• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.6-14
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• 2016

BACKGROUND: Residual organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) are chemical substances that persist in the environment, bioaccumulate through the food web, and pose a risk of causing adverse effect to human health and the environment. They were designated as persistent organic pollutants (POPs) by Stockholm Convention. Greenhouse strawberry is economic crop in agriculture, and its cultivation area and yield has been increased. Therefore, we tried to investigate the POPs residue in greenhouse soil and strawberry.METHODS AND RESULTS: Extraction and clean-up method for the quantitative analysis of OCPs was developed and validated by gas chromatography (GC) with electron capture detector (ECD). The clean-up method was established using the modified quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe(QuEChERS) method for OCPs in soil and strawberry. Limit of quantitation (LOQ) and recovery rates of OCPs in greenhouse soil and strawberry were 0.9-6.0 and 0.6-0.9 μg/kg, 74.4-115.6 and 75.6-88.4%, respectively. The precision was reliable sincerelative standard deviation (RSD) percentage (0.5-3.7 and 2.9-5.2%) was below 20, which was the normal percent value. The residue of OCPs in greenhouse soil was analyzed by the developed method, and dieldrin, β-endosulfan and endosulfan sulfate were detected at 1.6-23, 2.2-28.4 and 1.8-118.6 μg/kg, respectively. Those in strawberry were not detected in all samples.CONCLUSION: Dieldrin, β-endosulfan and endosulfan sulfate in a part of investigated greenhouse soil were detected. But those were not detected in investigated greenhouse strawberry. These results showed that the residue in greenhouse soil were lower level than bioaccumulation occurring.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.145-150
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• 2012

This study was carried out to investigate the degradation of six residual pesticides (${\alpha}$- and ${\beta}$-Endosulfan, Cypermethrin, Fenitrothion, Hexaconazole, EPN) in red pepper powder after ultraviolet (UV) irradiation. The residual ratio of pesticides after 365 nm irradiation which distance is 20 cm and irradiation time is 5 minutes were 73.4, 69.6, 60.8, 92.7, 73.8 and 90.5% in ${\alpha}$-Endosulfan, ${\beta}$-Endosulfan, Cypermethrin, Fenitrothion, Hexaconazole and EPN, respectively. The residual ratio of pesticides after 254 nm irradiation which distance is 5 cm and irradiation time is 36 hours were 74.6, 64.5, 71.1, 79.1, 79.4 and 64.7% in ${\alpha}$-Endosulfan, ${\beta}$-Endosulfan, Cypermethrin, Fenitrothion, Hexaconazole and EPN, respectively.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.226-231
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• 2010

We aimed at the monitoring medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) residue amount in meats and confirmed the safety of its residue in meats. Optimized condition for analytical and instrumental methods was obtained by method validation. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) were validated at 1.5 and 5.0 ug/kg, respectively. The calibration curve showed good linearity ($r^2$ = 0.9968) within the concentration range of 5.0~50.0 ug/kg. We selected progesterone-d9 for internal standard, The recoveries in fortified meat ranged from 67.5 to 109.56% at the 3 spiking levels. As the regulation of MPA analysis method used by LC-MS/MS on other products have established. We selected 3 species of farm stock products (cattle, pig, chicken) and purchased at the markets of seven major cities. The total 196 of meat including 46 of domestic beef, 43 of import beef, 60 of domestic pork, 12 of import pork and 35 of domestic chicken. No residue of synthetic growth hormones were detected in cattle, pig and chicken samples tested.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.271-285
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• 2014

Aluminum flows into the river from the abandoned mine leachate, industrial wastewater, and sewage and is responsible for acute toxicity in aquatic organisms. Recently, the number of reports have indicated the increased toxicity in a variety of aquatic organisms' due to the aluminum toxicity. In this study, we reviewed the toxicity of aluminum on aquatic invertebrates, fishes and amphibians and suggested the guideline for management of aluminum residues in aquatic environment and strategies for aluminum toxicity evaluation. In aquatic animals aluminum complexes evoke gill dysfunction primarily, the cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, oxidative stress, disruption of endocrine function, reproductive success, metabolism and homeostasis. Notably, at environmentally relevant concentration, aluminum complex can alter the hormone levels in fish in acidic condition. Further, since the solubility of aluminum is higher in the acidic and basic conditions, thus it is likely that the toxic effects of aluminum may not only occur in acidic water near the abandoned mines but also in lakes and rivers, where pH is raised by algal bloom.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.434-440
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• 2011

