• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2020.06a
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• pp.46-46
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• 2020

하천의 합류부는 지류와 본류가 만나 수리 및 수질 특성이 변화하는 구간으로 매우 중요한 지점이다. 따라서, 최근에는 ADCP와 같은 측정장비를 활용하여 실제하천을 대상으로 합류부의 수리학적 혼합거동을 분석하는 많은 연구들이 수행되고 있다. 하지만 기존의 연구들은 대부분 중소하천 규모의 합류부를 대상으로 연구가 수행되었고, 유속이 존재하는 하천을 대상으로 연구가 수행되었다. 그리고 기존의 연구들은 대부분 수리특성을 활용하여 합류부의 지형학적 특성을 함께 고려한 연구가 대부분 수행되어 합류부의 수질적인 혼합거동을 분석한 사례는 매우 드물다. 이에 본 연구에서는 낙동강과 황강합류부에서 ADCP와 YSI를 활용하여 본류의 유량이 지류에 비해 매우 크고 저유속인 대하천에 유입되는 지류를 대상으로 수리·수질 특성을 기반으로 혼합 패턴을 분석하였다. 수리특성 분석을 위해 ADCP를 활용하여 수심평균유속분포, 2차류를 분석하였고, 수질특성을 분석하기 위해 YSI의 전기전도도(EC)를 수질인자로 활용하여 합류부의 혼합 거동을 분석하였다. YSI 장비는 보트에 장착하여 단면 혹은 수심방향으로 이동식으로 적용하였고, 공간위치는 동시에 운용된 ADCP의 GPS자료와 연동하였다. 분석결과, 기존의 ADCP의 유속측정 결과로는 본 연구대상과 같은 저유속 대하천에서 공간적 혼합 거동을 포착하는데 한계가 나타났다. 반면에, 수질인자(EC)를 연계하여 합류부 수질의 공간분포를 나타낼 경우 본 대상인 황강-낙동강 합류부와 같은 평수기 저유속 대하천의 혼합거동을 포착 및 분석할 수 있는 것으로 나타났다. 따라서, 대하천의 저유속인 합류부의 혼합 거동 분석은 유속분포와 같은 수리특성과 함께 수질인자(EC)를 연계한 분석을 통할 경우 혼합 거동의 분석이 용이해짐을 확인할 수 있었다.

• Journal of the Korean Crystal Growth and Crystal Technology
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• v.4 no.4
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• pp.370-377
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• 1994

DC plasma torch which is a non-transferred type was constructed and silicon nitride powders were produced. Ar gas is used as a plasma gas and gas reactants with the carrier gas are introduced beneath the plasma ignition part. Two slits are attached and a reactive quenching gas is introduced through them. Using $SiCl_4 and NH_3$ as starting materials, silicon nitride powders were produced. As-produced powders were amorphous and crystalline silicon nitrides were obtained by heating at $1420^{\circ}C$ for two hours under nitrogen atmosphere. Silicon nitride phase was identified in the XRD patterns and IR spectrum, and the image of the powders before and after heating was observed from the TEM analysis.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2022.05a
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• pp.267-267
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• 2022

댐 운영에 있어서 필요한 수문자료는 강수량, 수위, 유량, 저수량 자료 등이 있다. 이중 저수량은 주로 댐수위-저수용량 곡선식을 이용하여 계산한다. 댐수위-저수용량 곡선식은 댐 부근에서 계측 되는 한 개의 수위자료를 이용하여 저수용량을 산정하며, 이는 큰 저수지 면적과 저수지 수면이 일정하지 않다는 것을 고려할 때 큰 오차가 발생할 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 음향 도플러 유속계 ADCP(Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler) 이용하여 보성강댐 저수지 수면경사를 실측하고, 동시에 실시간 이동측위시스템인 RTK-GPS(Real Time Kinematic)를 이용하여 이를 검증하였다. ADCP는 유수의 흐름을 방해하지 않으면서 수중에 발사된 음파의 도플러 효과를 이용하여 유속, 유량 및 측량이 가능한 장비이며, RTK-GPS의 경우 정밀한 위치정보를 가지고 있는 기준국의 위상에 대한 보정치를 실시간으로 이용하여 오차가 ±0.03m 이하인 것으로 알려졌다. 보성강댐의 하류에서 ADCP와 RTK-GPS를 장착한 보트를 저수지 종방향으로 처음부터 끝까지 이동하여 약 7.5km 종단측량을 실시하였고 저수지 지형적 특성을 고려하여 약 700m마다 횡단측량을 실시하여 종방향뿐만 아니라 횡방향 수면차도 조사하였다. 그 결과 보성강댐의 상류로 갈수록 수면경사가 전체적으로 상승하는 경향을 보였지만 일부구간에서 수위가 하강하는 경우도 발생하였다. 이는 미약하지만 저수지 내에 흐름이 발생하고 이 흐름에 따른 통제가 변화되는 것과 중간에 유입되는 지류의 영향 등으로 구간별로 수면경사 차이가 발생하는 것으로 추정된다. 횡방향 수면차는 지류가 유입되는 일부구간에서 다소 차이를 보였지만 큰 영향을 없는 것으로 판단된다. 보성강댐 저수지 수면을 종방향 및 횡방향으로 실측한 결과 구간별로 차이를 보였으며 최대 EL. 126.60m, 최소 EL. 126.33m 나타났다. 댐 상류 부근의 수면높이 EL. 126.50m와 비교하면 +0.10m, -0.17m 차이를 보였으며 이는 저수량 산정에 큰 오차를 발생시킨다. 효과적인 댐 운영을 위해서는 유입량 및 유출량을 정확하게 산정하는 것도 필요하지만 저수량을 정확하게 파악하는 것 역시 필요하다. 저수량을 정확하게 산정하려면 수킬로미터가 넘는 저수지 크기를 고려하여 수면경사를 실시간으로 계측하는 등의 노력이 필요한 것으로 판단된다.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2022.05a
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• pp.3-3
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• 2022

