• Korean Journal of Logic
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.83-133
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• 2015

In this paper, I pose a problem for Hitchcock's arguments for two concepts of effects that are intended to explicate double causal effects, and put forth a theory that is intended not just to meet the problem but also to accommodate Hitchcock's theory and Eells' theory both. First, I introduce an example of dual causal effects, and examine the accounts of Otte(1985) and Eells(1987) on how to explicate the dual effects. I show that their accounts of the dual effects help us understand the problem of dual effects and see how different it is for Cartwright(1979, 1989, 1995), Eells(1991, 1995), and Hitchcock(2001a) to meet the problem. Second, I introduce two concepts of effects on Hitchcock(2001a), that is, net effect and component effect that are allegedly analogous to two effects of structural equation model. Third, I reveal the significance of homogeneous subpopulation and causal interaction regarding the problem of dual effects while examining Cartwright's theory and Elles' theory. Fourth, I critically examine the two concepts of effects on Hitchcock and argue against Hitchcock's criticism of Eells' theory. Fifth, I take a moderator variable of structural equation model and a moderator effect into the probabilistic theory of causality, and formally generalize causal interaction due to the dual effects in terms of disjunctive relation and counterfactual conditionals. I expect my account of disjunctive relation and counterfactual conditionals to contribute not just to several problems the received theories of causal modelling confront but also to the structural equation models many people exploit as a promising statistical methodology.

• Proceedings of the Korean Radioactive Waste Society Conference
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• 2005.06a
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• pp.464-473
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• 2005

Methodologies of NEWTRIT model, NRC model and AIRDOS-EPA model, which are off-site dose assessment models for regulatory compliance from routine releases of tritium into the environment, were investigated. Using the domestic data, if available, the predictive results of the models were compared. Among them, recently developed NEWTRIT model considers only doses from organically bounded tritium (OBT) due to environmental releases of tritiated water (HTO). A total dose from all exposure pathways predicted from AIRDOS-EPA model was 1.03 and 2.46 times higher than that from NEWTRIT model and NRC model, respectively. From above result, readers should not have an understanding that a predictive dose from NRC model may be underestimated compared with a realistic dose. It is because of that both mathematical models and corresponding parameter values for regulatory compliance are based on the conservative assumptions. For a dose by food consumption predicted from NEWTRIT model, the contribution of OBT was nearly equivalent to that of HTO due to relatively high consumption of grains in Korean. Although a total dose predicted from NEWTRIT model is similar to that from AIRDOS-EPA model, NEWTRIT model may be have a meaning in the understanding of phenomena for the behavior of HTO released into the environment.

• Archives of design research
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.353-362
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• 2004

This research has been done to evaluate the interior environmental factors in Gyungro-dang to suggest the advanced recommendations for them. For this research, the essential interior elements influencing on elderly's behavior were examined with the developed checklist, the lighting and color conditions of main hall at 14 facilities in Seoul area were analysed, and 124 subjects staying at Gyungro-dang were participated in questionaire survey for color preferences. Results showed that 1.The average installation rate of 39 items in checklist was 59%, the mandatory items such as accessible dimension were considered, but several items related to mobility and safety were not properly installed. Therefore not only guiding handrail and floor block to destination but also elimination of obstacles should be reconsidered. 2.The average of illuminances was 289 Lux dose to standard 300 Lux, but lighting quality was too low to support the activities of elderly users. The lighting control devices, combined lighting sources, and suitable lighting techniques should be applied for those facilities. 3.Most facilities were predominantly in warm colors in hue, medium or high value, low saturation, and natural atmosphere with similarity harmony. The color applications in those facilities were not functional, but similar as color preferences for the elderly except overall atmosphere. It is recommendable to include contrast harmony with classic or romantic mood.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.128-135
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• 2009

