• Korea journal of population studies
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.98-114
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• 1995

Since 1962 the Korean society has undergone a rapid transformation under government policies to achieve maximum economic growth. Urbanization via massive rural to urban migration has been observed to be connected with a rapid economic development. Based on the data from the government publications such as Population and Housing Census Reports and Korean Urban Yearbooks, this study measures inequalities in terms of the distribution of urban population. In a historical context, the pace of urbanization during the period 1966-1970 was characterized as the most rapid and the urban-rural growth difference(URGD), which is a valuable measure of the pace of urbanization, was the highest. In terms of regional pattern, Seoul dominated the urbanization picture of Korea during the period 1966-1970. Its annual growth rate was the fastest among those shown during the period 1960 to 1990 and also highest. However, Seoul's primacy was pulled down since 1970. The Gini coefficient, which is the most common general measure of inequalities in distribution, was the highest in 1980. Since 1980 it has continued to fall. As a result, it was lower in 1990 than in 1970. Despite lowering Gini coefficient, inequalities are still large. A concentration index also showed the same trends as those of Gini coefficent.

• KDI Journal of Economic Policy
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.139-166
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• 1988

본고(本稿)는 공적연금제도(公的年金制度)의 재정운용방식(財政運用方式)에 대해 고찰하고, 현행 국민연금제도(國民年金制度)의 재정추계(財政推計)를 위한 모형(模型)과 추계방법(推計方法)을 제시하고, 1988년부터 1992년까지의 추계결과(推計結果)를 분석하였다. 또한 현행제도의 문제점을 지적하고, 제도의 수정(修正)에 입각 할 때의 재정추계효과(財政推計效果)를 분석하였다. 연금재정운용방식(年金財政運用方式)으로서의 적립방식(積立方式)과 부과방식(賦課方式) 중 어떤 상황하(狀況下)에서 어느 방식(方式)이 유리(有利)한지에 대한 분석(分析)에서, 연금급여수준(年金給與水準)이 동일(同一)하다는 전제하에서 이자율(利子率)이 인구성장률(人口成長率)과 소득증대율(所得增大率)의 합(合)보다 큰 경우 적립방식(積立方式)이 유리하고, 그 반대의 경우 부과방식(賦課方式)이 유리하다는 것을 도출하였다. 추계결과(推計結果) 적립기금규모(積立基金規模)는 1988년말 약 5,800억(億)원에서 1992년말 4조(兆) 6,750억(億)원으로 연평균(年平均) 68.5%의 증가율을 나타낼 전망이며, 이식률수준(利殖率水準)에 따른 민감도분석(敏感度分析)에서 기금운용(基金運用)의 중요성을 보았다. 현행제도의 개선(改善)을 위해 갹출료산정기초(醵出料算定基礎)로서의 보수재산정(報酬再算定)과 연금급여산식(年金給與算式)의 재산정(再算定)을 제안하고, 이러한 수정(修正)에 의한 추계결과(推計結果), 갹출료수입(醵出料收入)의 증가(增加), 반환일시금(返還一時金)의 증가(增加), 급여지출(給與支出)의 증가(增加)로 나타났으며, 이에 따른 적립기금규모(積立基金規模)는 1988년 5,800억(億)원에서 7,240억(億)원으로, 1992년 4조(兆) 6,750억(億)원에서 5조(兆) 4,500억(億)원으로 개선되는 효과를 보았다.

• The Journal of Korean Institute for Practical Engineering Education
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.93-98
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• 2012

The ratio of youth unemployment is very high compared to that of total unemployment in Korea. The youth unemployment is especially severe problem because of hindering the accumulation of human capital which is an economic growth driving factor, and switching the youth to economically inactive population rapidly. So Korea government has tried to perform various polices to solve the youth unemployment. In this paper, the states and the characteristics of the company oriented education program among the countermeasure of youth unemployment in Korea, including Job Experience Program of the Youth, Youth Job System, Youth Internship System and Contract Based Department Program are investigated. And the problems of the company oriented education program are analyzed and an improved education program(M-to-M Model) is proposed.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.40 no.2 s.107
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• pp.202-220
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• 2005

The substantial economic expansion of the 1990s with the dramatic changes in the provision of welfare services in America, including welfare services for the homeless, had unexpected and differential impacts on homelessness and poverty rates across the states. This paper examines a spatial pattern and process of homelessness by counties in Maryland, USA, considering the spatial differences in the composition of financial income and expenditure with sharply different poverty situation and welfare services. This social geographical approach of homelessness in Maryland focuses on the changing personal characteristics of homeless people and the relation=hip between homelessness and poverty; homelessness and the provision of welfare services such as shelter beds and emergency food providers. It makes a conclusion that there is an uneven sociospatial patterns of homelessness, relating to diverse poverty situation and provision of welfare services for the homeless by variable welfare policy among counties, Maryland.

