• Journal of muscle and joint health
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.63-72
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• 2011

Purpose: The purpose of the study was to identify the amount of calcium intake during late pregnancy and breastfeeding and compare the differences in the amount of calcium by subjects' characteristics. Methods: With a descriptive survey design, 121 Korean breastfeeding women were recruited in a community setting. The list of foods and drinks with calcium extracted from the study of Song and So (2007) was used to measure the amount of calcium intake during pregnancy and lactation. The subjects' characteristics were collected to identify differences in the amount of calcium intake. Results: Mean age of the women was 31 years old. Amount of calcium intake was 568mg per day during late pregnancy and 431mg per day during breastfeeding. These amounts were quite lower than a recommended dose that adult women should consume a daily minimum of 1,000mg of calcium. Women who had higher household income and attending experience for nutritional education took more calcium during breastfeeding and late pregnancy, respectively. Conclusion: More than a half of the breast-feeding women do not consume the recommended dose of calcium. Education for proper calcium consumption during pregnancy and lactation should be an additional subject in the prenatal and breastfeeding education program for women's bone health.

• 모자간호학회지
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• v.1
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• pp.34-44
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• 1991

The purposes of this study were to predict newborn birthweight by use of gestational period and fundal height and to identify growth curve of fundal height according to gestational period and growth curve of newborn birthweight according to fundal height. The subjects for the study were 802 women who delivered the normal newborn babies at Seoul National University Hospital from Sep. 1, 1981 to Aug.31, 1986. The data were collected bit chart review and analyzed nth SPSS program. The results of study were as follows : 1. The multiple regression equation ($R^2$=0.416) used for the prediction of newborn birthweight was y=(newborn birthweight, kg)=-4.421+0.075$x_1$(fundal height, cm)+0.053$x_2$(gestational period, weeks)+0.016$x_3$(abdominal girth, cm)+0.010$x_4$(maternal height, cm) 2. The growth curve of fundal height according to gestational period was obtained by polynomial regression. The regression equation was Y(fundal height, cm)=-36.78+18.58$log_ex$(gestational period, weeks) The growth curve of newborn birth weight according to fundal height was obtained by polynomial regression. The regression equation was Y(newborn birthweight, kg)=-8.09+3.27$log_ex$ (Fundal Height, cm) 3. In the following subgroups no significant difference was found in fundal height : engaged vs. nonengaged presentation, and nulliparous vs. multiparous women.

• The Journal of Korean Academic Society of Nursing Education
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.274-286
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• 2021

Purpose: This study aimed to explore the lived experiences of breastfeeding women with gestational diabetes and to understand the meaning of breastfeeding for them and its encompassing context. Methods: Qualitative data were collected by interviewing 15 mothers with gestational diabetes. The transcript data from 5 focus group interviews and 2 individual interviews were analyzed using thematic analysis. Results: A core theme and 10 sub-themes emerged. The core theme that emerged was "the maternal commitment enabled for a limited time a way to compensate for guilt." Because mothers had to control their blood sugar levels before childbirth, they were worried about whether it would harm the newborn baby and thus searched for dietary information. After the babies were born and separated from their mothers, they were free from gestational diabetes. Mothers then felt guilty about their unhealthy bodies when they were pregnant. This regret provides a motivational context for breastfeeding. However, the mothers realized that breastfeeding requires commitment and dedication and that they need breastfeeding support, such as being provided practical help. Conclusion: The results showed that the breastfeeding intention of women with gestational diabetes might originate from their feelings of guilt. Therefore, an integrated breastfeeding program that combines the empathetic support of women with similar experiences and that shares practical information from experts should be implemented in a structured and systematic way.

• Women's Health Nursing
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.326-335
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• 2010

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify factors affecting prenatal care (PNC) by married immigrant women. Methods: This study was a secondary analysis of "Reproductive Health Status of Married Immigrant Women and Policy Directions in Korea" by the Korea Institute for Health & Social Affairs. The participants were 727 married immigrant women from Asia. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics, $x^2$ test and logistic regression with SPSS 14.0. Results: Of the 727 women interviewed, 91.7% visited prenatal clinic. However, first time for PNC was late and total number of PNC was lower (9.07) than the average of Korean women. Timing and number of PNC in rural area were later and fewer than those in urban area. PNC by these women was significantly lower in those who had lived in Korea longer and for those who the employed. However, PNC was significantly higher in those who attended health education during pregnancy and had not experienced premature delivery. Those who attended health education during pregnancy (OR=2.84, CI=1.49~5.40) or were unemployed (OR=0.51, CI=0.26~0.99) were more likely to have PNC. Conclusion: These findings illustrate the need to strengthen the public information and provide special services to their demands about PNC for married immigrant women.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.5-14
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• 1996

