• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.36 no.12
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• pp.911-920
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• 2003

In this study, we analyzed the long-term surgical outcome of partial atrioventricular septal defects during the past 17 years at Seoul National University Hospital. Material and Method: A retrospective analysis on mortality, survival, and reoperation and their risk factors was done in 93 patients who underwent surgical correction of partial atrioventricular septal defects between April 1986 and December 2002. 32 patients were male and 61 were female with a median age of 68 months (3∼818 months) and a mean follow-up period of 108 months (1∼200 months). Result: There were 4 operative deaths (4.3%) and one mortality during the follow-up period. 3, 5, 10, and 15 year actuarial survival rates were 95.7%, 94.3%, 94,3%, and 94.3%, respectively. After the surgical correction, left atrioventricular valve Incompetence was improved in 61patients (67.7%), remained same as the preoperative status in 14 patients (15.1%), and was aggravated in 12 patients (12.9%). Reoperation was performed in 8 patients (9.0%) after a mean interval of 38.6 months (3∼136 months). Freedom from reoperation rates at 3, 5, 10, and 15 years after surgical correction were 94.0%, 91.4%, 91.4%, and 88,2%, respectively Reasons for reoperation were 7 left atrioventricular valve incompetence, 2 left ventricular outflow tract obstruction, a residual atrial septal defect, a left atrioventricular valve stenosis, and a right ventricular failure. Left ventricular outflow tract obstruction was the only statistically significant factor. In ten patients, significant arrhythmia was developed and three of them were supraventricular arrhythmia. Complete atrioventricular block occurred in 7 patients and permanent pacemakers were implanted in six of them. Conclusion: Surgical corrections of partial atrioventricular septal defects were performed with low operative mortality. Since left atrioventricular valve incompetence was the most common cause of reoperation and left ventricular outflow tract obstruction was the only risk factor for reoperation, a precise estimation of the left atrioventricular valve morphology and the structure of left ventricular outflow tract are needed. Although left ventricular outflow tract obstruction rarely developed, reoperation was frequently required and resection of subaortic tissue could be peformed but the possibility of recurrence was high, so modified Konno operation could be performed with satisfactory results. Complete atrioventricular block developed frequently in early periods, but was overcome with a precise anatomical understanding of conduction system and experience.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.162-167
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• 2015

Although the perfomance indicators of the nuclear power plants in Korea show optimal, it requires detailed analysis and discussion centered on the radiation dose. As analysis methods, analysis on the radiation dose of nuclear power plants over the past five years was assessed by comparing the relevant radiation dose of radiation workers and per capita average annual radiation dose of the world's major nuclear power stations was also analyzed. The radiation workers over the annual radiation dose limit of 50 mSv were not. The contrast ratio of the radiation exposure according to the reactor type was the normal operation of PHWR was 6.2% higher than those of the PWR. This shows the radiation work of PHWR during normal driving operation is much more than those of PWR. According to the Performance Indicators of the World Association of Nuclear Operator, the annual radiation dose per unit in 2013 showed 527 man-mSv of Korea is the best country among the major nuclear power generating states, the world average was 725 man-mSv. The annual per capita radiation dose is about 80% less than 1 mSv of the public dose limit and also the average per capita dose showed a very low level as 0.82 mSv. Workers in related organizations showed 1.07 mSv, the non-destructive inspection agency workers showed 3.87 mSv. The remarkable results were due to radiation reduced program such as development of radiation shielding and radiation protection. In conclusion, the radiation exposured dose of nuclear power plants workers in Korea showed a trend which is ideally reduced. But more are expected to be difficul and the psychological insecurity against the operation of the nuclear power plants is existed to the residents near the nuclear power plants. So the radiation dose reduction policy and radiation dose follow up study of nuclear power plants will be continously excuted.

• Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.39-49
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• 1995