• 한국HCI학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2007.02b
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• pp.136-144
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• 2007

1990년대 후반까지 줄곧 광고 시장 점유율 1위를 차지하던 신문광고가 2001년을 기점으로 광고 시장 점유율의 지속적인 하락세를 보이고 있다. 이는 인터넷과 같은 경쟁적인 뉴미디어가 급격히 성장하는 데 그 원인이 있을 뿐만 아니라, 신문의 광고효과를 산출하는 과학적 방법론이 부족하다는 데에도 그 원인이 있다. 이러한 문제의식에서 출발하여, 본 연구에서는 안구운동 추적(eyetracking)을 활용하여 신문광고의 노출효과를 측정했다. 이를 위하여, 기존 신문 구독자의 인구통계학적 분포에 따라 추출된 50명의 표본을 대상으로, 신문의 면내 광고별 체류시간을 헤드 마운트형 안구운동 추적기(head-mounted eyetracker)를 활용하여 측정했다. 실험 결과, 데이터의 95%가 기존의 주의-기억 단계를 따르는 순차적인 정보처리모델과 스타치 구독률 조사(starch readership reports) 결과와 안구운동 추적 결과와 일치했다. 하지만, 5%의 데이터가 주의와 기억 단계의 차이에 기인한 이월 효과(carry-out)로 순차적인 정보처리모델과 일치하지 않는 것으로 나타났다. 즉 5%가량이 광고를 보지 않았음에도 봤다고 표시했다. 또한, 기존에 스타치 구독률 조사와 같은 재인 측정 방법을 통하여 간접적으로 측정하였던 기존의 신문 광고 노출율(보통 30%)에 비하여, 직접 측정한 결과 60%에 달하는 광고 노출율을 보였다. 이는 기존의 인식과 달리, 스타치 구독률 조사가 단순 노출 정도가 아니라, 응답자의 선택적인 기억 결과를 측정한 것임을 보여준다. 이로써, 안구운동 추적을 활용한 노출효과측정은 기존에 스타치 구독률 조사에서 놓치고 있는 부분을 보완할 수 있는 기법임을 보여준다. 또한 이 기법에 의하여 도출된 노출율은 60%에 달하여 기존의 약30%로 제시된 연구결과들이 실제로 측정기법의 한계로 인하여, 기억이 가지고 있는 왜곡을 그대로 반영한 노출율에 관한 자료를 쓰는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구에서 제안된 노출효과 측정방법론은 기존의 왜곡된 데이터를 보완하고, 신문 광고 시장의 과학적인 측정기법을 발전시키는 데 의미 있는 기여를 할 것으로 기대한다.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute Of Construction Engineering and Management
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• 2004.11a
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• pp.571-574
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• 2004

It is rapidly expanding to provide Home Digital Service based on the Home Network System in intelligent apartment. Fortunately, Korea has one of the highest rates of Internet penetration and access in the world. Construction companies used the Home Network system as a strategy of differentiation and it is available to the customers to raise their asset value. Besides, the government has a positive response to accept the new movements to make the digital environment with 'u-Korea (Ubiquitous Korea)' as the slogan. However, the level of providing Home Digital Service is actually at the beginning. The develop the home network industry more effectively, the related industries' cooperation is essential. The purpose of this study is to propose a providing model of Home Network System for the construction company and to make a method to response the fast change of technology development and customer's request at the point of construction companies' view.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship
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• v.2 no.3
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• pp.123-143
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• 2007

The world has become the most globalize in the new millenium since the beginning of the human being history. In proportion to female economic activity has increased, we have seen many women CEO. Top class sociologists have already started to study female Cooperation. Gradually, they are using highly advanced statistical methods and scientific tools to demonstrate their theory. As survey, this study of relations between CEO characteristics and performance of Woman's Enterprise, we are looking forward to provide a implication about between strengthen the competitiveness and improvement in outcome theoretically and practically. This study executed to woman establishment enterprise among national woman enterprise and to collect achieved data. Analysis result, Woman founder's characteristic and enterprise have been shown to influence school ability among demographic characteristic. Also, management ability, entrepreneurship, technological ability have been shown to influence sales, market share, profitability. According to research, it IS important for business women to know management, improving of technology ability and entrepreneurship.

• Journal of Korea Port Economic Association
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.61-87
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• 2001

