• Journal of Korea Port Economic Association
• /
• v.40 no.3
• /
• pp.97-114
• /
• 2024

With the advancement of Fourth Industrial Revolution technologies, the maritime sector is actively developing technologies and policies related to autonomous ships. This study aims to identify and prioritize various factors influencing the adoption of Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships (MASS) by conducting surveys among experts and professionals in the maritime industry. To achieve this, relevant factors related to the adoption of autonomous ships were examined through a review of previous research, and survey questions for pairwise comparison using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) were developed based on the insights of industry experts. The pairwise comparison items were categorized into four main factors at the highest level, with each factor further subdivided into sub-factors to establish their priorities. The survey results, which distinguish between shipowner and non-shipowner groups, reveal that, among the main factors-economic, legal and policy, safety and security, and technical-the shipowner group prioritized economic factors, though the difference from safety and security factors was relatively minor. In contrast, the non-shipowner group rated safety and security factors as the highest priority, with economic factors ranked lowest. Further analysis of the sub-factors across both groups indicated that, for economic factors, the increase in operational profit was most critical; for legal and policy factors, regulations related to structural equipment were paramount; for safety and security factors, the risk of equipment and machinery failure was key; and for technical factors, accident response technology was most significant. This study provides strategic insights for stakeholders by systematically analyzing decision factors for adopting MASS through AHP analysis. The findings enable companies to establish efficient resource allocation and investment strategies, while policymakers can utilize the results to guide policy and regulatory directions. Moreover, the study contributes to the existing body of knowledge by solidifying the framework of determinants for MASS adoption, incorporating commercial considerations alongside technical and legal factors. The results not only offer fundamental information for future research but also provide a rationale for informed decision-making in the shipbuilding and maritime industries regarding MASS adoption and operation.

• Journal of Science and Technology Studies
• /
• v.1 no.2 s.2
• /
• pp.371-398
• /
• 2001

Sciences and technologies are the sources which have formed presently highly developed civilizations and cultures and have enhanced the quality of human lives. But we see the dark sides of them as well as the bright sides, and we have the consciousness of environmental crisis and destruction of lives caused by them. Thus were are criticisms against human-tropism or technology-tropism from nature-tropism or deep ecology. However, if people would continue to have the desire of enjoying the present quality of their lives, they should try to develop and improve pro-environmental technologies. In this vein, we have the necessity of making environmental decisions and solving environmental problems by information technologies. Since the second half of the last century, 'environment' is the key word because we have the consciousness of environment strongly. As we solve human problems by making decisions of actions, we must face with environmental decisions in order to solve our environmental problems. If we have the better understanding of the nature of information and the role of information technology, and the relation of information technology and decision-making, we are able to design environmental systems and implement their optimal interfaces of environmental components. For this purpose, we are obliged to combine several useful technologies including GIS, DSS, Knowledge-based system and artificial neural networks. Therefore the developments and cooperations of these fields in environmental decision making enables us to live in the better and comfortable surrounding in the near future.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
• /
• v.13 no.10
• /
• pp.425-436
• /
• 2015

This study is to investigate how the expenditures for hypertension is affected by socioeconomic, health care resources, and health behavior factors with a special emphasis on geographic variations and to provide the data about regional management for hypertension. To analyze, we combined a unique data set including key indicators from Medical Service Usage Statistics 2012 by Region by National Health Insurance Corporation, Annual Community Health Survey 2012 by Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and other government organizations at the 247 small administrative districts. We found that the average expenditures of hypertension in 249 small districts is 62,000 won and coefficient of variation is 30.0. Major factors of differences in hypertension expenditure is population density, marital status, household income, number of hospital per 100 thousand, medical expenses outside the jurisdiction, drinking rate, moderate and over-intensity physical activity, and hypertension diagnosis rate. The results of decision tree was that there were significant differences between regions in hypertension diagnosis rate, household income, marital status, number of hospital per 100 thousand, obesity rate, drinking rate. This study concluded that determinants of geographic variations in hypertension spending are not only health resources and socioepidemic characteristics but health behaviors.

