• Title/Summary/Keyword: 자유 지방산

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Effect of Diphtheria Toxin on the Phospholipase D activity and Free Fatty Acid Release in HepG2 Cells (HepG2 세포의 포스포리파제 D 활성과 자유 지방산 방출에 대한 디프테리아 독소의 영향)

  • Koh, Eun-Hie
    • Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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    • v.59 no.1
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    • pp.22-30
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    • 2015
  • The effect of diphtheria toxin on cell membrane lipids was studied by examining the phospholipase D (PLD) activity and free fatty acids (FFA) release in HepG2 cells. The diphtheria toxin effects on lipid alteration show apparently maximal at pH 5.1, stimulating PLD activity nearly 3.5 fold and enhancing FFA release approximately 5 fold over the control. These results indicate that the membrane is perturbed and its lipid component is rearranged during the diphtheria toxin translocation. Digitonin, a random membrane perturbing detergent, exhibit about four-fold higher perturbation effect over the diphtheria toxin at neutral pH. This observation suggests that the membrane perturbation induced by diphtheria toxin appears to be rather selective. To investigate the cause of the membrane perturbation, Cibacron blue, an inhibitor of membrane pore formation, and hemagglutinin, an influenza virus with fusion peptide, were tested for their effects on diphtheria toxin action. Cibacron blue decreased the diphtheria toxin effect by almost 50%, but the lipid alteration induced by hemagglutinin was similar to the diphtheria toxin effect. These observations imply that the membrane perturbation induced by diphtheria toxin may be caused by a combination of pore formation and insertion of hydrophobic peptide of toxin to the membrane as well. Additionally, we found that the diphtheria toxin increased the HepG2 cells permeability but the cells viability was maintained at high level at the same time. DNA fragmentation which is related to apoptosis was not induced by the toxin. Under these conditions, we could demonstrate that the lipid alteration of HepG2 cells was brought about by diphtheria toxin at acidic pH.

Changes in Total Fatty Acids, Total Number of Fatty Acid Acyl Carbon Atoms and Species of Triglycerides from Human Milk Lipids during the Course of Lactation (수유 기간의 경과에 따른 인유 트리글리세리드의 지방산 조성, 아실 탄소수 및 종의 변화)

  • Yoon, Tai-Heon;Im, Kyung-Ja
    • Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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    • v.14 no.1
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    • pp.39-46
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    • 1985
  • The fatty acid composition, total number of fatty acid acyl carbon atoms and species of triglycerides from human milk samples obtained during 70 days of lactation from 39 mothers were determined by argentation thin-layer and gas chromatographic procedures. The medium- and long-chain saturated fatty acids(8:0, 1O:0, 12:0 and 14:0) which are formed exclusively by synthesis within mammary gland increased significantly from colostrum to mature milk. Long-chain saturated fatty acids(16 : 0, 22 : 0 and 24: 0) were significantly higher than tile levels found in transitional and mature milk. The precursors of w C- and w 3-series, 18:2 w 6 and 18:3 w 3, were increased slightly in progressing lactation. Colostrum contained significantly higher proportions of 18:1 w 9 and w 6- and w 3- derived long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids than transitional milk, and these levels were further reduced in mature milk. The triglycerides of human milk lipids which were made up of 30-60 acyl carbon atoms showed a pattern with major contributions made by the glycerides with 44-52 acyl carbon atoms. The levels of triglycerides with less than 46 acyl carbon atoms increased significantly with the elapse of lactation period, whereas those with more than 50 acyl carbon atoms decreased significantly. The fully saturated trig1ycerides increased significantly as the lactation proceeded, but the dienoic triglycerides declined significantly.

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Reduction of Plasma Triglycerides and Cholesterol in High Fat Diet-Induced Hyper-Lipidemic Mice by n-3 Fatty Acid from Bokbunja (Rubus coreanus Miquel) Seed Oil (오메가-3 지방산 함유 복분자종자유에 의한 고지방식이 유도 고지혈증 마우스의 혈중 중성지방 및 콜레스테롤 감소 효과)

