• CHINESE LITERATURE
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• v.96
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• pp.145-175
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• 2018

This study was made with the purpose of reconsidering the way of existence of literati(文人), the meaning of writing, and the relationship between cultural power and political power, focusing on Zhang Xuecheng(章學誠, 1738-1801) in the middle of the Qing dynasty. Here, 'Wenren(文人)' was used as a concept equivalent to 'the literary intelligentsia', in other words, 'literati' of English rather than the concept of 'the literary man'. Firstly, Zhang Xuecheng was the person who had lived 64 years of life from Qianlong(乾隆) 3 to Jiaqing(嘉慶) 6, in particular, one of the representatives of the Chinese literati and scholar in the mid and late 18th century. He was born in a typical Gangnam gentry family from Kuaiji(會稽) in Zhejiang province. During adolescence he was grown and educated in hometown Shaoxing(紹興) and Yingcheng(應城) in Hubei province, but Beijing was the city that had the greatest influence on him. After he entered Guozijian(imperial capital academy) at the age of 25 in Qianlong 27(1762), he was mainly active in Beijing and had lived a life of wandering in Zhili(直隸), Henam, Anhui, Hubei province etc. He exchanged ideas with many literati and scholars who led the 18th century. He had many patrons Such as Shen Yefu(沈業富), Ou Yangjin(歐陽瑾), Zhu Fenyuan(朱棻元), Zhu Yun(朱筠), Liang Guozhi(梁國治), Bi Yuan(畢沅), Xie Qikun(謝啓崑) etc, who were prominent government officials and scholars of the time. In spite of passing imperial examinations and becoming the jinshi(進士), he gave up being a bureaucrat, and decided to live as a marginal literati out of office. With the help of his patrons, he solved economic problems mainly through non-regular workers such as tutor, the chief of the local academy, muliao(幕僚, provincial official's adviser) etc. Most of non-official literati in the middle of the Qing dynasty resolved their livelihood problems through irregular jobs like Zhang Xuecheng, while they kept maintaining their identity as intellectuals. Secondly, in intellectual discourses of the 18th century, the academic world was largely divided into moral philosophy(義理), philology(考據), literature(文章, or 詞章). The question of how to define and evaluate the value, relation and status of these three was different according to discussants. However, overall, literary texts were valuated as being less meaningful and worthy than the scholarly texts to deal with moral philosophy and philology. The writings of Zhang Xuecheng generally had the character of a scholar rather than of a literary man, and the meaning and value of his writings could be found in scholarly writings rather than in literary writings. As summarized in the words, "moral philosophy could be proved by philology, literature was the tool to express it," he established the scholarly identity he should seek through the way of integrating moral philosophy and philology centering on the historical writings. Thirdly, including Zhang Xuecheng, Quan Zuwang(全祖望), Yuan Mei(袁枚), Wang Mingcheng(王鳴盛), Zhao Yi(趙翼), Quan Daxin(錢大昕), Yao Nai(姚鼐) etc, represented the Chinese literati and scholars in the 18th century. Coincidentally, they all resigned early and left office, or gave up being official despite passing imperial examinations, and engaged in teaching and writing as marginal literati out of institutional power for a very long time. The backgrounds of their abandonment or early resignation were different, but the ambition and desire to leave the endless works for posterity could be said a common part. In addition, it was necessary to consider that it was a matter of choosing one of the two, in which the 18th century literati could hardly combine official and scholar because of specialized scholarships. It also seemed to be related to the situation that cultural power was becoming a part of the individual choice of Han Chinese literati, for the Manchu regime could not create the leading cultural power.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.13 no.7
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• pp.3065-3073
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• 2012

The purpose of this study was to examine the characteristics of well-being behavior of women living in Daegu and analyze their well-being levels according to their socio-demographic variables, thereby determining the effects of each variable on well-being behavior. A survey of 320 women was conducted and T-test, ANOVA was conducted for the well-being levels and well-being behavior based on socio-demographic variables. Multiple regression analysis was analyze the factors affecting well-being behavior. The major findings of this study were as follows. A higher level of education led to a higher level of well-being. Moreover, educational or counseling workers, those with higher monthly incomes, those with higher expenses spent on self-management, those who considered their physical condition good, and those who drank once or twice a week showed higher levels of well-being. According to the analysis of the variables influencing well-being behavior, those with an older age, a higher level of education, and higher expenses for self-management and non-smokers revealed higher degrees of involvement in well-being behavior. We need to maintain women's identity by establishing values of and beliefs in well-being and inspiring them with healthy consciousness of well-being so that we can encourage them to participate in sound well-being behavior.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare
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• v.57 no.2
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• pp.405-434
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• 2005