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the location, population growth. and cargo concentration of Korean port-cities. In the location theory, Sommer (1976) and McGee (1967) models are newly introduced, as are the Rimmer (1967), Bird (1965), Hoyle (1981) models. which were already introduced in previous studies from Korea. Analysis of population growth in the Korean port-cities is conducted using data from 1966 to 1998. Rimmer and Hoyle's concentration models are used to measure cargo concentration from 1966 to 2000. The main results of this paper are as follows: First, Korean ports are concentrated on the East Sea, the Southern Sea, and the West Sea. Their locations are closely related with the hinterland. the inland city, and growth of port-cities. In considering the foreign countrys' cases, Korean port-cities are similar to the models of Bird and Hoyle. Second, the populations of Ulsan and Pohang grew at the fastest rate in 1966-1998, while the port cities in the Honam and Jeiu region grew at much lower ratios. Most port cities are located near large industrial complexes. Third the growth rates of Gwangyang, Daesan, Pohang, Pyungtaeg, and Samchunpo increased, while those of Busan. Mukho, Masan, Mogpo, Yeosu, and Sokcho declined. Of particular note, the growth rate of Busan remained negative after the late 1980s. Fourth. empirical results using the Rimmer (1967) model indicate that Gwangyang, Daesan, Pyungtag, and Pohang have shown the concentration. But the deconcentration was shown from the Busan, Mukho, Janghang, Gunsan, Mogpo, Yeosu, Masan, Sokcho. and Jeju. Fifth, the concentration of ports located in West coast region has shown the mixed results between concentration and deconcentration except the concentration of early 1970s and 1990s. The concentration of ports located in East coast region has shown the concentration before the middle of 1980s. And deconcentration after the middle of 1980s have appeared. The Southern coast region has shown the continuous deconcentration except the partial concentration of early 1986. and 1991. Planners of Korean ports should find out the factors of concentration and deconcentration of each ports and should determine factors such as investment priority level. size and scope in order to ensure the balanced development of regional ports and port-cities.

• Proceedings of the Plant Resources Society of Korea Conference
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• 2012.05a
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• pp.11-11
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• 2012

차나무(Camellia sinensis (L.) O.Kuntze)는 열대, 아열대, 온대지역에서 자라는 교목 또는 관목의 영년생 상록수이다. 차는 초기 약효에 의하여 이용하기 시작하였으나 현대에 이르러 그 독특한 풍미로 인하여 전 세계 인구의 절반 이상이 음용하는 중요한 기호음료이다. 강우량이 많고 따듯한 곳에서 생육이 왕성한 차나무는 현재 한국, 중국, 일본, 동남아시아의 온난지역, 남아메리카, 아프리카 및 러시아 등지에 이르는 넓은 지역에 분포하고 있다. 2,000년의 역사를 가지는 한국의 차산업은 주로 경남과 전남, 전북, 제주 등지에서 재배 생산되고 있다. 1970년대 이후 생활수준의 향상과 함께 점차적으로 수요가 늘어나면서 생산량은 1970년 55톤에서 1993년 617톤, 2010년 3,586톤으로 약 65배 이상 증가하였다. 차산업은 찻잎을 원료로 한 생활용품 등 다양한 가공품의 생산과 문화산업, 관광산업까지 포함하는 고부가가치 작목으로 매년 재배 면적이 크게 증가하였다. 최근에는 재배면적의 급속한 증가와 수입확대, 소비환경의 변화로 산지 재고가 증가하는 등 녹차 재배 농가의 어려움이 가중되고 있어 향후 수급 불균형이 우려되고 있다. 세계의 차 무역량은 연간 약 160만 톤, 재배면적은 약 256만 ha, 생산량은 약 320만 톤에 달한다. 아직까지는 수입 녹차에 대한 높은 관세율(514%)의 보호 아래 있지만, 중국이나 일본 등에 비해 가격, 품질, 상품개발 면에서 뒤떨어져 있는 실정이다. 또한 현재 외국에서 수입되고 있는 다양한 차들이 소비자의 기호에 영향을 미치고 있으며 특히 가격 경쟁력이 떨어지는 상황이다. 향후 차시장의 전면적인 개방에 대비하기 위해서는 경쟁력 있는 수출전략과 함께 국내 산업을 안정적으로 성장시키기 위한 전력을 모색해야한다. 주요 차생산국의 다원은 15도 이내의 경사지에 생성되어 있으나 30도 내외의 경사지도 다원 조성에 무리가 없다. 우리나라는 약 200만ha의 경사지를 포함하고 있어 차재배지 확대에 무한한 잠재력을 가지고 있다.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Radiology
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• v.14 no.5
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• pp.537-543
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• 2020

The elderly population in the modern society is growing rapidly due to advance medical technology and minimally invasive surgery. Therefore, as the tendency to use medical device is increasing, pathogenic infection is a concern. Therefore, the first aim of modern medicine is infection prevention in medical place. Recently, patient implants are increasing using 3D printing. Hydroxyapatite is used as a representative material. And, there haven't had currently absorbed dose standard for sterilization of hydroxyapatite discs. Escherichia coli and Streptococcus mutans contaminated on the surface of hydroxyapatite discs were irradiated at each absorbed dose of 0, 0.5, 1.0, 3.0, 5.0 kGy using Gamma-ray of cobalt and Electron-beam of linear accelerator. Then, the number of bacteria was measured in the sample by the decimal dilution method. After sterilization, a non-parametric testing method was performed to compare the survival of Escherichia coli and Streptococcus mutans. As a result, Escherichia coli was sterilized at 1 kGy or more and Streptococcus mutans at 3 kGy or more on absorbed dose. It is considered possible to perform sterilization at a lower value than the recommended absorbed dose of radiation sterilization.