• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.39 no.3 s.117
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• pp.331-339
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• 2006

This research was carried out to understand the impacts of thickness of sand capping to control phosphorus release from sediment into overlying water. As capping effectively retards release flux, phosphorus concentration in water body can be maintained if phosphorus release rate was kept under microbial degradation rate. With capping thickness increases, deaeration rate become less, while reaeration coefficient become higher. Phosphorus release rate and capping thickness were linearly correlated. The results of regression analysis indicated that phosphorus release can be controlled effectively by sand capping of least 20${\sim}$40 mm thickness.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.36 no.11
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• pp.781-790
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• 2014

Contaminants such as organic matters, nutrients and toxic chemicals in rivers and lakes with a weak flow rate are first removed from the water and accumulated in the sediments. Subsequently, they are released into the water column again, posing direct/indirect adverse effects on the water quality and aquatic ecosystems. In particular, phosphorus is known to accelerate the eutrophication phenomenon when it is released into the water column via physical disturbance and biological/chemical actions as one of important materials that determine the primary production of aquatic ecosystems and an element that is stored mainly in the sediments in the process of material circulation in the body of water. In this study, the effect on reducing phosphorus release in sediments was analyzed by applying different capping materials to lake water, where the effect of aquatic microorganisms is taken into account, and to distilled water, where the effect of microorganisms is excluded. The experimental results showed that capping with chemical materials such as Fe-gypsum and $SiO_2$-gypsum further reduced the phosphorus release by at least 40% compared to the control case. Composite materials like granule gypsum+Sand showed over 50% phosphorus release reduction effect. Therefore, it is determined that capping with chemical materials such as granule-gypsum and eco-friendly materials such as sand is effective in reducing phosphorus release. The changes in phosphorus properties in the sediments before and after capping treatment showed that gypsum input helped to change the phosphorus that is present in lake sediments into apatite-P, a stable form that makes phosphorus release difficult. Based on the above results, it is expected that the application of capping technology will contribute to improving the efficiency of reducing phosphorus release that occurs in river and lake sediments.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.563-572
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• 2006

In order to propose optimum in-situ treatment for reducing phosphorous release from sediment of stationary lakes, a series of column tests were performed. The sediment used in experiment was very fine clay with a mean grain site $7.7{\phi}$ and high $C_{org}$ contents(2.4%). Phosphorous releases were evaluated in two ways : in lake water(with microbial effect) and in distilled water(without microbial effect). As in-situ capping material, sand and loess were used while Fe-Gypsum and $SiO_2$-Gypsum were used for in-situ chemical treatment. In case of lake water considering the effect of microorganism, phosphorous concentration rapidly decreased in the early stage of experiment but it was gradually increased after 10 days. Flux of phosphorous release for control was $3.0mg/m^2{\cdot}d$. Whereas, those for sand layer capping(5 cm) and loess layer capping(5 cm) were $2.5mg/m^2{\cdot}d\;and\;1.8mg/m^2{\cdot}d$, respectively because the latter two were not consolidated sufficiently. For Fe-gypsum and $SiO_2$-gypsum the fluxes were $1.4mg/m^2{\cdot}d$ which meant that reduction efficiency of phosphorous release was more than 40% higher than that of control. The case capping with complex layer was $1.0mg/m^2{\cdot}d$, which showed high reduction efficiency over 60%. The addition of gypsum($CaSO_4{\cdot}2H_2O$) into the sediment reduced release of Phosphorus from the sediments. Gypsum acted as a slow-releasing source of sulphate in sediment, which enhanced the activity of SRB(sulfate reducing bacteria) and improved the overall mineralization rate of organic matter.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.15 no.11
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• pp.6943-6951
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• 2014

The trophic state assessment of the Hwoiya reservoir was estimated using the Trophic state indices (TSIs) of Carlson and Aizaki using the transparency and concentrations of chlorophyll-a and total phosphorus obtained from two sites of the reservoir. The TSIs assessments showed that eutrophic phenomena occur frequently in the Hwoiya reservoir. In addition, strategies to reduce the phosphorus especially would be prepared because the Hwoiya reservoir exceeded phosphorus-limiting state of 17 < TN/TP (total nitrogen/total phosphorus). Three scenarios for a simulation of the dredging effect of sediments on the water quality using the WASP7 model were made at two sites, which were 10% (scenario 1), 40% (scenario 2) and 60% elution of the pollutants from sediments (scenario 3). In the most elution case (60%), scenario 3, it was considered that 6.4% TN and 9.3% TP at site 1, and 3.9% TN and 5.6% TP at site 2 could be reduced.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.26 no.1B
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• pp.125-130
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• 2006