This study has been performed to analyze the experience of parents who had led a parents-group of children with cancer. For this study, fifteen participants were selected for an in-depth interview and the personal experiences of each participant had been interviewed in person until data were saturated. This study employed the grounded theory approach of Strauss and Corbin(1998). With the qualitative constant comparative analysis, ninty four concepts, twenty six subcategories, and seventeen categories were generated. In the axial coding, a paradigm model was proposed as follows: The central phenomenon of the leaders' experiences was that they had been 'Pushed Back' to lead the groups. The causal conditions were 'A Sense of Solidarity', 'Regaining Self-possession', and 'Feeling a Necessity of Parents Group'. The contextual conditions were 'Want to Help', 'A Sense of Mission', and 'Discontent with the Cure Environment'. The intervening conditions were 'Self-reflection of Leadership', 'Reaction of Their Own Family', 'Hope to Have an Expanded Group'. The action/interaction strategies were 'Assuming All Field Work', 'Accumulation of Experiences', 'Recognition of a Role Scope'. The consequences were 'Being Comforted', 'Positive Self-awareness', 'a Sense of Worthiness', and 'Desire to Quit'. In the selective coding, the core category was 'Pushed to Lead a Group'. Based on the core category, four types and five stages in the leaders' experiences were identified. The types include 'a Devoted Family Type', 'a Volunteer Type', 'a Role Model Type', and 'a Activist Type': the stages consist of 'Stage of Maintain Identity as a parent of a child with cancer', 'Stage of Questioning', 'Stage of Active Participation', 'Stage of Experience Accumulation', and 'Stage of Progressive Change'. The result of this study presents some implications and suggestions for social work services and theories with respect to the self-help group of pediatric cancer by attempting to understand more about the experiences of leaders' in such groups.

• Cartoon and Animation Studies
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• s.20
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• pp.105-120
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• 2010

The education of arts has been known to have positive impacts on not only general public but also for groups that have low self-satisfaction or that feel a sense of alienation. For example, there are research reports that confirm that there was a change in the sense of accomplishment and self-effectiveness on the students in industrial high schools that have less self-assurance and faith in their own identities compared to the academic high schools after taking art classes. Also, it has been discovered in another study on juvenile delinquents that how they spend their leisure time affected the rate of second convictions. In addition, in the , it has been shown that the juveniles preferred the cartoon and animation field the most among different art fields. The purpose of this research is developing a learning-teaching curriculum that can be used in the youth detention center schools based on above research results. The goal of the arts education in the youth detention center must be in increasing the inner control factors such as self-esteem and self-confidence rather than raising professional technicians for employment. Therefore, the researcher will understand the environmental particulars of the youth detention center which is closed and in which group works take the most proportion to develop and propose a teaching-learning curriculum most appropriate for such environment to conduct cartoon and animation education.

• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.93-100
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• 2011

Sonic branding is defined as creation and management of brand value by using sounds. Among various methods of sonic branding, sonic logo, i.e., brand’s acoustic identification element, is the most widely used form and usually combined with visual logo. Although sonic branding has become an increasingly important tool for marketers, little academic research has been done on this topic. The current study investigates neural responses to sonic branding using functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI). Brain activity of 15 right-handed participants was monitored with 3T MRI machine, while they viewed sequentially presented pictures of brand logos (20 visual logos usually accompanied by sonic logos and 20 visual logos unaccompanied by sonic logos) without sound. Results showed that brain areas known to be associated with auditory imagery (including superior temporal gyrus, STG), showed greater activation for the visual logos usually accompanied by sonic logos compared to visual logos unaccompanied by sonic logos, although actual sound was not presented during scanning. The degree of familiarity participants have with the brand and its advertisements was correlated positively with signal strength in these areas.

• Management & Information Systems Review
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.207-221
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• 2017

The career management concept is changing rapidly in the career management field in recent years. It becomes very difficult to have a lifetime employment within the same firm. As there is career interruption that is pervasive phenomenon in the women's career management area, many academics and practitioners have been interested in it. The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of women's career-interruptions as the effective career strategy on career development actors and career success. To test the effects of the proactive career management of career-interrupted women, data were divided into two groups including proactive career management group and general career management group based on whether career-interruptions are voluntary or not. The results showed that the proactive development actors was significantly different depending on women's proactive career management and general career management group. First, proactive-career women were more self-directed to learn and have a significant impact on developing skills through training. Second, the career successes were not significantly different depending on and general career management group.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.18 no.8
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• pp.304-316
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• 2017

