• Korea journal of population studies
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.91-111
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• 2011

Based on social capital theory, this study intends to understand accessed and mobilized social capital of married women with young children and the difference between two types of social capital in terms of their employment status. Factors related to accessed and mobilized social capital are also investigated. The subjects are 571 married women (284 employed and 287 unemployed) who have children younger than 5 years old. Their networks are revealed to show different composition and resource distribution according to the respective employment status. No significant difference is found in accessing social capital depending on the employment status. However, working women are capable of mobilizing more social capital for economic resources and child-care assistance than non-working women. The employment status is significant only in mobilizing social capital related to child-caring assistance. The effects of variables related to social networks of married women differ according to the types of resources sought for. The choices of married women on the employment status and child-rearing are observed in the findings of the ability to mobilize social capital for child-care assistance. The importance of kin ties and various social services for building social capital are discussed.

• Proceedings of the KHMA Conference
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• 2008.05a
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• pp.139-153
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• 2008

• Korea journal of population studies
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.147-164
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• 2008

The goal of this study was to examine the economic and cultural factors that influenced the intention of having a second child. In particular, this study intended to examine whether the factors related to the intention of having a child differed by the employment status of married women. The data for this study were drawn from the National Survey on the Trend of Marriage and Birth. This survey was conducted in 2005 by Korean Institute for Health and Social Affairs. The sample consisted of 690 married women who had one child(282 employed and 408 unemployed). The data were analyzed by logistic regression with SAS 9.1 program. The results showed that the employed women's intention of having a second child was affected by the husband's hours of housework, having a own mother(child's grandmother) and the perception of value of child. The employed women's intention of having a second child was affected by the perception of emotional value of child, and the sex of the first child. In sum, there were differences between the employed women and the unemployed women in the variables affecting the intention of having a second child. Perception of value of child was found important for both the employed and the unemployed women. Besides husband's hours of housework, having a mother and the needs for public support about child birth and rearing were found significant for the employed women. For the unemployed women, the costs of child care/education and the sex of the first child were found significant. The findings of this study suggested that different policy interventions be developed to satisfy the needs of the employed women and the unemployed women.

• Journal of vocational education research
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.187-208
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• 2010

The purpose of this study is to help prepare basic data which is required for married women's vocation career education through analyzing the influence of career barriers perceived by unemployed married women on career preparation behaviors. Research subjects of this study are following. First, how are career barriers perceived by unemployed married women? Second, how are the career preparation behaviors levels of unemployed married women? Third, how is the influence of career barriers perceived by unemployed married women on career preparation behaviors? The summary of this study results are following. First, married women perceive career barriers highly in 'restriction of employment', 'discrimination', and 'child rearing environment' among 7 subordinate factors. Second, married women's average on career preparation behavior level is 3.06. When comparing with preceeding researches which analyzed career preparation behaviors levels of university students, married women's career preparation behaviors levels are relatively higher. Third, there are negative correlations between career barriers and career preparation behaviors perceived by married women. Furthermore, 'preparation/skill lack' and 'child rearing environment' factors among 7 subordinate factors of career barriers brought out negative effects on career preparation behaviors. 'Restriction of employment' factor, however, gives positive effects on career preparation behaviors. It showed that 7 subordinate factors of career barriers include 14% of career preparation behaviors.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.57-71
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• 1995

가족형태가 부의 자녀양육시간과 결정요인에 미치는 영향 기혼여성의 취업증가로 인해 아버지의 적극적인 자녀양육 참여가 요구되어 왔다. 또한 이 같은 요구는 부의 참여가 기혼여성, 자녀의 성장발달등 가정천체에 미치는 영향이 중요하다는 인식과 함께, 부의 자녀양육시간 연구는 중요한 사회적 관심사로 동시에 연구대상으로 대두되었다. 이같은 변화속에서, 실제 가정생활에서 부의 자녀양육시간은 개개인에 따라 큰 차이를 나타냄에 따라, 어떤 개인적, 가정적, 또는 사회인구적 요인들이 양육시간량을 결정하는가를 연구하는 것은 그 의미가 있다. 현대가정의 또 하나의 커다란 변화는 미혼부 증가, 이혼증가로 인한 편부의 증가, 재혼 증가로 인한 계부의 증가 등 가족형태의 다양화에 있다. 본 연구에서는 이 같은 변화를 반영하여, 각기 다른 가정형태에서의 부의 자녀양육 참여시간을 비료 분석하였다, 또한 부의 자녀양육 시간량 관련요인을 조사하기 위하여 노동시장의 근로시간, 개별적 인적 자원, 역할관념, 가정환경등의 효과를 검증하였다. 본 연구에서 사용된 자료는 미국 위스콘신대학내 (University of Wisconsin-Madison), 인구 및 생태센터 (Center for Demography and Ecology)에서 1988년에 실시한 설문조사 및 면접조사로써, "전국 가족 및 공도거주체 조사" (National Survey of Family and Households)에서 추출했다. 연구결과에 따르면, 가족형태가 부의 자녀양육시간에 미치는 효과는 큰 것으로 검증 되었다. 각 그룹간 비교에서 편부가정의 부는 여타의 가정내의 부보다 많은 시간을 자녀와 놀아주고, 야외활동 및 과제물 도와주기 등에 할애한 것으로 나타났다. 반면 계부는 여타의 가정내의 부보다 더욱 적은 시간을 자녀와 함께 하였다. 부의 자녀양육시간 결정요인 분석 결과에 따르면, 직장에서의 노동 시간, 교육수준, 자녀 연령이 큰 효과를 나타내는 것으로 밝혀졌다,, 부의 직장 근로시간이 적을수록 교육수준이 높을수록 자녀양육 참여시간은 높은 것으로 나타났다. 또한 어린자녀를 가진 아버지일수록 자녀와 함께하는 시간이 긴 것으로 나타났다. 것으로 나타났다.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.714-728
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• 2016

