• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.425-429
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• 1994

The genuine aglycone, 20(S)-protopanaxadiol, obtained from the leaves of Panax ginseng as a result of direct alkaline treatment was isolated and characterized by spectroscopic evidences. The study on the yield of genuine aglycone which is produced from the treatment of some kinds of alkali was carried out. $Ginsenoside-Rh_2$ was synthesized by conjugation of 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-${\alpha}$-D-glucopyranosyl bromide to 20(S)-protopanaxadiol in the presence of silver carbonate and cadmium cabonate. The preparation of $ginsenoside-Rh_2$ by this method is a new one which the yield of this saponin can be improved in the mild condition.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.100-106
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• 1976

The fine structure of the callus induced from epidermis of Panax ginseng leaves cultured on Murashige & Skoog medium plus kinetin 0.1mg/l, NAA 0.2mg/l and 2.4-D 0.5mg/l was observed. The cells composing callus tissue are mononucleus. Three types of cells were identified; cells with abundant cytoplasm, cells with relatively differentiated vacuoles and with numerous starch grains in the plastids and ones with highly differentiated vacuoles and with unsaturated lipid granules. Prolamellar body, plastid lamellae, plastid globules, stromacenter, fine tubules, crystal-containing body and DNA-like structures were observed in the stroma of the plastids. The chromoplasts were identified in some cells believed as the mother cells of secretory cells in secretory ducts. Curved or straight micro-fibrils of 100~150A in diameter were observed in the cytoplasm. And the characteristics of cell organelles and cell inclusions and the vacuole formation in callus tissues were discussed.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.144-149
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• 1992

Invertase was extracted from Korean ginseng(Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer) leaf with deionized water, and then prepared by ammonium sulfate(0.4~0.6 Sat.) fractionation, the enzymological properties of the invertase were investigated, and the results obtained were as follows. The optimum pH and temperature of the enzyme were pH 6.0 and 4$0^{\circ}C$ respectively. The enzyme was stable in the pH range of pH 6.0 to 8.0, and at the temperature below 4$0^{\circ}C$. The enzyme was inactivated completely by the treatment with some proteases(pepsin, trypsin, papain and ficin) and protein denaturants(8M urea and 6M guanidine-HCI), but not with glycosidases (a-amylase, $\beta$-amylase and glucoamylase). The enzyme catalyzed specifically the hydrolization of the $\beta$-fructofuranosides such as sucrose and inulin.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.105-111
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• 1982

These studies were undertaken to elucidate the reasons for the low productivity of ginseng by comparing the rate of $CO_2$-fixation and photorespiration, variation in the amounts of intermediates and enzyme activities of glycolate oxidase and catalase in ginseng with those of potato. The ability of $CO_2$-fixation in ginseng was found to be one half of that of potato and there were significant differences between those two plants in the rate of $^{14}C$ incorporated into glutamate, aspartate, malate and 3-PGA, but little differences in P-glycolate, glycolate, serine and glycine. The ratio of photorespiration to dark respiration and the activities of glycolate oxidase and catalase in the two species were about same, but ginseng showed higher ratio in photorespiration to total $CO_2$-fixation than potato did. These results indicated that the low productivity of ginseng may resulted from the low $CO_2$-fixation ability and high rate of photorespiration.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.172-177
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• 1984

Saponins in leaf and stem of Gynostemma pentaphyllum that was collected from Jeju Island were extracted by the method for ginseng saponin. Comparison by overlapping chromatogram(HPLC) of pentaphyllum on that of ginseng and cochromatogram and ginseng although ginsenoside Rg2, Rg1 and Rf might be in common with rare possibility. It seems to be little difference in the kind of saponin glycosides between leaf and stem of pentaphyllum. Saponin content in leaf of pentaphyllum was higher than in stem, and much higher than those in ginseng. The kind of saponin glycoside in pentaphyllum appeared to be less than 22 and greater than those in ginseng. There was almost no change in saponins of pentaphyllum in methanol for 3 years at room temperature.

• 한국약용작물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2008.05a
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• pp.158-159
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• 2008

• Bulletin of Food Technology
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.127-135
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• 1996