The purpose of this study was to identify the components of the adaptation experiences and factors that help male nurses adapt to clinical nursing settings. The participants were eight male nurses working at general hospitals. Data were collected through in-depth interviews and analyzed using Giorgi's phenomenological analysis methods. The core components of the adaptation experiences of the participants in clinical nursing settings were summarized as 'dedication to work', 'challenges in reality that are different from expectations', 'establishing a professional identity', and 'self-development for the future'. The relationships between these components showed causative, accelerative, and recursive characteristics. The adaptation process was structured in the temporal context. In order for male nurses to adapt well to clinical nursing settings, policy efforts should be made to improve their working conditions and resolve inequalities, such as granting equal opportunities for promotion regardless of sex. In addition, it is essential for male nurses to have sufficient internal control for them to make self-directed efforts to strengthen their willpower and self-development efforts to facilitate their adaptation. This study suggests that developing suitable strategies and policy efforts based on the results is required to assist male nurses in adapting to clinical nursing settings.

• Cross-Cultural Studies
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• v.43
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• pp.377-404
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• 2016

In this paper, I intend to focus on the 1991 racial tension and violence portrayed in Anna Devear Smith's book Fires in the Mirror, which was published in book form in 1993. I make use of a series of interviews with many of those involved in the conflicts, which were based on the Jewish Holocaust and the history of African American enslavement. In Crown Heights, the black community and the Jewish community have each suffered terrible losses, but individuals and communities become rhetorically attached to foundational historical traumas that lie at the center of each group's cultural identity rather than try to understand each other's pain. Smith lets this rhetoric dominate Fires in the Mirror by putting contradictory monologues side by side in order to show how discourses on 'slavery' and 'the Holocaust' still have control over specific ethnic communities. My intention is not to delve into the conflict between the Jewish and black communities exclusively. Rather, I attempt to form an understanding of the problems of the critical/theoretical tenets proposed by 'the rhetoric of holocaust,' including the Jewish Holocaust and the black experience of enslavement. Such an understanding will help us see the failure in the theories, illuminating the ways that such rhetoric should have recognized its own violence and helped to forge a new relationship between racism and anti-Semitism. Fires in the Mirror mirrors back to us the ways that 'the Holocaust' betrays the possibility of error to indicate its own susceptibility to blindness. The cracks brought forth by conflicting narratives enable readers to observe wounds being healed and the possibility of new narrative looming up.

• (The)Korea Educational Review
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.183-204
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• 2017

Since the development of Smart technology and the advent of various Smart media, a learning environment for individual learners and the school has been changing. In the stream of changing learning environments, in 2011, the government announced SMART education strategies, introducing the term officially, "SMART education." With the governments' efforts to develop and implement SMART education in school, many policies has been enacted and many research has been conducted and increased gradually. However, as policies of SMART education have initiated in situation where there is no clear understanding in regard of SMART education, many researchers and teachers confused of SMART education and its identity and attributes, even though it has been 6 years since the concept was introduced. Unfortunately, SMART education has been implemented as one type of instructional methodology as utilizing Smart technology. Thus, in this research, we tried to build theoretical foundation of SMART education through analyzing former research on SMART education to define the attributes of SMART education. To examine how SMART education has been implemented in terms of its attributes, also, we analyzed research that conducted instructional design and implementation on SMART education in actual learning environments. As the results of former research analysis, the attributes of SMART education include Information and Communication Technology, open learning environment, self-directed learning, customized learning, and social learning. In majority of research, SMART education focused on utilizing Smart technology and media in teaching and learning environments but self-directed, and customized learning were less adapted in SMART learning environments. In the following research, how to improve educational benefits of SMART education through adapting original attributes of SMART education need to be examined.

• Journal of Korean Home Economics Education Association
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.109-125
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• 2009

The purpose of this study was to analyze research trends in clothing and textiles education focused on primary and secondary school education. Among the reviewed articles published between 1989 and 2008 in four journals including The Journal of Korean Home Economics Education, The Journal of Korean Association of Practical Arts Education, Journal of the Society of Clothing and Textiles, and Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association, 175 articles were related to clothing and textiles education. The most popular research field was teaching contents followed by teaching-learning method and teaching material, while clothing selection and self-expression, the general focus on home economics education and making clothing and household utensils were the popular research topics. In terms of research methods, about three quarters of articles used survey methods followed by experiment method and documentary studies. The rapid increase in research on clothing selection and self-expression and the decrease in articles on making clothing and household utensils seem to have had an influence on the government revision of The $7^{th}$ Curriculum.