricultural area in Hongdopyong, Yihwa-dong, Pyong-dong and Songpo-dong. Expected carrying capacity (ECC) was 334 days (121~909 days). White-naped Cranes departed from roosting site to feeding site at every morning for foraging. If they were disturbed by some factors at feeding sites, they moved to mud flat in the Han river to forage and take a rest. Daily activity was consisted of six category; feeding, alert, locomotion, preening, comfort, social and other behaviors. Feeding was the highest portion among behaviors in the wintering area. Feeding, alert, locomotion and preening in daily activities significantly differed among feeding sites. We watched total 348 times of disturbances in the wintering sites. Artificial disturbances were vehicles, humans, bicycles and motorcycles. Natural disturbances were noises, animals and others. Disturbances in all wintering sites were highest in Yihwa-dong (134 times) and followed by Hongdopyong (109 times), Songpo-dong (64 times) and then Pyong-dong (44 times). And artificial disturbances (228 times) were more than natural disturbances (120 times). Especially, vehicle was one of the most checked factor in the wintering area.

• 공원문화
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• s.63
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• pp.3-3
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• 1994

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.418-430
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• 2009

The main purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between the topography of land and vegetation and the preferred habitat of wintering cranes. Investigations were conducted twelve times in Cheorwon basin, South Korea, during two wintering seasons (12/2005 - 2/2006; 1/2007 - 2/2007). The density of rice grain in the middle of rice paddies was higher than that of the areas along the edge of rice paddies. However it was observed that red-naped cranes preferred to feed along the edges of rice paddies rather than to feed in the middle of the paddies. White-naped cranes, on the other hand, Preferred to feed in the middle of paddies. To be more specific, red-crowned cranes preferred feeding sites such as levees of the paddies or the areas where the level of the rice beds was comparatively more elevated. But the preference of the white-naped cranes turned out to be just the opposite. Another finding was that both red-naped cranes and white-naped cranes preferred concealed areas for their feeding site, and the frequency rate of their feeding in concealed areas has little to do with weather factors. This finding contradicts a widely accepted view that cranes prefer open spaces for their feeding site. Besides, red-crowned cranes, compared with white-naped cranes, preferred to feed in more concealed areas. The frequency rate of feeding in both concealed areas and non-concealed areas had little to do with the size of feeding flocks. There was no difference between a flock of fewer than five cranes and a flock of more than five cranes in terms of frequency rate of their feeding. In conclusion, the result of these investigations indicate that red-naped cranes comparatively prefer concealed areas for their feeding site, and white-naped cranes are less prone to them, and there is no direct connection between their preference of feeding site or frequency and the size of their flock. This is presumed to be the characteristics unique to their individual species.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2009.05a
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• pp.1979-1983
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• 2009

DMZ권은 지난 반세기 동안 출입이 통제된 덕분에 다양한 생물종의 서식공간이자 생명벨트로 형성되어 있다. 서부 DMZ권에는 한강 하구와 임진강 유역의 성동 습지와, 장단 습지, 문산 습지, 임진각 습지 및 초평도 습지가 있으며, 이곳에는 멸종위기종 1급인 황새, 노랑부리저어새, 저어새 등 8종과 2급인 큰고니, 개리 등 21종, 황조롱이, 매, 흑두루미 등 천연기념물 22종이 서식하고 있다. 본 연구에서는 서부 DMZ권을 중심으로 현지 조사를 통해 하천환경과 습지 현황을 조사하였다. 임진각 습지는 임진강의 건천화 때문인지, 아님 썰물 때문인지 유량은 그리 많지 않았다. 덕분에 갯벌이 많이 드러나고 재두루미와 개리 등이 눈에 뜨였다. 장단반도는 절반은 농경지, 절반은 갈대 군락지이다. 군락지에는 갈대뿐만 아니라 달뿌리풀, 갯버들도 서식하고 있었다. 농경지에는 재두루미 가족이 섭식하고 있고 임진강에는 기러기 약 2천 이상이 발견되었으며, 고라니도 다수가 조사되었다. 최근에는 136마리가 조사되었다. 초평도의 습지에서는 물새가 탐조되었다. 습지는 생태계의 훌륭한 서식처의 역할을 하며, 수질 개선과 기후 조절 기능도 갖고 있으며, 생태 관광에도 기여를 하고 있음이 밝혀졌다.