The purpose of this study is to find the Korean women's view to pregnancy within the Korean cultural context, to help nurses understand psychosocioemotional schema of the pregnant women, and to contribute to theory-building on the meaning of pregnancy. The interviewees were 21 women in their twenties or thirties and they were selected by theoretical sampling technique. Thirteen women of the interviewees were single and others married. Data were collected by in-depth interviews from September November in 1994. Interviews were tape-recorded and transcribed. Data were analyzed by Van Kaam's phenomenological method. Results were as follows. Eighty two descriptive expression were found and they were grouped under fourteen common factors. These are 「to maintain family」, 「instinct」, 「obligation」, 「what one should do」, 「to make home」, 「to tie couple firmly」, 「means to overcome a period of lassitude」, 「token of love」, 「hope」, 「to avoid loneliness」, 「wanted to have a baby」, 「to provide for old ages」, 「to be a mother」, 「to achieve her desire through baby」. Finally, fourteen common factors were grouped under four higher categories. Five common factors, 「to maintain family」, 「instinct」, 「obligation」, 「what one should do」, 「to make home」 were grouped under〈custom〉. Three factors, 「to tie couple firmly」, 「means to overcome a period of lassitude」, 「token of love」 were grouped under 〈love between couple〉. Four factors, 「hope」, 「to avoid loneliness」, 「wanted to have a baby」, 「to provide for old ages」 were grouped under 〈pursuiting safety〉. Two factors, 「to be a mother」, 「to achieve her desire through baby」 were grouped under 〈self-fulfillment〉. At present, the most distinguishing motivation of childbearing was rooted in the cultural custom. Korean women thought that it was their duties to have children and children were necessary in life. But they were beginning to recognize that baby could tie couple more firmly and get rid of their loneliness. Korean women no longer considered their children as the one who would take care of them when they were old or who would satisfy their unmet needs. As pregnancy is not women's duty only, authors recommend further studies on men's view to pregnancy.

• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.427-435
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• 2020

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to assess the knowledge and health beliefs about gestational diabetes and to identify the influence on breastfeeding intention of women those who have been diagnosed with gestational diabetes. Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study was designed. A questionnaire survey was conducted on 270 women who were pregnant and currently diagnosed with gestational diabetes. Data collection was conducted at Internet cafes and breastfeeding clinics where pregnant women were able to participate actively. The data collection period was from November 5 to November 27, 2019 and analyzed using descriptive statistics, independent t-test, χ2 test and multiple logistic regression. Results: The average age of the participants was 34.21±3.73 years. There were 221 women who had breastfeeding intention, and 49 women who did not intend to breastfeed. The higher the perceived susceptibility (OR=2.49, p=.032), benefits (OR=2.62 p=.009), and the self-efficacy, the higher the intention to perform breastfeeding (OR=2.97, p=.004). On the other hand, the higher the perceived severity, the lower the intention to perform breastfeeding (OR=0.35, p=.007). Conclusion: Health beliefs such as perceived susceptibility, perceived benefits, self-efficacy and perceived severity have been shown to affect the breastfeeding intention. Based on these results, we suggest developing a breastfeeding promotion intervention program that improves self-efficacy in gestational diabetics.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.55 no.3
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• pp.330-347
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• 2022

Folate, a water-soluble vitamin, acts as a coenzyme for one-carbon metabolism in nucleic acid synthesis and amino acid metabolism. Adequate folate nutritional status during the periconceptional period is known to prevent neural tube defects. In addition, insufficient folate intake is associated with various conditions, such as anemia, hyperhomocysteinemia, cardiovascular disease, cancer, cognitive impairment, and depression. This review discusses the rationale for the revision of the 2020 Korean dietary reference intakes for folate, and suggestions for future revisions. Based on the changes in the standard body weight in 2020, the adequate intake (AI) for infants (5-11 months) and the estimated average requirements (EARs) for 15-18 years of age were revised, but there were no changes in the recommended nutrient intakes (RNIs) and tolerable upper intake levels (ULs) for all age groups. Mean folate intake did not reach RNI in most age groups and was particularly low in women aged 15-29 years, according to the results of the 2016-2018 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES). The percentages of folate intake to RNI were lower than 60% in pregnant and lactating women, but serum folate concentrations were higher than those in other age groups, presumably due to the use of supplements. Therefore, total folate intake, from both food and supplements, should be evaluated. In addition, the database of folate in raw, cooked, and fortified foods should be further expanded to accurately assess the folate intake of Koreans. Determination of the concentrations of erythrocyte folate and plasma homocysteine as well as serum folate is recommended, and quality control of the analysis is critical.