• The Korean Society of Law and Medicine
• /
• v.23 no.2
• /
• pp.39-65
• /
• 2022

There are two aspects of clinical practice guidelines that act as non-legal control before medical practice and as legal control standards after medical practice. The essential purpose of clinical practice guidelines is the former, but the latter action cannot be excluded. The clinical practice guidelines are a means of linking law and medical care. The negative perception of clinical practice guidelines that medical professionals' autonomy can be violated by the enactment of clinical practice guidelines is an excessive negative evaluation of clinical practice guidelines. Rather, judicial judgment based on clinical practice guidelines plays a role in respecting the autonomy of medical professionals. In other words, the clinical practice guidelines suppress legal regulations on medical care as much as possible and are based on doctors' professional ethics and self-discipline, and patient awareness and cooperation. In order to establish an ideal relationship of cooperation between doctors and patients, 'medical ethics' must be incorporated as a legal means. Clinical practice guidelines are the most appropriate means for incorporating such medical ethics into legal procedures. The lawyer solves the case with a legal syllogism that establishes a norm and applies facts to it to conclude. For the resolution of medical disputes, Clinical practice guidelines are used to establish norms that doctors should perform for specific diseases, and conclusions are drawn by applying the established norms to specific medical practices. When it is not easy to apply the established norms to specific medical practices, medical judgments by experts, such as emotions, expert testimony, and explanations by expert members, are used. As such, the Law respects the autonomy of medical care even in the establishment of norms and the application of norms. In particular, Clinical practice guidelines prepared independently by the medical community are referred to in establishing norms, which are the prerequisites for legal syllogism. This shows that doctors participate in the formation of precedents and contribute to the formation of norms. The use of clinical practice guidelines in trials is respect and consideration for the autonomy of medical care. Although there may be an aspect in which the autonomy of individual doctors is limited by clinical practice guidelines, it should be considered that the autonomy of doctors as a group is respected. In this way, the clinical practice guidelines play a role in protecting the autonomy of the "medical" group from the logic of the "law."

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
• /
• v.43 no.6
• /
• pp.395-402
• /
• 2019

The development and operation of the MASS (Maritime Autonomous Surface Ship) is being actively discussed for more efficient and safer maritime transportation solutions. The autonomous navigation technology has positive aspects such as the prevention of marine accidents, improvement of fuel efficiency of ships and cost reduction, and negative aspects such as job loss, task change, and security problems. It is expected that there will be new human element issues such as the situation awareness of remote operators, because the shore-based control will be conducted when fully autonomous ships are in operation. In this paper, we consider major human element issues that should be factored in the development and operation of MASS, and suggest a method of HRA (Human Reliability Analysis) for P IFs (Performance Influencing Factors) of the remote operators that are expected according to the shore-based control.

• Smart Media Journal
• /
• v.11 no.9
• /
• pp.9-20
• /
• 2022

Deep reinforcement learning(RL) is an end-to-end data-driven control method that is widely used in the autonomous driving domain. However, conventional RL approaches have difficulties in applying it to autonomous driving tasks due to problems such as inefficiency, instability, and uncertainty. These issues play an important role in the autonomous driving domain. Although recent studies have attempted to solve these problems, they are computationally expensive and rely on special assumptions. In this paper, we propose a new algorithm MCDT that considers inefficiency, instability, and uncertainty by introducing a method called uncertainty sequence modeling to autonomous driving domain. The sequence modeling method, which views reinforcement learning as a decision making generation problem to obtain high rewards, avoids the disadvantages of exiting studies and guarantees efficiency, stability and also considers safety by integrating uncertainty estimation techniques. The proposed method was tested in the OpenAI Gym CarRacing environment, and the experimental results show that the MCDT algorithm provides efficient, stable and safe performance compared to the existing reinforcement learning method.