In this research, possibility of sand capping was experimentally evaluated to control phosphorus release from lake sediment into water body. Three acrylic columns without and with 40 and 80 mm of sand capping were prepared. Phosphorus concentrations of overlying water in these columns were measured. Performances of sand capping were evaluated for 0, 40, and 80 mm of capping thickness by measuring DO, ORP, TP, and $PO_4$-P. For the case without capping, the releasing rate of total phosphorus was higher and dissolved oxygen decreased faster, comparing with those of columns with capping. Total phosphorus concentrations in overlying water were inversely proportional to capping thickness, while phosphate concentration showed no significant differences between both cases. The experiment results suggested that sand capping is effective to retard total phosphorus release from sediment.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Soil and Groundwater Environment Conference
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• 2005.04a
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• pp.182-185
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• 2005

울산광산 내 지표수와 토양 중의 공극수에 함유되어 있는 비소의 오염현황을 파악하고, pH와 산화-환원 전위 값의 변화에 따른 자연저감 능력을 평가하였다. 유비철석을 비롯한 비소함유 광물은 높은 산화-환원 전위 값과 낮은 pH 조건에서 해리되며, 이후 지하수의 진화과정에서 pH가 상승함에 따라 주로 5가의 비소형태로 존재하게 된다. 울산광산지역 지하수의 비소농도는 Eh가 높은 비포화대와 포화대 지하수의 경계부에서 높은 경향을 나타내며, 포화대의 상부에서는 Eh가 비교적 일정하나 비소 농도는 다양한 분포양상을 보인다. 포화대 하부에서 비소의 함량은 매우 낮으며, Eh 감소에 따라 비소 함량이 비례적으로 감소한다. 반응경로 과정에서 비소농도는 Eh<-0.1(V)인 지하수 포화대에서 가장 낮으며, pH가 상대적으로 낮고 산화-환원 전위값이 높은 비포화대에서 증가되는 경향을 보인다. 풍화 반응 정도가 높은 광미와 토양에서 비소농도 높으나, 용출실험에서 비소가 기준치 이하로 용출되는 것은 풍화반응과 토양에 의한 비소의 자연저감이 진행되고 있음을 반영한다. RMB를 이용한 중금속 제거능력 평가 실내실험에서, 산성과 알칼리 조건 모두에서 제거율이 높은 것으로 나타났다. 인회석과 철산화물질로 구성된 RMB는 친환경적이고 2차 오염문제를 극복할 수 있는 물질로서, 비소의 자연저감 능력을 향상시킬 수 있는 정화처리제로 활용이 가능할 것으로 판단된다.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.438-446
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• 2006

A lab-scale batch test was conducted to develop capping materials to reduce the sediment phosphorus in the stagnant water zone of Gyeongancheon in Paldang Lake. The mean grain size(Mz) of sediment in the investigated area was 7.7 ${\phi}$, which is very fine, and the contents of organic carbon($C_{org}$) was 2.4%, which is very high. For the phosphorous release experiment to select the optimal capping material, sand layer, powder-gypsum($CaSO_4{\cdot}2H_2O$), granule-gypsum, complex layer(gypsum+sand) and the control were compared and evaluated in the 150 L reactor for 45 days. In case of the capping with the sand, it was found that the phosphorous from the sediment could be reduced by around 50%. However, it was found that this caused the reduction of the dissolved oxygen in the water column(by less than 3 mg/L) due to the resuspension of sediment and the organic matter decomposition that comes from the generation of $CH_4$ gas in the 1 cm of the sand layer. Therefore, it is likely that the sand layer has to be thickener in case of the sand capping. Powder-gypsum and granule-Gypsum reduced phosphorous release by more than 80%. However, the concentration of ${SO_4}^{2-}$ in the water column increased, making it difficult to apply it to the drinking water protection zone. We developed Fe-Gypsum and $SiO_2$-gypsum materials to reduce the solubility of ${SO_4}^{2-}$. Powder-Gypsum creates the interception film that does not have any aperture on the sediment layer when it is combined with the water. However phosphorous release caused by the generation of $CH_4$ gas may happen at a time when the gypsum layer has the crack. Capping through the complex layer(granule-Gypsum+sand(1 cm)) found to be suitable for the drinking water protection zone because it was effective to prevent phosphorus release. Moreover, this leads to the lower solubility from the concentration of ${SO_4}^{2-}$ into the water column than the powder-Gypsum and granule-Gypsum. The addition of gypsum($CaSO_4{\cdot}2H_2O$) into the sediment can reduce the progress of methanogensis because fast early diagenesis and sufficient supply of ${SO_4}^{2-}$ to the sediment, stimulate the SRB(sulfate reducing bacteria) highly.