부산 에코델타시티는 세종 5-1 생활권과 더불어 스마트시티 국가시범도시이며, 사업대상지역은 평강천이 관류하여 맥도강, 서낙동강 본류로 흐르는 세물머리지역이 그 중심에 위치하고 있다. 하천을 중심으로 스마트시티가 조성되고 있으나 하천관리는 유역내 홍수관리, 수질관리 등등에 관한 정부주체 상위계획에 종속성이 강한 공공분야로서 단위사업에서 스마트시티에 걸맞는 하천관리계획을 수립하고 시행하는 것은 많은 어려움이 존재한다. 하천관리의 주 관심 대상은 이수를 제외하면 치수, 하천환경, 친수, 하천시설물로 대별할 수 있으며, 스마트 하천관리란 이들에 대한 현황 정보구축 및 지속적인 현행화, 그리고 이들 실제 정보를 토대로 한 합리적 운영과 실시간 연계운영 실현으로 공공서비스를 제공하는 것이라 할 수 있을 것이다. 본 연구는 국가연구개발사업에서 연구한 각 분야별 하천관리기법을 에코델타시티에 시범적용하여 스마트하천관리를 구현할 수 있는 방법을 제시하고자 하였다. 에코델타시티 조성사업의 진행수준으로 인해 취득하기 어려운 정보들은 수립된 계획을 참조하여 적용하였다. 유역내 주 대상 하천들은 델타지역에서 수문으로 통제되므로 일반적인 하천과 달리 정수역에 가까운 특이한 수리특성을 보이고 있지만, 우선 스마트 하천관리를 위한 일반적인 과정들을 시범적용 해보고 필요에 따라 특성 고려 방안을 찾고자 하였다. 유역내 정량적 홍수위험도 평가, 하천환경 평가 적용방안, 하천시설물 관리방안, 주요 지점의 실시간 모니터링 방안 등이 에코델타시티 조성사업 진행단계를 고려하여 수행되고 있다. 사용편의성과 지속가능성을 담보하기 위한 하천연계플랫폼을 구축하여, 개발된 기법들을 각각 내부 모듈로 장착하거나 완성도에 따라 외부모듈로 연계할 수 있도록 하였다. 현재 개발된 기법들의 시스템화 완성 및 관련 정보들의 데이터베이스 확대를 위한 노력이 진행되고 있으며, 향후 하천관리연계플랫폼의 실제 운영을 통하여 완성도를 높여갈 계획이다.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Information and Commucation Sciences Conference
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• 2022.10a
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• pp.556-558
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• 2022

This paper proposes a CanSat system with a vehicle tracking function based on Jetson Nano, a high-performance small computer capable of operating artificial intelligence algorithms. The CanSat system consists of a CanSat and a ground station. The CanSat falls in the atmosphere and transmits the data obtained through the installed sensors to the ground station using wireless communication. The existing CanSat is limited to the mission of simply transmitting the collected information to the ground station, and there is a limit to efficiently performing the mission due to the limited fall time and bandwidth limitation of wireless communication. The Jetson Nano based CanSat proposed in this paper uses a pre-trained neural network model to detect the location of a vehicle in each image taken from the air in real time, and then uses a 2-axis motor to move the camera to track the vehicle.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.46 no.2
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• pp.125-136
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• 2008

