• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.38 no.5
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• pp.122-133
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• 2010

Humans desire the achievement a of sense of unity between themselves and place to create an identity of place as a realization of his or her sense of belonging. Humans develop ideas from their culture and environment to be expressed physically within the landscape through symbols. Symbols are formed within a place through the structure of the space and, more visually, through the details. The purpose of this paper is to examine the structure of space and the details of 'the Courtyard of the lions' in the Alhambra and to study how the details influence the formation of the identity of place. This paper also compares the structure and details in terms of the meaning of symbols, design languages, cultural, social and historical background and the experience of the place. The structure of the space in 'the Courtyard of the Lions' represents Paradise in the Islamic religion a common theme in the composition of traditional Islamic gardens. The design languages expressed within the structure are order, balance, accent and enclosure; the inherit meanings of the structure are religion, the natural environment and way of life. The details tell of the ideology of Paradise, royalty, nature, and praise of God, while their design languages include physical and visual continuity, accent, variation, the feeling of movement, rhythm, and depth perception. The details also express the historical background of the Dynasty of Nasrid and the style of Mudejar. The name 'the Courtyard of the Lions' was taken from the detail of the lim figures, details within the landscape which are important in building an identity of place. This study demonstrates that the details at 'the Courtyard of the lions' achieved a sense of unity between man and place. In conclusion, details have immense influence in building of the identity of place.

• Journal of Korea Multimedia Society
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• v.13 no.5
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• pp.651-662
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• 2010

This paper describes a method to identify objects for autonomous navigation of an outdoor mobile robot. To identify objects, the robot recognizes the object from an image taken by moving robot on outdoor environment. As a beginning, this paper presents the candidates for a segment of region to building of artificial object, sky and trees of natural objects. Then we define their characteristics individually. In the process, we segment the regions of the objects included by preprocessing using multiple features. Multiple features are HSI, line segments, context information, hue co-occurrence matrix, principal components and vanishing point. An analysis of building identifies the geometrical properties of building facet such as wall region, windows and entrance. The building as intersection in vertical and horizontal line segment of vanishing point extracts the mesh. The wall region of building detect by merging the mesh of the neighbor parallelograms that have similar colors. The property estimates the number of story and rooms in the same floors by merging skewed parallelograms of the same color. We accomplish the result of image segmentation using multiple features and the geometrical properties analysis of object through experiments.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.201-211
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• 2011

As the spacetime restriction free business becomes possible in compliance with the wide spread of social media through rapid propagation of smart phones and remote working etc., the positive activity for successful smart work implementation by major countries and many enterprises are being deployed. Korea which falled behind other advanced countries for adoption of smartwork needs to make double efforts in the forthcoming smartwork business area to be a continuous leading country as it used to be in the past IT area. Compare with traditional smartwork 1.0, future smartwork 2.0 is more creative, innovative and human/nature friendly. Smartwork 2.0 is the way of working to maximize the creativity by involving outside cooperators' capability and conforming to human sensitivity and emotion. This study suggests the management models proper to the future smartwork environment. This study will review the existing enterprises, government operation and rethink about the efficient management models in the rapidly changing smart work environment.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.43 no.6
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• pp.543-553
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• 2010

This study was focused on the mineralogical and geochemical characteristics of field soil of the Baekje Kingdom from K wongbawigol site in Jeongdongri, Buyeo and whether the bricks from Songsanri Tombs and Muryung's Royal Tomb were made of soil from this site. Soil samples show the similar size fraction as a silt loam and acidic soil, whereas some samples have the enrichment of organic matter, P and S. Also, they have similar geochemical behavior of elements and similar mineral phases consisting of quartz, plagioclase, orthoclase, vermiculite, mica and kaolinite. The enrichment of iron oxide is found in some soil layer, including the iron oxide mottling and precipitation along plant roots and they are attributed to repeat oxidation and reduction environments due to flooding and drainage of field soil. It's anthropogenic alteration by human activity. Especially, it is assumed that the concentration of the iron oxides found in bricks from Muryung's Royal Tomb and Songsanri Tombs is the additional evidence that soil in this study is probably the raw materials of those bricks.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.158-171
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• 2010