• Proceedings of the Korean Environmental Sciences Society Conference
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• 2003.05a
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• pp.227-231
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• 2003

제주항을 대상으로 오염부하의 정량적인 관리를 위하여 물질순환모델을 이용하여 해수유동특성과 COD, DIN 그리고 DIP의 농도분포를 시뮬레이션 하였고, 이 결과를 통해 해역의 수질개선대책으로 하천오염부하 감소와 저질개선을 통한 용출부하 감소에 따른 COD, DIN 그리고 DIP의 농도를 정량적으로 평가한 결과는 다음과 같다. 외부부하인 하천유입 부하량의 감소에 의한 제주항 내 오염물질 농도의 저감효과는 만 중앙부에서 만 외로 갈수록 그 영향범위가 미비하나 하천 유입부에 한정되어 큰 효과를 나타내고 있어 제주항 내로 오염부하의 유입을 방지함으로서 제주항의 하천 유입부 수질개선에 큰 영향을 줄 수 있다. 내부부하인 저질 영양염 용출부하를 감소했을 경우의 제주항 내 영영염 농도의 저감 효과는 하천유입 부하량의 저감시와 상대적으로 비교하여 제주항의 하천 유입부보다는 만 중앙부나 만 유입부의 수질개선에 효율적인 영향을 보이는 것으로 사료되며 특히, DIP의 경우 그 양상이 잘 나타났다. 하천과 저질의 총 부하량을 100% 감소했을 경우, COD의 농도분포는 하천유입부인 정점 St. 1에서 약 44%정도의 저감효과를 나타내어 하천유입 부하량만을 감소했을 때보다는 저감효과가 증가하였다. DIN의 경우는 하천유입부하와 저질 용출부하를 각각 따로 저감했을 경우에 비해 전체적으로 저감효율이 상승하고 있으며, 만 중앙부에서 만 유입부로 갈수록 그 경향이 잘 나타나고 있으며 총 부하를 저감시켰을 때 제주항내의 DIN 농도는 정점 St. 3 다음 지점부터 해역수질기준 II등급을 유지되는 수질개선 효과를 나타내었다. DIP의 경우는 DIN과 유사한 경향을 보였으며 정점 St. 4 이후로 해역수질기준 II등급 이하로 유지되는 수질개선 효과를 나타내었다. 이상의 결과로 볼 때, 현재 해역수질기준 III등급인 제주항 내에서 수질을 향상시키기 위해서는 하천유입부하량의 저감뿐만 아니라 항내 저질개선 등을 통하면 전체적으로 II등급 이하를 유지할 수 있을 것으로 예상된다.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.472-479
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• 2006

In this research, speciation of phosphorus in sediment and overlying water dependent upon pH and ORP(Oxidation Reduction Potential) was studied. Three possible conditions were simulated: open system with circulation, closed system with stratification and closed system with sand capping on the sediment. Phosphorus release rate from sediment was increased for both open system and closed system if pH was less than 6.0. Phosphorus concentration for closed system was increased from 0.9 mg/L to 0.51 mg/L, and stabilized at 0.34 mg/L if anaerobic conditions were maintained in the overlying water. When sand capping was implemented, phosphorus concentrations of overlying water were maintained less than those of closed system.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.28 no.11
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• pp.1180-1185
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• 2006

Lab-scale batch experiments using several 25-L transparent acrylic reactors were conducted to develop optimum capping materials that can reduce phosphorus released from polluted sediments. The sediment used in the experiment was very fine clay(8.8 $\Phi$ in mean grain size), and organic carbon($C_{org}$) content was as high as 2%. Four kinds of batches with different capping materials Brucite($Mg(OH)_2$), Sea sand($SiO_2$), Granular-gypsum($CaSO_4{\cdot}2H_2O$), Double layer(brucite+sand), and one control batch were operated for 30 days. Phosphorus fluxes released from bottom sediments in the control batch were estimated to be 14.6 $mg{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}d^{-1}$, while 9.5 $mg{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}d^{-1}$, 5.2 $mg{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}d^{-1}$, 4.2 $mg{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}d^{-1}$, and 3.1 $mg{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}d^{-1}$ in the batch capped with Sea sand, Granular-gypsum, Double layer, and Brucite, respectively. The results obtained from lab-scale batch experiments show that there were 70% reduction of phosphorus for some materials such as Brucite, Double layer(brucite+sand), and whereas sea sand only about 35%. The pH range of surface sediment to which Brucite was applied showed about $8.0{\sim}9.5$ in the weak alkaline state. This effect can prevent liberation of $H_2O$. The addition of gypsum into the sediment can reduce the progress of methanogenesis because of fast early diagenesis and sufficient supply of $SO_4^{2-}$ to the sediments, stimulate the SRB highly. Therefore, the application of Brucite and Gypsum can reduce phosphorus release from the sediment as a result of formation of $Mg_5(OH)(PO_4)_3$, pyrite($FeS_x$), and apatite-mineral.