카로티노이드는 동식물계에 널리 분포하고 있는 황, 등, 적 혹은 자색의 대표적인 천연색소군으로서 자연계에서 약 1억톤/년 생산되고 있다. 이와 같이 막대한 량의 카로틴의 저장고는 식품의 잎, 동물플랑크톤, 조류 등이며 따라서 카로틴의 산업적 이용은 대단히 중요하다. 카로티노이드의 종류는 현재 약 600여종 정도 밝혀져 있으며 세계적으로 널리 이용되고 있는 것은 천연과 합성품을 포함하여 $\beta$-카로틴, $\beta$-아포카로테날, 칸타잔신, 아스타잔신 등과 그외 아나토추출물, 인삼유, 옥수수유, 파프리카, 사프란, 토마토추출물, 조류(algae) 등을 들 수 있으며 이들 카로티노이드 소재는 의약품, 식품, 사료등 다양한 용도로 사용되고 있다. 한편 $\beta$-카로틴, 아스타잔신 및 일부 카로티노이드 등은 30년간의 역학적 조사와 최근의 실증실험을 통해 암발생을 억제하는 물질로 규명되고 있으며 강력한 항산화성을 나타내고 있을 뿐만 아니라 동물의 번식 및 성장률 개선, 질병발생 억제, 어육의 색상개선 등 고차기능성을 나타내는 것으로 알려지고 있어 향후 다양한 분야에 이용가능성이 높아지고 있다. 본고에서는 최근 주목을 받고 있는 카로티노이드를 중심으로 생물 기능성 및 향후 이용전망에 대해 다루고자 하였다.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.164-169
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• 2007

Three kinds of disease occurring on ginseng leaves, such as grey mold, Alternaria blight, and anthracnose, started at the beginning of June, July, and August, respectively. The disease incidence was rapidly increased from the beginning of rainy season. To develop the control system with fungicides, 6 fungicides were selected and applied on ginseng at the indicated time. Calculating the control value by using the area under the disease progressing curve (AUDPC), the control activities of the supervised control system with fungicides were 61.7, 78.8 and 70.5% against grey mold, Alternaria blight, and anthracnose, respectively. The application of the mixture of carbendazim and diethofencarb on first of June was very important in control system with fungicides. If it was deleted in control system, control value was decreased against grey mold. In the case of Alternaria blight and anthracnose, the application of difenoconazole on July 18, and trifloxystrobin on August 7 were indispensible. If difenoconazole and trifloxystrobin were not applied on July 18, and August 7, the control activities against Alternaria blight and anthracnose, respectively, were decreased to 28.9% and 44.4%.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.279-282
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• 2008

This study was conducted to compare the aerial parts growth, yield of fresh ginseng roots, quality of red ginseng roots, and photosynthesis (Fv/Fm, PSII) in leaves between non-irrigation plot and furrow irrigation plot during the ginseng growing seasons. The aerial part growth in furrow irrigation plot was higher than non-irrigation plot in all including the emergency rate, leafing rate and relatively growth rate. Root yield per 10a in irrigation plot was increased about 50% as compared with that of non-irrigation, also heaven and earth grade of red ginseng roots yield in irrigation plot was higher (40.3%) compared with that (30.6%) of non-irrigation plot in 6-years-old ginseng plant. Furrow irrigation markedly improved the ginseng quality and yield in comparison to non irrigation condition. Therefore it needs to control the soil moisture during the growing season for high yield and good qualities of ginseng roots.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.297-304
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• 2002

This study was conducted to investigate the influence of dietary Panax Ginseng Refuse(PGR), Dioscorea Japonica Refuse(DJR) and Oriental Medicine Refuse(OMR) on performance(feed intake, body weight gain, feed conversion, mortality) of Korean Native Chicken(KNC). KNC were randomly assigned to one of the 4 dietary treatment : 1) control(commercial feed), 2) PGR(commercial feed supplemented with 5% panax ginseng leaves) 3) DJR(commercial feed with 5% dioscorea japonica hulls and 4) OMR (commercial feed with 5% oriental medicine refuse). 160 KNC were fed one of the above experimental diet for 12 weeks and slaughtered at 20 weeks of age. Daily DM intake of control, PGR, DJR and OMR diet were 125.79g, 122.26g, 122.30g and 123.72g, respectively, with no significantly difference(p$>$0.05). The DM utilizability of control and DJR(62.89% and 61.20%) diets were higher(p$<$0.05) than those of PGR and OMR(55.44% and 59.76%)(p$<$0.05). 16 weeks weight of bird fed control, PGR, DJR and OMR diets were 1,436.6g, 1,427.2g, 1,546g and 1,422.0g respectively with DJR being the highest than other treatments(p$<$0.05). Total feed intake of control, PGR, DJR and OMR diets were 6,087g, 5,947g, 5,816g and 5,852g, respectively where control was higher than other treatments. The feed conversion of PGR, DJR and OMR were higher than the control. Chicken housed mortality of control, PGR, DJR and OMR were respectively 24, 15, 13 and 20 birds with rather lower mortality in the supplented groups(p$<$0.05). The body weight, carcass weight and carcass yield were not different among the treatments. But abdominal fat of chicken in control and OMR groups were higher than that of DJR and PGR groups.