  • Jeon, Hyelin;Oh, Su-Jin;Nam, Hyun Soo;Song, Yoon Seok;Choi, Kyung-Chul
    • Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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    • v.44 no.7
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    • pp.961-969
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    • 2015
  • To investigate the effect of n-3 fatty acid from Bokbunja (Rubus coreanus Miq.) seed oil (BSO), we examined improvement of plasma triglycerides and cholesterol in vivo. Five-week-old ICR mice were divided into five groups of six mice each; Control, high fat diet (HFD) control (negative control), salmon oil control (positive control, HFD+commercial n-3 fatty acid), and BSO experimental groups (HFD+1 g/60 kg BW/d, HFD+2 g/60 kg BW/d). After 4 weeks of BSO treatment, we measured serum triglyceride and cholesterol levels. The levels of low-density lipoprotein/very-low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, and total cholesterol were significantly (P<0.05) reduced in the group fed BSO at 2 g/60 kg BW/d compared to the negative control. Levels of triglycerides, which are similar to cholesterol, were also significantly (P<0.05) reduced in the same group. To investigate further, we tested blood coagulation parameters. Prothrombin time (PT) and activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) were not significantly different among the five groups according to BSO. However, the 2 g/60 kg BW/d BSO group treated with PT and aPTT showed a tendency to live longer than the negative control. Taken together, BSO might improve blood homeostasis mediated via hypo-lipidemic and anti-coagulation activities.

Enzymatic Synthesis of Functional Oil from Rice Bran Oil and Dietary Effects on Hepatic ACAT Activities of High Cholesterol and High Fat Fed Mice (현미유를 이용한 기능성 유지의 효소적 합성 및 고 콜레스레롤, 고 지방 식이가 생쥐의 간 ACAT활성에 미치는 영향)

  • 김성현;부우펑란;이기택
    • Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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    • v.33 no.5
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    • pp.803-809
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    • 2004
  • Monoacylglycerol (MG) and diacylglycerol (DG), as the components of enzymatically synthesized functional oil, were produced by glycerolysis of rice bran oil and glycerol using IM60 (immobilized lipase) in a stirredbatch reactor at 6$0^{\circ}C$ for 72 hours. After glycerolysis, the contents of triacylglycerol (TG), DG and MG in the produced functional oil were 41.71%,46.19%, and 11.15%, respectively. The functional oil also contained Phytosterols (2.04$\pm$0.17 mg/g), ${\gamma}$ -oryzanol (1.06$\pm$0.04 mg/g) and $\alpha$ -tocopherol (0.13$\pm$0.04 mg/g). In animal experiment the dietary effects of functional oil on hepatic acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT) activities of the high cholesterol and high fat (HCHF)-fed mice were investigated. In functional oil-fed group, the liver ACAT activity was significantly lowered than in HCHF and corn oil-fed groups (p < 0.05). This results suggested that the synthesized functional oil may have an atheroproteetive effect by inhibiting ACAT activity.

Diffusion Characteristics of Fatty Acid using Supercritical Fluid Chromatographic Method (초임계유체 크로마토그래피를 이용한 지방산의 확산특성 해석)

  • Lee, Seung Bum;Seong, Dae Hyung;Kim, Hyung Su;Hong, In Kwon
    • Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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    • v.7 no.6
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    • pp.1043-1052
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    • 1996
  • Supercritical fluid chromatographic method was recommended as an alternative separation method of fatty acids of the conventional method such as distillation or extraction. Although diffusion characteristics are varied by the carbon numbers and the degree of unsaturation of fatty acids, the quantitative data were so rare that the commercialization of supercritical fluid chromatographic method has been hindered. In this study, diffusion coefficients of fatty acids which are differently unsaturated are measured by CPB method in the range of 308.15K to 328.15K and 13MPa to 17MPa in supercritical carbon dioxide. A decrease in the binary diffusion coefficient was observed with an increase in temperature and pressure. Also, the decrease in the binary diffusion coefficient with increasing fluid density and viscosity. Wilke-Chang equation, Funazukuri empirical equation, and Matthews-Akgerman equation are used to correlate the experimental diffusion coefficients of fatty acids in supercritical carbon dioxide. Among the various theoretical equations, Matthews-Akgerman equation based on RHS theory was suggested as a more successful correlation model with experimental data.

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A Study on the Bio-Based Polyurethane (바이오 폴리우레탄에 관한 연구)

  • Ko, Jong-Sung;Lee, Jin-Hui;Sung, Ki-Chun
    • Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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    • v.29 no.3
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    • pp.531-542
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    • 2012
  • The thesis covers the trend of research on bio-based polyurethane which is made from polyols derived mainly from plant oils and isocyanates. Castor oil is a triglyceride of ricinoleic acid containing hydroxyl group. Hydroxylation is done on the unsaturated bonds of the oils by the reactions of epoxidation/ring opening, hydroformylation/hydrogenation, ozonolysis/hydrogenation, and thiol-ene reaction. Polyols from hyperbranch, primary alcohol, polysaccharide have been studied to control the reactivity of the polyol and morphology of the microdomains. Besides, researches cover biodegradable polylactic acid polyol for medical use, fatty acid dimer polyol for the prevention of hydrolysis, and polyol with ionic group for water-borne polyurethane. Bio-based polyurethanes are being used in flexible and rigid foams, coatings, sealants, and elastomers.