Statement of problem: Since the concept of osseointegration in dental implants was introduced by $Br{{\aa}}nemark$ et al, high long-term success rates have been achieved. Though the use of dental implants have increased dramatically, there are few studies on domestic implants with clinical and objective long-term data. Purpose: The aim of this retrospective study was to provide long-term data on the $Neoplan^{(R)}$ implant, which features a sandblasted and acid-etched surface and external connection. Material and methods: 96 $Neoplan^{(R)}$ implants placed in 25 patients in Yonsei University Hospital were examined to determine the effect of the factors on marginal bone loss, through clinical and radiographic results during 18 to 57 month period. Results: 1. Out of a total of 96 implants placed in 25 patients, two fixtures were lost, resulting in 97.9% of cumulative survival rate. 2. Throughout the study period, the survival rates were 96.8% in the maxilla and 98.5% in the mandible. The survival rates were 97.6% in the posterior regions and 100% in the anterior regions. 3. The mean bone loss for the first year after prosthesis placement and the mean annual bone loss after the first year for men were significantly higher than that of women (P<0.05). 4. The group of partial edentulism with no posterior teeth distal to the implant prosthesis showed significantly more bone loss compared to the group of partial edentulism with presence of posterior teeth distal to the implant prosthesis in terms of mean bone loss for the first year and after the first year (P<0.05). 5. The mean annual bone loss after the first year was more pronounced in posterior regions compared to anterior regions (P<0.05). 6. No significant difference in marginal bone loss was found in the following factors: jaws, type of prostheses, type of opposing dentition, and submerged /non-submerged implants (P<0.05). Conclusion: On the basis of these results, the factors influencing marginal bone loss were gender, type of edentulism, and location in the arch, while the factors such as arch, type of prostheses, type of opposing dentition, submerged / non- submerged implants had no significant effect on bone loss. In the present study, the cumulative survival rate of the $Neoplan^{(R)}$ implant with a sandblasted and acid-etched surface was 97.9% up to a maximum 57-month period. Further long-term investigations for this type of implant system and evaluation of other various domestic implant systems are needed in future studies.

• The Journal of Korean Society for Radiation Therapy
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.83-88
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• 2009

Purpose: Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) using an on board imager (OBI) can check the movement and setup error in patient position and target volume by comparing with the image of computer simulation treatment in real.time during patient treatment. Thus, this study purposed to check the change and movement of patient position and target volume using CBCT in IMRT and calculate difference from the treatment plan, and then to correct the position using an automated match system and to test the accuracy of position correction using an electronic portal imaging device (EPID) and examine the usefulness of CBCT in IMRT and the accuracy of the automatic match system. Materials and Methods: The subjects of this study were 3 head and neck patients and 1 pelvis patient sampled from IMRT patients treated in our hospital. In order to investigate the movement of treatment position and resultant displacement of irradiated volume, we took CBCT using OBI mounted on the linear accelerator. Before each IMRT treatment, we took CBCT and checked difference from the treatment plan by coordinate by comparing it with the image of CT simulation. Then, we made correction through the automatic match system of 3D/3D match to match the treatment plan, and verified and evaluated using electronic portal imaging device. Results: When CBCT was compared with the image of CT simulation before treatment, the average difference by coordinate in the head and neck was 0.99 mm vertically, 1.14 mm longitudinally, 4.91 mm laterally, and 1.07o in the rotational direction, showing somewhat insignificant differences by part. In testing after correction, when the image from the electronic portal imaging device was compared with DRR image, it was found that correction had been made accurately with error less than 0.5 mm. Conclusion: By comparing a CBCT image before treatment with a 3D image reconstructed into a volume instead of a 2D image for the patient's setup error and change in the position of the organs and the target, we could measure and correct the change of position and target volume and treat more accurately, and could calculate and compare the errors. The results of this study show that CBCT was useful to deliver accurate treatment according to the treatment plan and to increase the reproducibility of repeated treatment, and satisfactory results were obtained. Accuracy enhanced through CBCT is highly required in IMRT, in which the shape of the target volume is complex and the change of dose distribution is radical. In addition, further research is required on the criteria for match focus by treatment site and treatment purpose.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.30 no.4 s.81
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• pp.491-507
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• 2000

The purpose of this study was to investigate if there were a significant differences in mandibular position between cephalometric measurements from a centric occlusion tracing compared to those of a acquired centric relation by stabilization splint on malocclusion patient with TMD. 60 malocclusion patients, who had TMD and CO-CR discrepancy beyond normal range, were selected and subdivided into Class I, II, III by Angle's classification and also subdivided into clockwise, straight downward, and counterclockwise group by Jarabak's posterior facial height/anterior facial height ratio. Lateral cephaolmetric radiographs with the mandible in centric occlusion were taken and measured, and for each Patient the stabilization splint with mutually protected occlusal scheme was applied for minimum 3months. After each patient's CO-CR discrepancy was in normal range, lateral cephalometric radiographs were retaken and measured. The comparison of the difference between CO-CR cephalometric measurements in all sample, Class I, II, III groups, and Clockwise, Straight downward, Counterclockwise groups were studied. The finding of this study can be summarized as follows: 1 In all sample, the value of cephalometric measurements was significantly different between CO-CR. The mandible rotated to down and posterior position and the vertical change was greater than the horizontal change (overjet-1.3mm increase, overbite-1.9mm decrease). 2. In Class II malocclusion group, most of the mean difference value between CO-CR is higher than that of the other groups and more measurements was statically significant. 3. In clockwise and counterclockwise group, some of the mean difference value is higher than that of straight downward group and more measurements was statically significant. 4. There ware no measurements that explain centric relation measurements from the type of malocclusion, facial pattern and centric occlusion measurements. Henceforth, it is strongly recommended that stabilization splint therapy for orthodontic treatment on TMD patient should be excuted upon overall facial types prior to orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning.

