• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.241-246
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• 2019

In this paper, reactive surfactants were synthesized by using acrylic acid or 3-butenoic acid as nonionic surfactants, polyoxyethylene(23) lauryl ether (Brij 35) and polyoxyethylene(20) stearyl ether (Brij S20). The synthesis of surfactants was confirmed by FT-IR and $^1H$-NMR. The surface tension, emulsifying property, and foam power and stability were also measured. The surface tension value was 35~41 dyne/cm at an critical micelle concentration (cmc) which was measured as $1.0{\times}10^{-4}{\sim}9.7{\times}10^{-5}mol/L$ using a surface tension method. The emulsifying power of synthesized surfactant was measured with benzene, soybean oil and monomer. Also, the initial height of the bubbles and the height after 5 minutes were measured and the values were compared with each other.

• Magazine of the Korea Concrete Institute
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.89-96
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• 1992

It is generally known that the frost-resistance of concrete is much affected by the air content in concrete and by the air void system or air distribution. And also the frost-resistance is believed to vary with the stre¬ngth of concrete. This article is prepared to describe, based on experiment, the effect of the air content and the air void system, particularly the effect of the spacing factor, on the freeze-thaw resistance of the high strength conc¬rete. For this purpose, I first worked on Non-AE concrete to make its compressive strength set about 400 to 500 kg/em'. However, the freeze-thaw test on the Non-AE concrete resulted in low durability factor, I.e., 10-2~0%. Thus to enhance the durability, another supplementary step was needed. I used AE admixture. which enhanced durability by changing the air content from 2% to 12%. The frost-thaw test was then performed 500 cycles on the 20 kind of concrete mixtures which differ in unit cement content and in water-cement ratio. Keywords : frost -resistance, air content, air void system, air distribution, spacing factor, freeze-thaw test, dur ability factor. capillary cavity, Linear Traverse Method.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.17-22
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• 2019

In this study, cationic gemini surfactants were synthesized by increasing the length of the hydrophobic chain and using 1,4-butanediol as a spacer, and the result was confirmed by $^1H-NMR$. The synthesized surfactant was a white powder, and Kraffts point was below $0^{\circ}C$. Surface tension measurements revealed that the evaluated critical micelle concentration (c.m.c) was $1.8{\times}10^{-3}{\sim}6.5{\times}10^{-4}mol/L$ with a surface tension of 22.5~26.1 dyne/cm at the c.m.c. The initial foam height for CG 14-6E-14 estimated by Ross-Miles method was 16 cm and after 5 minutes the height was 14 cm. It was confirmed that the initial foam force and foam stability were the highest. The foam test and emulsion stability of synthesized gemini cationic surfactants were also compared to those of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), a commoly used surfactant.

• Journal of Korea Foundry Society
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• v.37 no.6
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• pp.181-185
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• 2017

In the present study, the effect of cooling rate on the formation of the porosity in the thick aluminum sand casting was investigated. Nowadays, due to considerations of weight and cost reduction, large scale thick aluminum casting has replaces steel frames for vacuum chambers for semiconductor production. Several thick aluminum castings were manufactured using chill with temperature measurements. The castings were inspected using 3D computed tomography in order to quantify the porosity defect density in the castings. Effects of the thickness of the chill on the porosity defect density were discussed.

• Proceedings of the KSME Conference
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• 2001.06d
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• pp.189-194
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• 2001

A simultaneous visualization of the behavior of bubbles and dry spots has been carried out for pool boiling of R-1l3 on a horizontal heater. From video imaging and image processing analysis, the formation of bubbles and dry spots occurs simultaneously, and therefore they should be considered as a synchronized concept rather than independent identities. The dry spot density is equivalent to the active site density in the region before CHF. At CHF point, large dry areas due to the coalescence of neighboring dry areas cover the heater surface.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Precision Engineering Conference
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• 2004.05a
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• pp.101-101
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• 2004

