• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 2013

This study was conducted to examine the relationship between cone abundance and cone/seed characteristics to improve seed quality and seed orchard management of Pinus koraiensis. The data was collected from P. koraiensis seed orchards at Chungju in 2007. That year was a rich year of cone harvest and the average number of cone per tree was 2.5 times much than that of normal year. We collected the cones from all trees in the sample plot of the seed orchard and investigated morphological characters such as cone length, cone width and cone weight. According to cone abundance per tree, the samples were divided into eight classes and analysed by cone analysis method. There is a decreasing tendency of number of fertile scale, seed potential, percent of filled seeds, seed weight per cone and seed efficiency, when the cone number per tree is increased. Additionally, the implications of the results to seed orchards management of P. koraiensis were discussed.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.29-38
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• 2014

Allometric equations for leaf, branch, stem and total above ground biomass of Pinus koraeinsis trees were developed with diameter at breast height(DBH) of trees, which were growing in a pine plantation with the stand density of 410 tree $ha^{-1}$ and the average DBH of $29.1{\pm}5.2$ cm in Mt. Taewha, Gyeonggi. Damage by Acantholyda parki reduced leaf biomass compared to other studies, however, its contribution to total biomass was minimal among parts. Comprehensive analysis revealed that constant in allometric equation for total above ground biomass (logY=a + blogX) was affected by average DBH and stand density, however, constant b was not. At the stand level, biomass for leaf, brach, stem, total above ground biomass were 6.68 Mg $ha^{-1}$, 18.82 Mg $ha^{-1}$, 101.02 Mg $ha^{-1}$, 126.53 Mg $ha^{-1}$, respectively. We developed a Korean pine stand biomass regression, which explained about 98% of variation with DBH and stand density based on comprehensive analysis.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.81 no.2
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• pp.156-163
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• 1992

Pinus koraiensis (Pk), P. rigida (Pr) and P. rigida ${\times}$ P. taeda (Pr. t) seedlings in a bare-rooted nursery were artificially inoculated with Pisolithus tinctorius (Pt) and Thelephora terrestris (Tt) to test long term effects of ectomycorrhizal inoculation on host growth. Mycelial inocula of Pt and Tt were mass-cultured in vermiculite-peatmoss mixture and introduced into fumigated nursery soil before seed sowing. Bare-rooted, inoculated seedlings at one to four years of age were outplanted to the field with $P_2O_5$ content of 25 ppm in soil. At the time of outplanting, Pk seedlings(4 years old), Pr seedlings(2 years old), and Pr.t seedlings(1 year old) all infected by Pt were significantly taller by 28%. 26%, and 77%, respectively, than controlled seedlings infected by natural population of mycorrhizal fungi in the non-fumigated plot. Ten years after inoculation or six to nine years after outplanting, Pk seedlings inoculated with Pt were significantly taller by 9% Pr.t seedlings significantly taller by 18%, and Pr slightly Caller by 2%(not significant) than controlled seedlings, suggesting that the stimulatory effect of Pt on host growth gradually declined or became minimal after outplanting. Tt failed to stimulate host growth either in the nursery or in the field, and the survival rate of outplanted seedlings was not different among fungal treatments. Considerable loss of the infected root system during lifting the seedlings for outplanting would be the primary cause of the reduced effect of Pt in the field. Pt infected more than 90% of the fine roots in the fumigated nursery during the first growing season, but Pt assumed to fail to compete successfully with natural population of ectomycorrhizal fungi in the field. It is necessary to select other mycorrhizal fungi which adapt well in both nursery and field.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.65 no.1
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• pp.96-99
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• 1984

The analysis of data about the 6-year-old Korean pine plantation was done in order to decide the suitable plot size for the survey on several stand characters. The plot size of at least 0.04 ha was recommendable for the investigation of height; but the size of 0.08 ha for D.B.H. and for crown width.