• Proceedings of the Korea Society of Environmental Biology Conference
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• 2005.12a
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• pp.139-139
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• 2005

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Environment and Ecology Conference
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• 2005.04a
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• pp.173-175
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• 2005

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.41-49
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• 2009

This research conducted a survey on the feeding crane's size, formation and distribution distance subsequent to road pattern and feeding flock's size during the wintering season eight times at the Cheolwon basin in Korea from December 2005 until February 2006. The survey results are as follows: First, the feeding flocks of the Red-crowned and White-naped Crane were found to mainly consist of two to four individuals. Mono-specific feeding flocks were more identified than hetero-specific feeding flocks in both Red-crowned and White-naped Cranes. There existed a significant difference in the ratio by size between the feeding Red-crowned and White-naped Cranes. The crane's average distribution distance from the paved road was much farther than from the unpaved road, paved farm road and unpaved farm road. In case of the white-naped crane, there was a difference in its distance length from between the road and farm road and there existed a significant difference only in the paved road in the distance length by road pattern between these two bird species[Red-crowned and White-naped Crane]. Such a result indicates that crane species don't prefer the road with frequent vehicular traffic to the road with low vehicular traffic. 5 or more individuals of feeding flocks of the Red-crowned Crane were located at a farther distance length from the paved road comparing to less than 5 individuals of the whole feeding flocks and less than 5 individual feeding flocks. 5 or more individuals of feeding flocks of the White-naped Crane were located at a farther distance length from the paved road, paved farm road and unpaved farm road than less than 5 individuals of feeding flocks of the White-naped Crane; however, there existed no difference in distance length subsequent to their group size. Conclusively, it was found out that the flocks with a larger size were more greatly affected by interrupting factors. Considering such results, there seems to be a more relation to the fact that larger size feeding flocks of crane species have a higher efficiency in the lookout for their surroundings.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.48 no.3
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• pp.176-187
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• 2015

In this study, we hypothesized that the size of wintering crane population would change due to the climate factors. We assumed that wintering population size would differ by climate values in January, which is the coldest period in year. Especially, White-naped cranes were able to choose wintering site between Cheorwon and other alternative place where snow coverage had low influence, differing from Red crowned cranes. For this reason, we predicted the population size of White-naped cranes would fluctuate according to the extent of snow coverage in Cheorwon. Therefore we used snow coverage data based on MODIS and climate data from KMA (Korea Meteorological Administration) that are generally used. We analyzed the crane's population size in Cheorwon in January from 2002 to 2014. The temperature in the Cheorwon increased from 2002 to wintering period in 2007~ 2008 and went down, showing the lowest temperature in 2011~ 2012. With this phenomenon, warmth index showed the similar pattern with temperature. Amount of newly accumulated snow (the amount of snow that fallen from 0:01 am to 11:29 pm in a day) was low after 2002, but rapidly increased in 2010~ 2011 and 2011~ 2012. The area of snow coverage rapidly declined from 2002 to 2005~ 2006 but suddenly expanded in wintering period in 2009~ 2010 and 2010~ 2011. Wintering population size of the White-naped cranes decreased as snow coverage area increased in January and the highest correlation was found between them, compared to the other climatic factors. However, the number of individuals of Red crowned cranes had little relationship with general climate factors including snow cover range. Therefore it seems that population size of the Red crowned crane varied by factors related with habitat selection such as secure roosting site and area of foraging place, not by climatic factors. In multiple regression analysis, wintering population of White-naped cranes showed significant relationship with logarithmic value of snow cover range and its period. Therefore, it suggests that the population size of the White-naped crane was affected by snow cover range n wintering period and this was because it was hard for them to find out rice grains which are their main food items, buried in snow cover. The population size variation in White-naped cranes was caused by some individuals which left Cheorwon for Izumi where snow cover had little influence on them. The wintering population in Izumi and Cheorwon had negative correlation, implying they were mutually related.