초미세 발포 플라스틱(MCPs; Microcellular Plastics)공정은 기존 발포 플라스틱의 장점을 보존하면서도 그 동안 발포 플라스틱의 단점으로 지적되어온 충격강도, 인성, 경도 등의 기계적 특성저하를 개선하기 위하여 개발되었다. 플라스틱 내에 지름 수 십 $\mu\textrm{m}$ 내외의 기포를 $10^{9}$-$10^{15}$cel1/㎤의 밀도로 발생시키는 초미세 발포공법은 내부의 미세 구조로 인하여 재료비를 절약하면서 우수한 기계적 특성을 나타내는 플라스틱 재료를 성형할 수 있게 하며, 발포제로 초 임계 상태의 불활성 기체($CO_2$, $N_2$, etc)를 사용하기 때문에 기존의 발포 공정에서 발포제로 사용했던 유해 화학 물이나 프레온, 부탄으로 인해 발생할 수 있는 환경 문제를 해결할 수 있다는 장점을 지닌다.(중략)

• Proceedings of the KSME Conference
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• 2004.04a
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• pp.174-179
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• 2004

The growth of the critical size bubble by diffusion process in viscoelastic medium was treated by an integral method for the concentration boundary layer adjacent to the bubble wall. In this study, we obtained a set of the first order time dependent equations to obtain bubble radius and gas pressure inside the bubble simultaneously. The calculated final cell sizes depending on the initial saturation pressure are in close agreement with the observed ones. The governing equations developed in this study may be used in polymer processing of microcellular foams.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers B
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• v.35 no.7
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• pp.665-676
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• 2011

In this study, the nucleate pool boiling heat transfer coefficients (HTCs) and critical heat flux (CHF) for a smooth and square flat heater in a pool of pure water with and without carbon nanotubes (CNTs) dispersed at $60^{\circ}C$ were measured. Tested aqueous nanofluids were prepared using CNTs with volume concentrations of 0.0001%, 0.001%, and 0.01%. The CNTs were dispersed by chemically treating them with an acid in the absence of any polymers. The results showed that the pool boiling HTCs of the nanofluids are higher than those of pure water in the entire nucleate boiling regime. The acid-treated CNTs led to the deposition of a small amount of CNTs on the surface, and the CNTs themselves acted as heat-transfer-enhancing particles, owing to their very high thermal conductivity. There was a significant increase in the CHF- up to 150%-when compared to that of pure water containing CNTs with a volume concentration of 0.001%. This is attributed to the change in surface characteristics due to the deposition of a very thin layer of CNTs on the surface. This layer delays nucleate boiling and causes a reduction in the size of the large vapor canopy around the CHF. This results in a significant increase in the CHF.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.4 no.4
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• pp.683-691
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• 1993

All the activities and physical properties including surface tension, foaming power, foam stability, emulsifying power, dispersion effect, wettability and solubilization of sodium dodecyl polyoxyethylene ${\alpha}$-sulfo alkanoates aqueous solution were measured and critical micelle concentration was evaluated. Their cmc ebaluated by the surface tension method was $10^{-4}{\sim}10^{-5}mol/{\ell}$, and surface tension of the aqueous solution was decreased to 30~70dyne/cm. The experimental results for foaming power, foam stability, emulsifying power in benzene or soybean oil, dispersion effect in calcium carbonate, wettability and solubilization showed a good and efficient surface active properties, and then it would be expected that these products could be applied as O/W type emulsifier, dispersion agent.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.66-74
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• 1990

The thermal-hydraulic characteristics of the 17$\times$17 OFA (Optimized Fuel Assembly) used in the KNU 7&8 are analyzed and compared with that of the 17$\times$17 SFA (Standard Fuel Assembly) loaded in the KNU 5&6. The thermal-hydraulic characteristics analyzed are minimum DNBR, fuel centerline temperature and exit void fraction at normal operation and design over power transient. Additionally, local linear rod power, which will cause fuel centerline melting, is calculated. The DNBR sensitivity calculations are performed with respect to the reactor operating parameters. COBRA-IV-I code is used for these calculations. The modified W-3 correltion and the drift-flux model are applied for the critical heat flux calculation and the void fraction calculation, respectively. From the calculated results, it has been found that the possibility of DNB occurrence is higher in the OFA than in the SFA. The other hand, the local linear power resulting in fuel centerline moiling of the OFA is nearly equal to that of the SFA.