The flora of Deokjeok Island was investigated 35 times from September 2007 to September 2008. Based on voucher specimens, the study indicated that this area consisted of 535 taxa in total; 108 families, 320 genera, 480 species, 2 subspecies, 45 varieties and 8 forms were present. Compositae and Graminae were the first and second most common families surveyed in the region, respectively. Among the more remarkable examples found were four taxa of Korean endemic plants, six taxa of rare and endangered plants designated by National Arboretum, and 55 taxa of specific plants that have been designated by the Ministry of Environment. Furthermore, 50 taxa of naturalized plants were observed and they occupied 17.9% of the total in the surveyed area. Although some parts of the investigated region were disturbed by human impact, the ecological status was comparatively well preserved. However, the area where the remarkable plants were discovered should be more systematically protected. Since the proportion of naturalized plants in the human habitation area was considerably high and the spreading of these plants seems consistent, it is expected that the ecosystem of this area may become critically unstable in near future.

• Proceedings of the Korean Quaternary Association Conference
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• 2004.11a
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• pp.75-76
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• 2004

일산 이산포 BH-4 발굴단면의 퇴적물 시료로부터 화분 포자 및 담수성과 해양성조류화석이 다양하고 풍부하게 산출되었다. 산출된 식물기원 미화석 중, 목본화분 $25{\sim}60%$, 초본화분 $15{\sim}70%$ 그리고 포자 $4{\sim}30%$ 각각 구성 되었다. 또한 담수성 조류(freshwater algae)는 전체 단면구간에서 산출된 반면, 와편모류(dinoflagellate), 아크리타치(acritarch)와 같은 해양성조류(marine algae)는 하부단면구간(절대고도: 3.31-2.74 m)에서만 산출되었다. 산출된 화분 포자 및 통계처리기법(CONISS)을 이용하여 2개의 지역화분대 (local pollen a assemblage zone) 및 4개의 아화분대(local pollen assemblage subzone)가 설정되었다. 제I화분대(시료 $Al-2{\sim}A6-1$, 고도 $2.70{\sim}3.31\;m$)는 다시 제Ia아화분대(시료 $Al-2{\sim}A3-1$, 고도 $2.70{\sim}3.00\;m$)와 제Ib아화분대(시료 $A4-2{\sim}A6-1$, 고도 $3.01{\sim}3.31\;m$)로 세분되었으며; 제II화분대(시료 $A7-2{\sim}A10-1$, 고도 $3.32{\sim}3.72\;m$) 역시 두개의 아화분대인 제IIa(시료 $A7-2{\sim}A8-1$, 고도 $3.32{\sim}3.51\;m$)와 제lIb(시료 $A9-2{\sim}A10-1$, 고도 $3.53{\sim}3.72\;m$)로 이루어졌다. 화분군집조성에 의하면, 미화석들이 퇴적되었던 시기동안에 2개의 산림(forest)형태가 발달했던 나타났다. 제I화분대(고도, $3.31{\sim}2.74\;m$)의 시기동안에는 침엽수와 낙엽활엽수로 이루어진 혼합림으로, 주요 식생은 2엽소나 무(Diploxylon), 가문비((Picea), 낙엽송(Larix)의 침엽수와 참나무(Quercus), 자작나무(Betula), 개암나무(Corylus), 중국굴피 나무속(Pterocarya)의 낙엽활엽수 등이 산악-구릉지에서 주로 서식하였던 것으로 나타났다. 또한 습생나무인 오리나무(Alnus), 버드나무(Salix)등과 해안가 등지에서 잘 서식하는 양치식물과 사초과(Cyperaceae), 명아주과(Chenopodiaceae) 같은 풀들이 하구언(estuary)의 해안가에 주로 서식하였던 것으로 나타났다. 이 시기동안에 해양성조류인 와편모류와 담수성 조류가 동시에 다양하게 산출되는 것은 하구언 퇴적환경이었음을 잘 지시해 준다. 제II화분대(고도, 43.72{\sim}3.36\;m$)가 시작되면서 혼합림은 침엽수림으로 바뀌었으며, 낙엽활엽수들의 서식지가 2엽소나무로 대치되면서 침엽수가 주요 수종을 이루었던 것으로 나타났다. 아마도 이런 산림형태는 자연 기후환경변화 뿐만 아니라 인간간섭에 의해 나타난 결과로 생각된다. 이 시기에 경작식물인 벼과(Gramineae), 옥수수(Zea), 메밀(Fagopyrum)과 논밭의 뚝 등지 에서 서식하는 돼지풀(Ambrosia) 등이 처음으로 산출되는 것으로 보아 인간간섭이 행해졌음을 잘 뒷 받침해준다. 또한 담수성 조류는 변함없이 산출되는 반면, 해양성조류인 와편모류가 산출되지 않는 것으로 보아 해안환경에서 다소 멀 어진 저지대의 습윤한 충적대지환경으로 변하였던 것으로 판단된다.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.95-105
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• 2022