• The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
• /
• v.9 no.1
• /
• pp.95-100
• /
• 2023

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship among children's perceived parental attachment, parental happiness, and children's autonomy, and to find out in detail the influence of parental attachment and parental happiness on children's autonomy. Frequency analysis and descriptive statistical analysis were performed on data from the 12th year of the Korean Children's Panel (2019), and Pearson's moment correlation coefficient was calculated for correlation analysis between variables. Multiple regression analysis was conducted to examine the influence of parental attachment and parental happiness on children's autonomy. The research results were as follows. First, parental attachment perceived by children, parental happiness, and children's autonomy were all positively correlated. Second, among the sub-variables of parental attachment, maternal trust, paternal trust, and maternal communication were found to have an influence, and only maternal happiness was found to have an effect on parental happiness. This means that parental attachment acts as a more important variable than parental happiness. Therefore, we need constant attention and effort to support children in a more intimate and stable relationship with their parents so that they can gain life satisfaction through active and proactive choices and decisions.

• The Journal of the Institute of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication
• /
• v.14 no.6
• /
• pp.85-91
• /
• 2014

Nowadays, Dynamic lighting control and management skills are studied and used. If the system which is to manage multiple intelligent spot applied ubiquitous service technology is built with decision making and used in the complex intelligent space like a apartment then will improve energy efficiency and provide comfortability in optimal conditions. To solve this problem distributed autonomous control middleware and energy management system which process data gathering by zigbee mesh network and search proper services to save energy by the existing state of things is necessary. In paper we designed DDLEMS (Distributed Dynamic Lighting Energy Management System) that is to service duplex communication embedded by software based home server platform to provide mobile services in the smart place and support decision making about energy saving to the best use of wireless censor node and controled network, energy display devices.

• Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene
• /
• v.13 no.6
• /
• pp.925-932
• /
• 2013

Objectives : The purpose of the study is to improve autonomous decision-making ability by analyzing the relationship between autonomy and decision-making ability. Methods : The subjects were 176 dental hygienists in Busan. Self-reported questionnaire was fill out from May 2012 to January 2013. Results : The average of the degree of autonomy was $2.20{\pm}0.29$. Buddhists showed the highest score of $2.37{\pm}0.37$ (p<0.05). Buddhists had the higher education than other religions (p<.05). Clinical decision-making ability was $2.21{\pm}0.25$. Among the subcategories, statistically significant differences (p<.05) was shown by gender, degree of education, and religion in the domain of "Exploration of Choice and Alternatives"; Buddhists showed a higher score in the domains of "Assessment and Re-evaluation of Decisions" and "Review of Values and Goals," with significant difference of p<.05. Autonomy and clinical decision making revealed a positive correlation in the categories "Assessment and Re-evaluation of Decisions" (r=.518, p=.000), "Review of Values and Goals" (r=.610, p=.000), and "Investigation of Information and Synchronization of New Information" (r=.314, p=.000). Conclusions : To improve the performance of dental hygienists, working systems and training will be intensified to develop the autonomy and clinical decision making.

• Journal of the Korean Regional Science Association
• /
• v.34 no.1
• /
• pp.19-30
• /
• 2018

Social overhead capital(SOC) is an essential element for society to be developed and operated normally. In spite of the increase in the importance of SOC, It is difficult to present the criteria for the appropriate investment of SOC. and The discussion on making SOC investments of local government is insufficient. If the local autonomy has been guaranteed, local government increases investment in regional public goods that residents prefer. Reflection of such residents preferences is the driving force to bring the efficiency of resource allocation in the decentralization theorem. In this study, the authority and autonomy of local governments are measured through local finance. and the decision-making of local governments for SOC investment is examined in point of decentralization theorem. In the empirical analysis, the elasticities of fiscal resources are estimated for facilities(road, water and sewage, irrigation canal and flood control) that local governments are involved in investment. These decisions made by metropolitan cities and provinces were different. The difference was most evident in the effect of per capita local tax on investment. These results show that metropolitan cities and provinces that have different situation made investment decisions differently. It shows that local governments reflect the preferences of the residents in making an investment. The main implication of this study is as follow. In case the role of local government in social overhead capital investment is increased, the increase in efficiency of resource allocation occurs. and The fiscal resources must be raised by local taxes rather than the financial resources from the central government.