This paper is the monitoring results of some heavy metals (lead, cadmium, arsenic, mercury) in herbal medicines and their intake rates. The monitoring of lead, cadmium, arsenic and mercury was carried out on 600 samples with 60 kinds of herbal medicines. And the transfer ratio of heavy metals in the water-boiled drinks w as calculated. The results show that lead was detected over the Maximum Residue Limits (MRL) in 10 samples (7 species). Cadmium was detected over the MRM in 69 samples (19 species). Arsenic was detected over the MRM in 3 samples (3 species). Mercury was detected over the MRM in 13 samples (10 species). We need continuously monitoring to ensure confidence and safety for these herbal medicines. In case of the water-boiled drink, average intake rates of lead, cadmium, arsenic and mercury are 9.77%, 6.72%, 26.1% and 6.79%, respectively.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.11 no.9
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• pp.3451-3457
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• 2010

Cyber security assessment is the process of determining how effectively an entity being assessed meets specific cyber security objectives. Cyber security assessment helps to measure the degree of confidence one has and to identify that the managerial, technical and operational measures work as intended to protect the I&C systems and the information it processes. Recently, needs for cyber security on digitalized nuclear I&C systems are increased. However the overall cyber security program, including cyber security assessment, is not established on those systems. This paper presents the methodology of cyber security assessment which is appropriate for nuclear I&C systems. This methodology provides the qualitative assessments that may formulate recommendations to bridge the security risk gap through the incorporated criteria. This methodology may be useful to the nuclear organizations for assessing the weakness and strength of cyber security on nuclear I&C systems. It may be useful as an index to the developers, auditors, and regulators for reviewing the managerial, operational and technical cyber security controls, also.

• The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.115-157
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• 2013

Some contracting States of the Convention on International Civil Aviation (commonly known as the Chicago Convention) issue FAOC(Foreign AOC and/or Operations Specifications) and conduct various safety audits for the foreign operators. These FAOC and safety audits on the foreign operators are being expanded to other parts of the world. While this trend is the strengthening measure of aviation safety resulting in the reduction of aircraft accident, it is the source of concern from the legal as well as economic perspectives. FAOC of the USA doubly burdens the other contracting States to the Chicago Convention because it is the requirement other than that prescribed by the Chicago Convention of which provisions are faithfully observed by almost all the contracting States. The Chicago Convention in its Article 33 stipulates that each contracting State recognize the validity of the certificates of airworthiness and licenses issued by other contracting States as long as they meet the minimum standards of the ICAO. Consequently, it is submitted that the unilateral action of the USA, China, Mongolia, Australia, and the Philippines issuing the FOAC to the aircraft of other States is against the Convention. It is worry some that this breach of international law is likely to be followed by the European Union which is believed to be in preparation for its own unilateral application. The ICAO established by the Chicago Convention to be in charge of safe and orderly development of the international civil aviation has been in hard work to both upgrade and emphasize the safe operation of aircraft. As the result of these endeavors, it prepared a new Annex 19 to the Chicago Convention with the title of "Safety Management" and with the applicable date 14 November 2013. It is this Annex and other ICAO documents relevant to the safety that the contracting States to the Chicago Convention have to observe. Otherwise, it is the economical burden due to probable delay in issuing the FOAC and bureaucracies combined with many different paperworks and regulations depending on where the aircraft is flown. It is exactly to avoid this type of confusion and waste that the Chicago Convention aimed at when it was adopted in 1944. The State of the operator shall establish a system for both the certification and the continued surveillance of the operator in accordance with ICAO SARPs to ensure that the required standards of operations are maintained. Certainly the operator shall meet and maintain the requirements established by the States in which it operate. The authority of a State stops where the authority of another State intervenes or where the former has yielded its power by an international agreement for the sake of international cooperation. Hence, it is not within the realm of the State to issue FAOC towards foreign operators for the reason that these foreign operators are flying in and out of the State. Furthermore, there are other safety audits such as ICAO USOAP, IATA IOSA, FAA IASA, and EU SAFA that assure the safe operation of the aircraft, but within the limit of their power and in compliance with the ICAO SARPs. If the safety level of any operator is not satisfactory, the operator could be banned to operate in the contracting States with watchful eyes until the ICAO SARPs are met. This time-honoured practice has been applied without any serious problems. Besides, we have the new Annex 19 to strengthen and upgrade with easy reference for contracting States. We don't have no reason to introduce additional burden to the States by unilateral actions of some States. These actions have to be corrected. On the other hand, when it comes to the carriage of the Personal or Pilot Log Book, the Korean regulation requiring it is in contrast with other relevant provisions of USA, USOAP, IOSA, and SAFA. The Chicago Convention requires in its Articles 29 and 34 only the carriage of the Journey Log Book and some other certificates, but do not mention the Personal Log Book at all. Paragraph 5.1.1.1 of Annex 1 to the Chicago Convention even makes it clear that the carriage in the aircraft of the Personal Log Book is not required on international flights. The unique Korean regulation in this regards giving the unnecessary burden to the national flag air carriers has to be lifted at once.