Busan, where the coastal ecosystem health is deteriorating due to high development pressure and intensity of use, needs ecosystem management that considers humans and the natural environment together for sustainable use and ecosystem preservation of the coastal areas. In this study, the InVEST model was applied to assess the habitat status of the coastal land and coastal sea to manage the ecosystem based on habitats. As a result of the assessment of the coastal land, the habitat quality of Gadeok-do, Igidae, and Sinseondae, Gijang-gun are high, and Seo-gu, Jung-gu, Dong-gu, and Suyeong-gu are low. In the case of the coastal sea, the habitat risk of the Nakdong river estuary is low, and some areas of Yeongdo-gu, Saha-gu, Gangseo-gu are high. Therefore, for the sustainable use and preservation of coastal ecosystems, it is necessary to prepare ecosystem-based management measures to improve damaged habitats and reduce threats. In addition, the impact on coastal seas should be fully considered when planning coastal land development. The results of the InVEST habitat quality model in coastal land show similar tendencies to the biotope and environmental conservation value assessment map. The results of the habitat risk assessment in the coastal sea are expected to be utilized to identify habitats in the coastal sea and management of threat factors.

• Cartoon and Animation Studies
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• s.46
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• pp.63-84
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• 2017

Overwhelming images of vividly colored aircraft flying across the blue sky and steam gushing from massive machines are reminiscent of Japanese animation films, especially of works by master director Hayao Miyazaki. By presenting together steam engines, which are mechanical devices of the Industrial Age in the past, and aircraft of the future age, the director constructs ambiguous space and time. These special time and space constitute nostalgia for past time, with devices called steam engines as a medium, and a longing for science and the future as represented by aircraft. In addition, the anticipation and disappointment, ideals and regrets of humans who see these two from the perspective of the present are projected on the works. This shares the characteristic of the steam punk genre, which seeks to return to the past rather than to face current problems. A subgenre of science fiction (henceforth "sci-fi"), steam punk reflects fundamental skepticism of science and technology and mechanized civilization, which have developed beyond human control. In addition, as works that clearly display such characteristics, director Miyazaki's and < $Nausica{\ddot{a}}$ of the Valley of Wind> can be examined. With spectacles of steam engines and aircraft, these two works enticingly visualize narratives about nature and humans and about the environment and destruction. Such attractiveness on the part of the master director's works has led to support from fans worldwide. However, often in the backgrounds of director Miyazaki's works, which have depicted ideal worlds of nature, environment, and community as highly concentrated fantasies, lie presuppositions of war and the end of the world. As works that are especially prominent in such characteristics, there are and . These two works betray the expectations of the audience by establishing the actual wartime as the temporal background and proceeding toward narratives of reality. Trapped in the ontological identity of the director himself, the war depicted by him projects a subjective and romantic attitude. Such a problem stems also from the ambiguity of the hybrid space and time, which is basic to the steam punk genre. This is because the basic characteristic of steam punk is to transplant past time, which humans were able to control, in the future from a perspective of optimism and longing via steam engines rather than to face current problems. In this respect, steam punk animation films in themselves can be seen as having significance and limitations at the same time.