This research aims to categorize factors affecting reluctance of second childbirth among working mothers using Q methodology. P sample holds 50 working mothers between 20 and 45 years old living in Daegu-Gyeongbuk area. After securing the total 72 statements, the final 24 Q samples were confirmed through the second classification. As a result of this study, three types of the working mothers were classified. The first type that 22 working mothers (44%) were classified was "having uncooperative spouse". The second type which 13 working mothers (26%) were included was "working at not family-friendly workplace". Lastly, eight working mothers (16%) belonged to the third type, "having financial difficulty". Therefore, this study could confirm that the working mothers evade their second childbirth mostly because of the insufficient childcare support both at home and at work, rather than economic reasons. Thus, this study suggests that the Korean government should try to spread work-family balance culture than just providing financial support in order to encourage the second childbirth among working mothers.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.1-15
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• 1986

Korea is a rapidly industrializing nation. As a consequence, more mothers are working outside the home. This trend is likely to continue into the future and raises the problem of infant-toddler care during the mother's working hours. Considering that Korea is making such rapid economic advances, quality care for children of working mothers Is not only desirable but affordable as well. Variety in options for child care is recommended by Beck (1982). Some of the alternatives in child care have been discussed elsewhere (KWDI, 1984). This paper, thus, concentrated on center-based, worksite child care. Because the human environment is the most important aspect of the center, qualified staff and a low ratio of children per staff member is Vital. Philosophy of program and its actualization ensures that the children have a worthwhile experience at the center. The physical plant houses the center and includes provision for space, materials, and equipment for staff and child use in carrying out the program. Adequate health protection is a critical factor in infant-toddler group care programs.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.22 no.3 s.27
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• pp.389-397
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• 1989

To identify the problems in child rearing practice of employed mothers in urban poor area, all of 201 women with children under 6 years old living in Yun San 3 Dong, a poor area of Pusan city, were interviewed with a questionnaire by a trained interviewer from 10th April to 10th May 1989. Among 201 women, 51 women were employed and 150 women were unemployed. Of the employed mothers 78.5% got their jobs because of economical need and 31.4% of them worker for 60-69 hours per week. Their average monthly income was 100,000-190,000 Won in 33.4% and 200,000-290,000 Won in 25.4% Breast milk was fed in 66.0% of the children of unemployed mothers while 49.0 of the children of the employed mothers were breast-fed (p<0.05). The most common reason for not breast feeding was shortage of breast milk among unemployed mothers (58.9%) but that of the employed mothers was their job(63.6%). The basic immunization for children was completed in 70.5% of children of employed mothers as compared with 82.0% of the children of the unemployed mothers were completely immunized (p>0.1). Accident experience rate of children among the employed mothers was 23.5 a and that of the children of the unemployed mothers was 17.3% . The most common cause of acident in children of the unemployed mothers was carelessness while they were playing(34.6%) but in children of the employed mothers it was traffic accident(25.0%) and falling(25.0%). Most of the traffic accidents took place while the children's brother or sister of age under 14 years were baby sitting. When the accident took place 73.1% of the unemployed mothers were just at home, but 58.3% of the employed mothers were out of home for work. In case of the employed mothers, 58.7% of their children were looked after by an adult mainly grandparents, 15.7% by the children's brothers and sisters under 14 years old, and 3.9% of the children were left alone. A majority of the unemployed mothers wanted to get a job if someone could take care of their children. To facilitate the women employment and for the safety and health of the children, good nurseries for working mothers need to be established at a cost they can afford.

• Proceedings of the KHMA Conference
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• 2013.05a
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• pp.306-306
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• 2013

• Journal of Labour Economics
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.135-164
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• 2004

Using the data from the KLIPS, this study categorizes unemployed women into the four mutually exclusive groups according to the two criteria (whether to have intention to work and the comparison of reservation and market wages), and investigates factors affecting the status of the unemployment of women. Heckman's sample selection regression and multinomial logit are applied for the estimation. The major results are: the proportion of unemployed women who do not have intension to work or whose reservation wages are greater than expected market wages is about 50%, and the proportion of unemployed women who have intension to work or whose reservation wages are less than expected market wages is about 50%; second, human capital, burden of child raising and household production, household economic status, the variables related to work experience are found to be the factors affecting unemployment status of women.