This study was attempted to investigate the acceptive status of 428 persons who had taken the vasectomy and the tubal ligation and the intra-uterine device(IUD, copper-T). It defined the complications after the contraceptive procedures and the effects of the supporting of the government for contraception. The target population was identified from the list of the 105 females taken tubal ligation, and 109 males vasectomized, 214 IUD acceptors covered by Gumi Health Center from January 1990 to December 1992. Data was collected from the target population by the questionnaire and medical records between March 1 and April 30, 1993. Among the study subjects, 56.0% of vasectomized males was between 30 and 34 years of age and the highest percentages of tubal ligation and IUD acceptors were between 25 and 29 years of age. The highest percentage of occupation of vasectomized males was officials and that of tubal ligation and IUD acceptors was in no occupational status. 81.2% of respondents were more than high school in educational level, educational level of vasectomized males was more higher than that of females. The percentage contraceptive acceptors with one or two children was 90.8% for vasectomized males, 80.1% for females with tubal ligation, and 93.9% for IUD acceptors. The most people accepted the contraception as they felt the need rather than other's persuasion. The major reasons of contraception were having the wanted children and alleviating the economic burden for the raising and the educating their children. Among the vasectomized males, 11.0% complained the side reaction and the most common symptoms were the inflammation around the wound and sexual declination. Among the tubal ligation females, 46.7% complained the side reaction and the most common symptoms were vaginal discharge, the menorrhagia, back pain and lethargy. The IUD acceptors were similar to them. The regretting rate of tubal ligation and the IUD acceptors was higher than the vasectomized males. The major reason of their regretting was the side reaction in the tubal ligation and the IUD. But the vasectomized males had the insecurity that they couldn't have their own children any more, and sexual declination. The main reason of the females accepted the tubal ligation and the IUD were the fears about toward induced abortion. The most contraceptive acceptors(83.2%) wanted to be offered by the government, but if they pay the expense in their own money, they would accept the contraception in 86.9%.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.37 no.8
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• pp.644-651
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• 2004

Background: Refractory atrial arrhythmias in patients late after the Fontan operation result in significant morbidity and mortality. We reviewed our experience with arrhythmia surgery in patients who had Fontan operation. Material and Method: Between July 1986 and December 2003, 275 early survivors after Fontan operation were reviewed. Fourteen patients underwent. arrhythmia surgery at reoperation after Fontan operation, and mean age at reoperation was 16.8$\pm$7.1 (range: 4.5 ∼ 30.6) years. Mechanisms of arrhythmia included atrial flutter in 8 patients, and atrial fibrillation in 2. Arrhythmia surgery has evolved from isthmus cryoablation in 12 patients to right-sided maze in 2 patients. Thirty-two patients. underwent prophylactic isthmus cryoablation concomitantly at initial Fontan operation. Result: Postoperative arrhythmias occurred in 68 patients (24.7%) among 275. There was no early and late mortality after the arrhythmia surgery. After redo Fontan operation, all patients maintained normal sinus rhythm. Atrial flutter recurred in 3 patients who had sinus conversion with medication and 7 required permanent pacemakers with a mean follow-up of 26.5$\pm$29.1 (range: 2 ∼ 73) months. All patients have improved to NYHA class I or II. After prophylactic cryoablation at initial Fontan operation, 29 patients (90.6%) had sinus rhythm, 1 patient had junctional tachycardia, 1 patient had sinus nodal dysfunction, and 1 patient had AV block with a mean follow-up of 51.3$\pm$19.8 (range: 4∼80) months. Conclusion: Redo Fontan operation, and concomitant arrhythmia surgery reduced atrial arrhythmias and improved NYHA functional classification.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.45 no.5
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• pp.739-748
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• 2003

The objective of this study was to estimate genetic parameters for test-day milk production and somatic cell score using field data collected by dairy herd improvement program in Korea. Random regression animal models were applied to estimate genetic variances for milk production and somatic cell score. Heritabilities for milk yields, fat percentage, protein percentage, solid-not-fat percentage, and somatic cell score from test day records of 5,796 first lactation Holstein cows were estimated by REML algorithm in single trait random regression test-day animal models. For these analyses, Legendre polynomial covariate function was applied to model the fixed effect of age-season, the additive genetic effect and the permanent environment effect as random. Homogeneous residual variance was assumed to be equal throughout lactation. Heritabilities as a function of time were calculated from the estimated curve parameters from univariate analyses. Heritability estimates for milk yields were in range of 0.13 to 0.29 throughout first lactation. Heritability estimates for fat percentage, protein percentage and solid-not-fat percentage were within 0.09 to 0.11, 0.12 to 0.19 and 0.17 to 0.23, respectively. For somatic cell score, heritabilities were within 0.02 to 0.04. Heritabilities for milk productions and somatic cell score were fluctuated by days in milk with comparing 305d milk production.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.89-94
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• 2002