In order to establish the guidance of management and safe use hazard substance, trend analysis of hazard substance in/on agricultural products reported by press for 5 years (2005-2009) was performed. Data for the analysis collected from the articles about hazard substances from web portals, newspapers and so on. The mostly detected harmful factors in/on agricultural products were pesticides residue and heavy metals by the reports by press for last 5 years. The number of detected pesticides was slightly increased from 14 to 34 through the passage of time but the number of cases reported by press was not increased. On the other hand, the number of accidents and reports related to heavy metals were highly increased from 3 to 13 and 42 to 112, respectively. 65 pesticides including chlorpyrifos were detected in domestic agricultural products for the 5 years. Frequently detected pesticides were chlorpyrifos, endosulfan, carbendazim, azoxystrobin, and procymidone. Pesticide residues were repeatedly detected on green vegetables such as a green perilla leaf, a lettuce, a leek, and spinach among crops.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.207-217
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• 1995

Extracting efficiencies of seven extracting solutions currently employed in extracting heavy metals from soils were compared and the functional relationships among them were calculated by regression analysis for Cd, Zn, Cu, and Pb. Extracting solutions employed were 0.1M HCl, 0.1M $HNO_3$, 0.05M EDTA, 0.001M DTPA(pH 7.3), 1M $NH_4OAc$ (pH 7.0), 0.1M $NH_4Ox$, and 4M $HNO_3$ respectively. Soil samples were collected from rice paddy fields near old zinc mining sites and from rice paddy fields near agro-industry complexes. Soils sampled from old zinc mining sites were also extracted using a sequential extraction method. Extraction by 4M $HNO_3$ and sequential extraction were performed on the samples collected both in 1979 and in 1991 to investigate the change in content and in chemical form of heavy metals. Functional relationships among the extracting solutions were highly correlated for Cd and Zn, whereas those for Cu and Pb were not. The predominant chemical form of Cd. Zn, Cu, and Pb in soils from old zinc mining sites was found to be of sulfide/residue form. The exchangeable form of Cd, the organically bound form of Cu, and the carbonate form of Pb were relatively high, while the sulfide/residue form of Zn was very high(> 79%). Although transformation among the extracted forms was not clear during those 12 years, a decrease in total content of Cd, Zn, Cu, and Pb was clearly observed.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.332-339
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• 2012

Horizontal distributions and their ecotoxicological implications relating to organochlorine compounds (OCs) were determined in surface sediments sampled from the West Nakdong River. The concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes (DDTs), hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs), and hexachlorobenzene (HCB) in surface sediments were in the range of 0.57-3.68, 0.41-8.35, 0.63-1.65, and n.d.-0.56 ng/g, respectively. DDTs represent the major OC in the West Nakdong River. Concentrations of PCBs and DDTs correlate with the total organic carbon (PCBs: r=0.874, p<0.001, and DDTs: r=0.762, p<0.05, respectively), indicating that organic content in the sediments is one of the major factors for influencing horizontal distribution of the organochlorine compounds in this river. Examining the potential poisonous character of the surface sediments to benthic organisms according to the sediment quality guideline (SQG), set out by the Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment (CCME) and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), we found that the concentrations of total PCBs, p,p'-DDD, and ${\gamma}$-HCH were lower than the effects range-low (ER-L) and the probable effects level (PEL). As a result, it is considered that the effect of organochlorines in the region considered on benthic organisms is very low from the perspective of environmental toxicology. However, in terms of the Canadian SQC, p,p'-DDE, p,p'-DDT, and total DDTs, respectively, exceeded the interim sediment quality guidelines (ISQG) and the threshold effect level (TEL) in 30%, 17%, and 19%, respectively, of the sediment samples analyzed.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.277-283
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• 2000

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of ozone treatment on the growth and pesticide-residual contents of soybean sprouts during cultivation. Total weight and length of the soybean sprouts treated by 0.3 ppm ozone water for 30min during soaking of soybean increased 27% and 19% higher than those of control group, respectively. But 27% of root weight decreased. No major differences in growth state were observed between the treatments during soaking and watering with ozone water, and watering with ozone water. Pesticide residues in soybeans treated with carbendazim, captain, diazinon, fenthim, dichlorvos and chlorpyrifos ranged from 4.75 to 8.35 ppm. The pesticides in soybean sprouts by the treatment of soaking and watering with water for 5 days, those by 0.3 ppm ozone-water watering, and those by soaking and watering with 0.3 ppm ozone water were destroyed to $85{\sim}99$, $89{\sim}100$ and $94{\sim}100%$, respectively. The order of degradation ratio in the pesticides was captan>dichlorvos>fenthion>carbendazin>diazinon>chlorpyrifos.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2019.05a
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• pp.197-197
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• 2019