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.15-30
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• 1998

Physical geography is the discipline which deals with the relationship between man and natural environment. Therefore, it should be studied as the organized unity. In this paper I recognize the drainage basin as a framework outlining physical geography, describe the difference of inhabitant's life style due to the difference of natural environment in the drainage basin, and consider the meaning of drainage basin as a unit of life(and unit of regional geography). Munkyung is divided into three regions(intermontane basin region, middle mountainous region, marginal hilly region of the great basin) owing to the topographic characteristics. Subdivision in these regions is related closely to drainage network distribution, specially in intermontane basin region. And small regions have developed with the confluence point of $3{\sim}4$ order streams as the central figure. Intermontane basin region is the valley floor of Sinbuk-Soya-Kauun-Nongam stream located in the limestone region which is exposed according to Munkyung fault at its northern part. Small streams are affected strongly by the influence of the NNE-SSE or WNW-ESE tectolineament. Thus Kaeripryungro(鷄立嶺路), Saejaegil(새재길), Ewharyungro(伊火嶺路) and so on are constructed through the tectolineament. In the valley floors of small streams which flow into the intermontane basin, there are large floodplains. Floodplain in Sinbuk, Joryung, and Yangsan stream is used to paddy field or orchard, and in Nongam stream is used to paddy field or vegetable field. Hills are distributed largely in the periphery of intermontane basin. Limestone hills in Kauun and Masung basin are not continuous to the present low and flat floodplain, and most of those are used to forest land and field. On the other side. granite hills in Koyori are continuous to be used to the present floodplain, and they are used to residential area and field. In the middle mountainous region are there hilly mountains constructed in the geology of Palaeozoic Pyeongan System in northern area and Chosun System's Limestone Series in southern area, and banded gneiss and schist among Sobaeksan Gneiss Complex. In Palaeozoic Pyeongan System region are there relatively rugged mountains and ingrown meanders developed along tectolineaments. Chosun System's Limestone Series region builds up a geomorphic surface, develops various karst landforms. Mountainous area is used to field. On the other hand, especially in case of Hogye, valley bottom is wide, long, and discontinuous to slope, is used to paddy field dominantly. And schist region in Youngnam Block of Pre-Cambrian is rugged mountainous. Marginal hilly region of the great basin is hilly zone located in the margin of erosional basin(Bonghwa-Youngju-Yechon-Hamchang-Sangju). This region is lower geomorphic surface which is consisted of hills of $50{\sim}100$m height. Hills are used to field or orchard, and dissected gentle depression is used to paddy field.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.50 no.3
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• pp.255-276
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• 2015

This paper presents a multi-agent system model of land-use and cover changes, which is developed and applied to the Gariwang-san and its vicinity, located in Pyeongchang and Jeongseon-gun, Gangwon province, Korea. The Land Use Dynamics Simulator (LUDAS) framework of this study is well suited for representing the spatial heterogeneity and dynamic interactions between human and natural environment, and capturing the impacts of forest-opening policy interventions to future socio-economic and natural environment changes. The model consists of four components: (1) a system of human population, (2) a system of landscape environment, (3) decision-making procedures integrating human(or household), environmental and policy information into forest land-use decisions, and (4) a set of policy scenarios that are related to the forest-opening. The results of model simulation by different combination of various forest management scenarios are assessed by the levels of household income, ecosystem service value and income inequality in the study region. As a result, the optimal scenario of forest-opening policies in the study region is to open the forest to local residential community for the purpose of recreation, considering the distinctive topographical feature. The model developed in this research is expected to contribute to a decision support system for sustainable forest management and various land-use policies in Korea.