• Advanced Industrial SCIence
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.37-50
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• 2024

This study explored the link between reproductive health knowledge, attitudes, and self-efficacy in young women from Uganda's Luwero district. A survey was conducted on 82 women in the Luwero region from May to July 2016, and the predictive power of knowledge and attitudes toward self-efficacy was evaluated through multiple linear regression analysis. Results showed positive correlations among these factors, with knowledge and attitude predicting self-efficacy. Specifically, understanding healthy puberty habits and valuing women's roles positively influenced self-efficacy for healthy behaviors. These findings emphasize the need to target these aspects in reproductive health education programs, crucial for addressing adolescent pregnancy and related issues in Uganda's rural areas.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.219-227
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• 2006

Objective: To evaluate the impact of endometriosis on IVF-ET cycles and to compare IVF outcomes between stage I/II and stage III/IV endometriosis. Methods: We analyzed 697 patients (1,199 cycles) with endometriosis (stage I-II:638 cycles, stage III-IV: 561 cycles) and 325 pts (459 cycles) with tubal factor as controls between January 1994 and April 2004. Pts with endometriosis were diagnosed by laparoscopy and medical and surgical treatment were done in 353 cycles (55.3%) and 466 cycles (83.1%) of stage I-ll/stage III-IV endometriosis. Cycles with age>35 years or FSH>20 miU/mL or severe male factor infertility were excluded. Results: The number of retrieved oocytes ($9.97{\pm}7.2$ vs. $13.4{\pm}7.9$ (p<0.0001 )), total number of embryos ($6.5{\pm}4.8$ vs. $9.1{\pm}5.6$ (p<0.0001)), and good quality embryos ($2.43{\pm}1.6$ vs. $2.74{\pm}1.7$ (p=0.013)) significantly decreased in stage III-IV endometriosis than in control. But pregnancy rate of stage III-IV endometriosis was comparable with control (35.7% vs. 36.8%). Fertilization rate and number of total embryos were lower in stage I-II endometriosis than in control ($64.8{\pm}22.9$ vs. $70.8{\pm}20.8$ (p<0.0001), $7.6{\pm}5.0$ vs. $9.1{\pm}5.6$ (p<0.0001)). In patients with medical and surgical treatment of endometriosis, pregnancy rate and live birth rate was significantly lower in stage I-II than in stage III-IV endometriosis (29.2 vs. 36.2 (%), p=0.045, 23.9 vs. 31.5 (%), p=0.043). There was no difference in the mean age, but the duration of infertility was significantly longer ($56.5{\pm}26.3$ vs. $46.9{\pm}25.8$ (mon), p<0.0001) and fertilization rate was lower ($64.7{\pm}23.3$ vs. $70.5{\pm}22.7$ (%), p=0.001) in stage I-II than stage III-IV endometriosis. Conclusion: We suggest that IVF should be considered earlier in patients with minimal to mild endometriosis because of significantly decreased fertilization rates.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.429-438
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• 2021

This study aims to prevent maternal social isolation by analyzing the causes of postpartum obesity and postpartum depression and stress in Korea. Gneral characteristics of mothers as a result of the study: 91.1% (102 people) answered that they had social experience, and only 8% (9 people) answered that they had no social experience. In the question of whether to return to society, 17.9% responded that they have already returned, 54.5% did not, and 18.8% were on maternity leave. As a result of examining the level of BMI increase among mothers through chi-square test of BMI changes before and after childbirth and general characteristics, 55% experienced below-average BMI increase; 45% experienced above-average BMI increase. Those in their 30s accounted for 40.2%, and those in their 40s accounted for 57.1%. Postpartum obesity and maternal psychological status (t-test): Mothers with postpartum obesity were more hypersensitive (t = -1.997, p = 0.048) and more prone to suffer from hard breathing (t = -1.930, p = 0.056), emptiness (t = -2.673, p = 0.010), and body numbness (t = -2.315, p = 0.024) than mothers who are not suffering from not postpartum obesity. Per the results of postpartum BMI increase and maternal psychological state (t-test) analysis, mothers with an average increase in postpartum BMI were more depressed than mothers who did not. Research Results - Postpartum obesity due to pregnancy and childbirth has been identified as an important individual cause affecting mental and physical problems after childbirth. In conclusion, I also think that the government should support the management of maternal obesity and the elimination of depression through the results of this study.