• Journal of Korean Biological Nursing Science
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.131-140
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• 2017

Purpose: Dyslipidemia was a known risk factor for cardiovascular disease and was a leading cause of mortality in worldwide. This study aimed to determine the factors associated with prevalence and medication treatment of dyslipidemia in Korean adult population. Methods: In this study, based on the criteria set by the Korean Society of Lipidology and Atherosclerosis, the factors associated with prevalence and medication treatment of dyslipidemia was evaluated in a population of 12,506 people ($age{\geq}20$), who participated in the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2013-2015). The findings were tested by using multivariate logistic regression. Results: Dyslipidemia prevalence rate was 36.5%. Among populations with dyslipidemia, 17.5% were treated with lipid-lowering drugs. In the multivariate logistic regression model, male, increase in age, lower education level, non-drinker, current smoking, less physical activity, increase of body mass index, hypertension, and diabetes were associated with an increased odd of dyslipidemia. Female, increase in age, higher income, excess fat intake, hypertension, diabetes, myocardial infarction, and angina were associated with an increased odd of medication treat. Conclusion: The results of this study could be used to screen patients at the high risk for dyslipidemia or to predict medication adherence.

• Proceedings of KOSOMES biannual meeting
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• 2006.05a
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• pp.33-40
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• 2006

To promote the consistent and effective implementation of IMO instruments such as SOLAS, MARPOL, STCW, LL, TONNAGE, COLREG IMO has adopted voluntary IMO member state audit. This audit scheme is voluntary audit which will be carried out on a voluntary basis, at the request cf the member state to be audited. Nevertheless, the Korea government is preparing the implementation of the audit scheme to strengthen the competitiveness in shipping and shipbuilding industries. In this paper, we investigated the actual conditions of implementation of mandatory IMO instruments and carried out a feasibility study by assessing the cost to be audited and positive effects expected by introducing the audit scheme. As a result of cost benefit analysis we obtained high benefit-cost ratio.

• Proceedings of KOSOMES biannual meeting
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• 2006.11a
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• pp.47-51
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• 2006

The variation of marine accidents and ship's insurances is to be the measurement of assessment concerned effect of importing ISM Code because each kind of ship accident's expenses and compensation for the loss have an effect on the ship's insurance and P&I insurance. Therefore in this study, we had grasped the accomplishment of importing ISM Code, using analysis of the variation of marine accidents and ship's insurances in domestic shipping companies from one year ago to 8 years after importing ISM Code. As the result of analysis, compared with the period of a year before carrying out ISM Code, marine accidents were showed a decrease of about 14.4% at 8th year of importing ISM Code. Also, the insurance had tended downward every year.

• Journal of Environmental Policy
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.63-101
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• 2015

Banking and borrowing under the ETS may affect the low carbon technology investment level. If the indirect implementation measures are allowed, firms can gradually adjust their carbon reduction costs between implementation periods based on their carbon reduction costs and emission price forecasts. This implies that banking and borrowing may reduce or increase the level of low carbon technology R&D investment. In an oligopoly market, the effects of the measures are quite different from the ones in a perfectly competitive market. This is because the indirect implementation measures can shift market competition in Cournot competition model. The effects of banking and borrowing on the carbon reduction R&D investments depend on emission reduction costs, marginal production costs, discount rate, initial free allocation, and the cost reduction effects of R&D investment.