• Proceedings of The Korean Society of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology Conference
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• 2018.06a
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• pp.87-87
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• 2018

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.49 no.2
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• pp.159-162
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• 2010

Diprion hani Smith and Cho was first reported as a new species from South Korea in 2007. Major outbreaks occurred in September 2007. Outbreaks were restricted geographically to only three inland areas of central Korea where had previously been reforested with Korean white pine, Pinus koraiensis Seib. & Zucc. The outbreak areas were approximately 50 km in diameter. The sawfly populations decreased drastically in 2008. Environmental factors of the outbreak sites were investigated as a first step to characterize the sites and to understand the population dynamics of the sawfly. During the outbreak in 2007, the average temperature of the sites were $1.3^{\circ}C$ higher than the 30 years average, and the annual precipitation was 384 mm higher than the average from 1971 to 2000. In addition, Monodontomerus dentipes (Dalman), a well-known torymid parasitoid of many sawflies, is reported as a gregarious cocoon parasitoid of D. hani.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.19-24
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• 1978

The study was conducted to find out the relationship between land cost and financial yield earned by the plantations of Pinus koraiensis, Pinus densiflora and Cryptomeria japonica, and to investigate possible land investment for the given rates of return. The result of the study could be summarized as follows: 1. In the case of Pinus koraiensis plantation on site index 12, the finnancial yield was 6.4 percent when the land cost was 0.5 million Won per hectare, but the yield was reduced to 2.1 percent when the cost was 2.5 million Won. It would be therefore necessary for inducing plantation investment to raise financial yield by control of forest land price. 2. The financial yield on land of zero expectation value, in other words, internal rate of return of land investment was estimated at 10 percent. If the opportunity cost of forest land is higher than this, the economic plantation is not visible even though the land is free. 3. With the expected financial yield of 3 percent, the possible land investment of poor sites was estimated at 1.24, 0.28 and 0.80 million Won per hectare for the plantation of Pinus koraiensis, Pinus densiflora and Cryptomeria japonica, respectively. In any case, however, land cost could not be over 3 million Won per hectare. 4. The rate earned from forest land investment was generally less than 10 percent. Therefore, the annual interest rate in forestry could not be higher than this, and hopeful rate is not exceeding 6 percent.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.120-126
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• 1995

This study investigated the soil oribatid mite community at planatations of the Korean white pine, planted in different years. The soil samples $(10\times10\times5cm)$ were taken monthly from Jun 1988 to July 1989, and soil microarthropods in th sample were extracted using the Tullgren funnel for 72 hors. The diversity indices decreased at the older plantation sites with the maximum point in January and the minimum in September. The richness indices showed the maximum point in June and the minimum in may. The dominance indices increased at the older plantation and showed the maximum point in April, May, the minimum in January. The indices of aggregation of Oribatid mites species showed concentrated distribution in the average 1.9. The older plantation, the more indices increase. The seasonal variation of th indices tended to be greatest in April, August and at lowest in January. The richness indices was positively correlated with shannon-wiener, evenness indices. The dominance, aggregation indices was negatively correlated with shannon, evenness, richness indices.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.88 no.2
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• pp.195-204
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• 1999

To improve nut production and timber quality in a plantation, crown shape controls were suggested for Korean white pines (Pinus koraiensis) under age class III through the analyses of the crown shape controls for seed orchard trees in several species, of crown status of controlled and uncontrolled trees in a Korean white pine seed orchard, and of growth characteristics of plantation trees under age class III. For nut production from the small trees less than 8 m, modified leader type can be applied by cutting the central leader and all branches below 1 m and keeping 4~5 nodes with 3~4 whorled branches a node locating 1 m apart. Trees with a 4~8 m long trunk below the first living branch are shaped into trees for nut and timber production, which have a 4~8 m long knotless stem and a modified leader type crown with 4~5 nodes with 3~4 whorled branches a node at a distance of 1 m. Trees, showing the first living branch at or above 9 m from the surface, are pruned severely for timber production and result in a central leader type containing two fifths of the initial crown. It is advisable to remove the leader and the branches when collecting cones or after/during October to take advantage of easy labor and little resin while cutting. After stem cut, branches showing apical dominance are to be cut to control height when necessary. The removal of the uppermost node may be needed to control the crown shape several years after the initial stem-cut.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.47 no.4
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• pp.337-341
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• 2014

The changes in the area and standing crop of forests and the understory vegetation structure of various plantations were investigated by literature survey to predict the changes in the structure of forest ecosystems of the Korean Peninsula in the future. The greater part of forest was severely destroyed in 1950's in the Korean Peninsula. The forest standing crop has been dramatically increasing since the nationwide plantation was actively performed in 1970's and 1980's in the Republic of Korea. The area of forest was incessantly decreased at the rate of $5,500ha\;yr^{-1}$. The results of regression analysis on the changes in forest standing crop of the Republic of Korea showed that the forest might approach to the maturity stage in around 2150. It was predicted that the potential natural vegetation of Quercus mongorica, Fraxinus rhynchophyllus, Prunus sargentii, etc. would establish in the plantations of Larix leptolepsis, Pinus koraiensis and Robinia pseudoacacia in the future.