The Effect of Fat and Oil Differently Composed of ${\omega}3\;and\;{\omega}6$ Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids on Lipid Metabolism of Rats -Centered on Brain, Kidney, Testis and Serum Lipoprotein- (${\omega}-3$계와 ${\omega}-6$계 고도 불포화 지방산의 혼합 비율이 다른 유지가 흰쥐의 지질대사에 미치는 영향(I) -뇌, 신장, 고환 및 혈청 lipoprotein을 중심으로-)

  • Kang, Jeong-Ock
    • Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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    • v.18 no.3
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    • pp.307-315
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    • 1989
  • This research was intended to know the influence of ${\omega}3\;and\;{\omega}6$ polyunsaturated fatty acids on rat's brain, kidney, testis tissues and composition of serum lipoprotein. Different kinds of diets containing perilla oil (PO) and red pepper oil (RPO) were administered to the rats: group 1, 10% PO; group 2, 7.5% PO and 2.5% RPO ; group 3, 5% PO and 5% RPO ; group 4, 2.5% PO and 7.5% RPO ; group 5, 10% RPO. The following are the results. 1. No significance of cholesterol concentration in brain was noticed among the groups, but group 5 was the highest and other groups tended to decrease. 2. As for concentration of triglyceride and phospholipid, the groups with more percentage of RPO increased gradually while those with more PO decreased by degrees. 3. No significance of cholesterol level in kidney was found among the groups. About triglyceride level, group 5 was the highest and it was relatively low in groups2, 3 and 4. group 5, however, was the lowest in phospholipid level. 4. As to cholesterol concentration in testis, groups 1 to 4 were low. About triglyceride level, group 1 increased while groups 2 to 4 decreased. 5. Concerning lipoprotein pattern in serum, HDL increased in groups 1 to 3, while LDL decreased gradually with the increase of perilla oil.

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Effect of Dietary Supplementation of Fresh Water Algae Euglena on the Performance and Egg Quality and Fatty Acid Composition of Egg Yolk in Laying Hens (산란계에서 담수녹조류 Euglena의 첨가사료가 생산성 및 계란의 품질과 지방산 조성에 미치는 영향)

  • Choi S. W.;Park I. K.;Park B. S.
    • Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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    • v.31 no.4
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    • pp.283-291
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    • 2004
  • Feeding trials were conducted with Euglena strains grown under different media. The effect of supplementation of Euglena on the laying performance, egg quality and fatty acid composition of egg yolk was studied. In experiment I, two hundred eighty 32-wk-old ISA Brown layers were randomly assigned to seven dietary treatments for 4 wks. Each treatment consisted of 4 replications with 10 birds each housed in two birds cages. Control diet was formulated to have $17\%$ CP and 2,750 kcal ME/kg. Euglena gracilis Z. (EG) was added to control diet at the level of 0.25, 0.5, $1.0\%$ and Euglena gracilis Z. bleached and DHA enriched (EGBD; a strain mutated by streptomycin and cultivated in DHA enriched medium) at the level of 0.5, 1.0, $2.0\%$ in the diet. In experiment 2, three hundred 84-wk-old ISA brown layers were randomly assigned to five dietary treatments: T1; Control, T2; T1 + EGBD $0.5\%$, T3; T1 + Euglena gracilis Z. DHA enriched (EGD; cultivated in DHA enriched medium) $0.5\%$, T4; T1 + EGD $1.0\%$, T5; T1 + EGD $2.0\%$. Each treatment had 5 replication of 12 birds each housed in two birds cages. In experiments 1 and 2, Euglena suppplementation did not significantly affect egg production but increased egg weight and feed intake. In experiment 1, EG was more effective in increasing egg yolk color score than EGBD. Egg yolk color of EG $1\%$ treatment showed the highest score. EGBD supplementation increased DHA concentration of egg yolk. EGBD $2\%$ treatment showed the highest DHA and the lowest palmitic and stearic acids concentration in the egg yolk. In experiment 2, EGBD $0.5\%$ treatment showed highest DHA level in egg yolk (P<0.05). It was conducted that EGBD is a single cell protein source rich in DHA, that can be used to produce DHA enriched eggs.