총인처리시설에서는 응집제를 주입하여 인이나 오염물질을 침전시켜 처리하고 있으며 PAC(poly aluminum chloride)나 $FeCl_3$, $Al_2(SO_4)_3$, 등 다양한 종류의 응집제가 사용되어지고 있다. 하지만 기존에 사용되어 지고 있는 알루미늄계열의 응집제는 처리수에 잔류이온이 존재하게 되어 인체에 축적돼 알츠하이머 병 등 신체질환을 유발할 수 있는 단점이 있다. 따라서 이러한 단점을 사전에 예방하기 위해 $TiCl_4$와 같은 티타늄계열 응집제에 대한 연구가 진행되고 있다. $TiCl_4$ 응집제는 인 제거에 효과적으로 적용할 수 있으며 수중에 잔류이온을 유발하지 않으며 Ti이온은 치과임플란트나 의료장비로 사용될 만큼 인체에 무해하다고 알려져 있다. 응집제 사용에 따라 생성된 응집슬러지의 처리방안에 있어서 기존 응집제의 경우 생성된 슬러지의 대부분은 하수슬러지 위탁처리업체를 통해 소각 및 매립, 재활용 되고 있으나, $TiCl_4$를 응집제로 사용할 경우 생성된 슬러지를 인발하여 건조 및 소성을 통해 이산화티타늄으로 재활용할 수 있어 슬러지를 친환경적으로 처리가 가능해 기존 슬러지 처리방안의 경제적, 환경적 부담을 줄일 수 있는 장점이 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 $TiCl_4$를 하수처리장 방류수에 주입하여 수중의 총인(T-P)을 처리한 후 생성된 슬러지를 인발하여 건조와 소성과정을 거쳐 이산화티타늄을 제조하였다. 방류수를 취수해 2.5mg/L의 초기 총인 농도를 가진 원수를 제조하였으며 제조된 원수에 $TiCl_4$를 0.6mL 주입하였을 때 99.93%의 총인제거효율을 얻을 수 있었다. 응집 실험 후 생성된 슬러지를 인발하여 건조 후 $300{\sim}1000^{\circ}C$의 각각 다른 온도조건에서 소성하여 이산화티타늄을 제조하였으며, SEM과 XRD를 통해 제조된 이산화티타늄의 표면특성과 결정성 분석을 실시하였다. 제조된 이산화티타늄은 $500{\sim}800^{\circ}C$에서는 아나타제, $900{\sim}1000^{\circ}C$에서는 루타일 결정구조가 나타났다. 또한, $TiCl_4$ 주입량에 따른 이산화티타늄의 최종 생산량과 제조 시 사용되는 건조로 및 소성로의 경제적 비용 등을 고려하여 이산화티타늄 1Ton을 제조하기 위해 필요한 단가를 산출하였다. 본 연구에서 제조된 이산화티타늄 1kg의 생산단가는 약 5,400원으로 나타났으며, 가장 많이 사용되는 P-25 광촉매 보다 저렴한 가격으로 제조 및 판매를 기대할 수 있다. 따라서 하수처리장에 적용 시 기존 응집제 보다 비싼 $TiCl_4$ 비용을 보완하고 친환경적인 슬러지 처리로 제조된 이산화티타늄의 유통 및 현장적용을 통해 경제적, 환경적으로 우수하다고 판단된다.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.4-11
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• 2007

There have been increasing concerns about decreasing crop productivity due to salt accumulation in greenhouse soils. The objective of the study was to investigate the impact of rice straw and woodchip application to a salt accumulated greenhouse soil on crop productivity and soil quality. The application of rice straw (RS) and woodchip (W) increased tomato yield and decreased blossom-end rot, and increased yield of Chinese cabbage compared with standard recommended fertilization ($204-103-122kg\;ha^{-1}\;N-P_2O_5-K_2O$ for tomato and $222-64-110kg\;ha^{-1}\;N-P_2O_5-K_2O$ for Chinese cabbage), while less soil residual nitrate, phosphatephosphorus, and potassium. In addition to the organic material application, fertilization reduction based on soil testing may also contribute to relatively low level of soil residual nutrients. Application of the organic material reduced soil bulk density presumably because of improved soil aggregation and structure, and increased biomass C and dehydrogenase activity. In comparison to rice straw, woodchip application resulted in higher crop yield, less amount of soil residual nitrate and lower soil EC, and greater biomass and dehydrogenase activity. The results obtained in this study indicateshowed that woodchip amendment along with reduced fertilization based on soil testing can be one of essential management practices for salt accumulated greenhouse soils.