The present study attempts to find the ways to efficiently manage dental caries, one of the major causes of tooth loss, and to cope with oral diseases that deteriorate oral health. For this purpose, this study seeks to obtain fundamental data needed in planning the oral health projects. The study was conducted to the first-grade elementary school students in Hwa-Seong city, Gyeonggi-do, from April 1 - 30, 2002. The result was as follows: 1) Among a total of 2,710 subjects, 598 (274 boys and 324 girls) have more than 1 permanent tooth with a caries legion whether it was treated or not. 2) The number of permanent teeth examined is 6,029, in which girls' teeth are more (3,165) than boys' (2,864). 3) Out of a total of 6,029 teeth examined, 1,106 permanent teeth (508 boys' and 598 girls') have caries legions. 4) Out of 1,106 permanent teeth with caries legions, 170 (15.4%) were treated - 67 teeth for boys (13.2%) and 103 teeth for girls (17.2%). 5) 22.1% of the children have experienced dental caries in their permanent teeth. Among them, 20.1% are boys and 24.1% are girls. 6) The rate of the permanent teeth that once had, or now have caries legions are 21.2%, among which the rate for boy's teeth is 20.1% and that for girl's teeth is 22.1%. 7) The number of the permanent teeth that had caries legions is 0.5 for all the subjects. A boy has 0.4 and a girl has 0.5 teeth with caries legions regardless of whether it was treated or not. 8) The rate of the permanent teeth with caries legions is 86.7% for overall subjects - 88.3% for boys and 85.3% for girls. 9) The rate of treated permanent teeth is 13.3% for all the subjects - 11.7% for boys and 14.7% for girls. Based on the above result, the study draws a conclusion that in order to prevent dental caries in young students and to perform an early treatment for the dental caries that already occurred an oral health office should be installed at all the elementary schools so that elementary school students don't experience a loss of time and effort for learning and suffer nutritional imbalance or disorder. Besides, the oral health education concerning the importance of dental care should be conducted to the citizens, especially to the young people, in the community as an essential project of oral health centers in the community health offices, the public medical institutions.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.330-338
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• 2011

BACKGROUND: This study was conducted to investigate the agricultural product (Pulses, Lettuces, Pumpkins, Apples, Pears and Tangerines) in Korea, monitoring of cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) contaminations of agricultural products in cultivated areas and abandoned mine areas were investigated, and risk assessment was performed through dietary intake of agricultural products. METHODS AND RESULTS: The average contents of Cd and Pb ranged from 0.001 to 0.018 mg/kg and from 0.007 to 0.032 mg/kg respectively. The result was showed that contents of Cd and Pb did not exceed maximum residual levels established by CODEX except pumpkins and apples. The average daily intake were in the range of $1.06{\times}10^{-3}$ to $4.76{\times}10^{-2}{\mu}g/kg$ b.w./day at the mean and 95th percentile for Cd, $4.53{\times}10^{-3}$ to $8.35{\times}10^{-2}{\mu}g/kg$ b.w./day at the mean and 95th percentile for Pb for general population, based on the Korean public nutrition report 2008. The Hazard Index (HI) from the ratio analysis between daily exposure and safety level values was smaller than 1.0. CONCLUSION(s): This results demonstrated that human exposure to Cd and Pb through dietary intake of agricultural produces from abandoned mine areas might not cause adverse effect exceeding to those from non-contaminated areas.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.39 no.4 s.261
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• pp.289-297
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• 2006

Background: Surgery for Stanford type A aortic dissection shows a high operative mortality rate and frequent postoperative brain injury. This study was designed to find out the risk factors leading to operative mortality and brain injury after surgical repair in patients with type A aortic dissection. Material and Method: One hundred and eleven patients with type A aortic dissection who underwent surgical repair between February, 1995 and January 2005 were reviewed retrospectively. There were 99 acute dissections and 12 chronic dissections. Univariate and multivariate analysis were performed to identify risk factors of operative mortality and brain injury. Resuit: Hospital mortality occurred in 6 patients (5.4%). Permanent neurologic deficit occurred in 8 patients (7.2%) and transient neurologic deficit in 4 (3.6%). Overall 1, 5, 7 year survival rate was 94.4, 86.3, and 81.5%, respectively. Univariate analysis revealed 4 risk factors to be statistically significant as predictors of mortality: previous chronic type III dissection, emergency operation, intimal tear in aortic arch, and deep hypothemic circulatory arrest (DHCA) for more than 45 minutes. Multivariate analysis revealed previous chronic type III aortic dissection (odds ratio (OR) 52.2), and DHCA for more than 45 minutes (OR 12.0) as risk factors of operative mortality. Pathological obesity (OR 12.9) and total arch replacement (OR 8.5) were statistically significant risk factors of brain injury in multivariate analysis. Conclusion: The result of surgical repair for Stanford type A aortic dissection was good when we took into account the mortality rate, the incidence of neurologic injury, and the long-term survival rate. Surgery of type A aortic dissection in patients with a history of chronic type III dissection may increase the risk of operative mortality. Special care should be taken and efforts to reduce the hypothermic circulatory arrest time should alway: be kept in mind. Surgeons who are planning to operate on patients with pathological obesity, or total arch replacement should be seriously consider for there is a higher risk of brain injury.