Biodiesel Production Technology and Its Fuel Properties (바이오디젤 공정기술과 연료특성)

  • Hong, Yeon Ki;Hong, Won Hi
    • Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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    • v.45 no.5
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    • pp.424-432
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    • 2007
  • Biodiesel is gaining more attractive due to its eco-friendly and the fact that it is prepared from renewable sources. It is monoalkyl esters of long chain fatty acids derived from vegetable oils and animal fats via transesterification reaction with alcohol in the presence of catalyst. This paper will review briefly (1) the effect of reaction conditions such as catalyst type, amount of free fatty acid and moisture, molar ratio of alcohol and oil, alcohol type, reaction temperature and time and stirring intesity, (2) downstream process of biodiesel after transesterification reaction, and (3) potentialities of biodiesel as an alternative fuel based on its properties in diesel engines.

Ultrastructural and Histochemical Study on the Epithelia of Digestive Tract of a Korean Slug, Incilaria fruhstorferi (한국산 산민달팽이 ( Incilaria fruhstorferi ) 소화관 상피조직의 미세구조 및 조직화학적 연구)

  • 이정찬;장남섭;한종민
    • The Korean Journal of Malacology
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    • v.13 no.2
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    • pp.143-160
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    • 1997
  • 한국산 산민달팽이 Incilariafruhstorferi의 소화관을 부위별로 관찰하고, 소화관 상피조직을 구성하는 세포의 종류와 분포수 그리고 분비되는 과립 등을 미세구조적, 조직화학적으로 관찰하고 그 결과를 보고하고자 한다. 산민달팽이의 소화관은 식도, 위, 장, 직장 등으로 구성되어있으며, 식도는 다시 전식도, 소낭, 후식도로 나누어지고, 장은 전장과 중장, 후장 등으로 구분되었다. 소화관을 부위별롸 관찰한 결과 섬모원주상피세포 2종, 녹색과립세포 3종, 청색과립세포, 점액세포, 투명세포, 망상형세포 그리고 괴사형세포 등 모두 10종류가 확인되었다. 섬모원주세포는 A형과 B형 등 두 종으로 나뉘며, A형은 세포의 상단 자유면에 섬모와 미세융모가 밀생된데 비해, B형은 전자밀도가 높아서 검게 보이고, 장과 직장에서만 관찰되는 특징을 보였다. 섬모의 구조는 9 x 2 + 2 axoneme이었다. 녹색과립세포는 미세구조에 의해 A형, B형 그리고 C형등 3종으로 나누어지며, 소낭과 후식도, 위, 직장에서 주로 관찰되었다. A형과 B형은 Sudan black에 양성인 지방과립(1.36 x 1.6$\mu\textrm{m}$)만을 포함하고 있는데비해 C형은 글리코겐 과립도 포함하고 있었다. 청색과립세포는 10종류의 세포 중 가장 키가 크고 (35$\mu\textrm{m}$), Millon반응에 양성을 보이는 둥근과립(직경, 1.3$\mu\textrm{m}$)을 포함하고 있는데 과립들은 단백질성으로 확인되었다. 이들은 중장에서만 관찰되었다. 장과 직장에서 주로 많이 관찰되는 점액세포는 세포질 속에 전자밀도가 낮은 투명한 과립과 전자밀도가 높아서 검게 보이는 둥근과립(크기, 1.33 x 0.89$\mu\textrm{m}$)들을 포함하고 있었는데, 이들은 미성숙 시기에는 투명과립(직경, 2.66$\mu\textrm{m}$)으로 관찰되었다. PAS-alcian blue(pH 2.5)반응에서 투명과립은 alcianophillia로 나타난 반면, 검은 과립은 PAS에 양성반을을 보이며, 각각 산성점액과 중성점액과립으로 확인되었다. 투명세포는 광학현미경 관찰에서 A형과 B형으로 구분되었으나, A형은 전자현미경 관찰에서 신경내분비세포로 확인된 반며, B형은 지방과립을 소지한 지방저장세포로 각각 확인되었다. 신경내분비세포가 소지한 과립의 크기는 0.16$\mu\textrm{m}$ 정도였다. 망상형세포는 주로 위에서 관찰되는 형태가 불규칙한 작은 세포로서 세포질에 비해 큰 핵을 소지하고 있었다. 소량의 세포질 돌기에는 사립체와 과립성소포체를 포함하고 있다. 괴사형세포는 후장과 직장에서 주로 많이 관찰되고, 점액세포의 점액과립이 분비된 후, 붕괴되는 과정에서 형성된 것으로 확인되었다.

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