• The Journal of Korean Society for Radiation Therapy
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.27-33
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• 2007

Purpose: We have performed SRS (stereotactic radiosurgery) for avm (arterry vein malformation) and brain cancer. In order to verify dose and localization of SRS, dose distributions from TPS ($X-Knife^{(R)}$ 3.0, Radionics, USA) and GafChromic $EBT^{(R)}$ film in a head phantom were compared. Materials and Methods: In this study, head and neck region of conventional humanoid phantom was modified by substituting one of 2.5 cm slap with five 0.5 cm acrylic plates to stack the GafChromic $EBT^{(R)}$ film slice by slice with 5 mm intervals. Four films and five acrylic plates were cut along the contour of head phantom in axial plane. The head phantom was fixed with SRS head ring and adapted SRS localizer as same as real SRS procedure. CT images of the head phantom were acquired in 5 mm slice intervals as film interval. Five arc 6 MV photon beams using the SRS cone with 2 cm diameter were delivered 300 cGy to the target in the phantom. Ten small pieces of the film were exposed to 0, 50, 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900 cGy, respectively to calibrate the GafChromic $EBT^{(R)}$ film. The films in the phantom were digitized after 24 hours and its linearity was calibrated. The pixel values of the film were converted to the dose and compared with the dose distribution from the TPS calculation. Results: Calibration curve for the GafChromic $EBT^{(R)}$ film was linear up to 900 cGy. The R2 value was better than 0.992. Discrepancy between calculated from $X-Knife^{(R)}$ 3.0 and measured dose distributions with the film was less than 5% through all slices. Conclusion: It was possible to evaluate every slice of humanoid phantom by stacking the GafChromic EBT film which is suitable for 2 dimensional dosimetry, It was found that film dosimetry using the GafChromic $EBT^{(R)}$ film is feasible for routine dosimetric QA of stereotactic radiosurgery.

• Progress in Medical Physics
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.76-83
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• 2013

Previous studies about effect of respiratory motion on diagnostic imaging and radiation therapy have been performed by monitoring external motions but these can not reflect internal organ motion well. The aim of this study was to develope the artificial pulmonary nodule able to perform non-invasive implantation to dogs in the thorax and to evaluate applicability of the model to respiratory motion studies on PET image acquisition and radiation delivery by phantom studies. Artificial pulmonary nodule was developed on the basis of 8 Fr disposable gastric feeding tube. Four anesthetized dogs underwent implantation of the models via trachea and implanted locations of the models were confirmed by fluoroscopic images. Artificial pulmonary nodule models for PET injected $^{18}F$-FDG and mounted on the respiratory motion phantom. PET images of those acquired under static, 10-rpm- and 15-rpm-longitudinal round motion status. Artificial pulmonary nodule models for radiation delivery inserted glass dosemeter and mounted on the respiratory motion phantom. Radiation delivery was performed at 1 Gy under static, 10-rpm- and 15-rpm-longitudinal round motion status. Fluoroscpic images showed that all models implanted in the proximal caudal bronchiole and location of models changed as respiratory cycle. Artificial pulmonary nodule model showed motion artifact as respiratory motion on PET images. SNR of respiratory gated images was 7.21. which was decreased when compared with that of reference images 10.15. However, counts of respiratory images on profiles showed similar pattern with those of reference images when compared with those of static images, and it is assured that reconstruction of images using by respiratory gating improved image quality. Delivery dose to glass dosemeter inserted in the models were same under static and 10-rpm-longitudinal motion status with 0.91 Gy, but dose delivered under 15-rpm-longitudinal motion status was decreased with 0.90 Gy. Mild decrease of delivered radiation dose confirmed by electrometer. The model implanted in the proximal caudal bronchiole with high feasibility and reflected pulmonary internal motion on fluoroscopic images. Motion artifact could show on PET images and respiratory motion resulted in mild blurring during radiation delivery. So, the artificial pulmonary nodule model will be useful tools for study about evaluation of motion on diagnostic imaging and radiation therapy using laboratory animals.