• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.117-128
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• 2002

Objectives：For the purpose of obtaining the more vivid present status and prevention program of teenage pregnancy, this survey was done by Obstetricians, as study subject, who manage the pregnant teenager in real clinical situation. Methods：Structured survey form about teenage pregnancy was sent to 2,800 obstetricians. That form contained frequency, characteristics, decision making processes, and psychiatric aspects of the teenage pregnancy. 349 obstetricians replied that survey form and we analysed these datas. Results：(1) The trend of teenage pregnancy was mildly increased. (2) The most common cases were unwanted pregnancy by continuing sexual relationship with boyfriends rather than by forced, accidental sexual relationship with multiple partners. (3) The most common reason of labor was loss the time of artificial abotion. (4) Problems of pregnant girls' were conduct behaviors and poor informations about contraception rather than sexual abuse or mental retardation. (5) Most obstetricians percepted the necessity of psychiatric consultation, however psychiatric consultation was rare due to parents refusal and abscense of available psychiatric facility. (6) For the prevention of teenage pregnancy, the most important thing was practical education about contraception. Conclusions：Based on the result of this study, further study using structured interview schedule with pregnant girl is needed for the detecting risk factor of teenage pregnancy and effective systematic approach to pregnant girl.

• Korean Journal of Biological Psychiatry
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.178-190
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• 2006

Objectives : We investigated the relationship of the alcohol withdrawal symptoms with genetic polymorphism among alcohol dependence patients. Method : The measuring instruments used in this study were the Clinical Institute Withdrawal Assessment for Alcohol(CIWA-Ar). We analyzed DRD2 TaqI A polymorphism, dopamine transporter(DAT 1) polymorphism, and catechol-O-methyltransferase(COMT) polymorphism in 108 male alcoholics and 76 healthy controls. Results : The major findings was as follows. No significant differences for genotype distribution or allele frequency were revealed comparing controls and alcoholic patients. DRD2 Taq I : The subscale score of auditory hallucination among CIWA-Ar scale in homozygote was significantly higher than in heterozygote(OR=1.34). The total score of CIWA-Ar scale in heterozygote was significantly higher than in homozygote. DAT1 : In the subject without DAT-9 gene allele, it was significantly higher of the subscale score of sweating, anxiety among CIWA-Ar scale than in the subject with DAT-9 gene allele. And The total score of CIWA-Ar scale in the subject without DAT-9 gene allele was significantly higher than in the subject with DAT-9 gene allele. COMT : The total score of CIWA-Ar scale in heterozygote was significantly higher than in homozygote. Conclusion : Our results suggest the relationship between specific genetic factors and the withdrawal symptoms of alcohol dependent patients. As the candidate gene of the severity of alcohol withdrawal syndrome, DRD2 Taq1 gene was recommended.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Marine Environment & Energy
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.154-162
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• 2011

Seawater quality was investigated each month at 30 stations near Tongyeong, South Korea, to provide data for the effective use of coastal fisheries and the reduction of economic damage to marine products. Water temperature was lowest in January and highest at the end of August. Neither extremely low water temperature below $4^{\circ}C$ nor fish damage caused by low water temperature was observed. Salinity ranged from 24.04 to 34.39 psu in the surface layer and from 29.92 to 34.39 psu in the bottom layer. The minimum salinity, attributable to rainfall events, was observed in July; salinity increased to high of about 34 psu in November. Low dissolved oxygen (DO), below 4 mg/L, was observed at Wenmun and Buksin Bays during May to October. Concentrations of $NO_2$-N, $NO_3$-N, and $PO_4$-P were low from March to September and high from October to February. Transparency was 6 m on average and was high in Wenmun Bay. Chemical oxygen demand (COD) and chlorophyll a (Chl. a) were high during summer, when the water temperature was high. With cluster analysis based on environment factors related to water quality, the study area could be divided into three main sea areas: Buksin Bay, coastal seawater, and offshore seawater. Buksin Bay was characterized by low salinity, high DO and Chl. a, and high transparency in the surface layer and by low DO and high $NH_4$-N in the bottom layer. Offshore seawater had high salinity and $NO_3$-N and low Chl. a concentration. In summer season that oyster need lots of phytoplankton, $NO_3$-N and Chl. a concentrations at this study area were low compare to Gwangy-ang and Gamak Bays. In winter, a sea squirt swallow much more than other season, the Chl. a concentrations were also low than Gwangyang and Gamak Bays.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Marine Environment & Energy
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 2005

We estimated the loadings of nitrogen and phosphorus flowing into Gwangyang Bay front river for monthly interval from April to December of 2003. We analyzed the concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus in water and estimated the flowing rates of fresh water in 34 rivers. The amounts of water flowing into the Gwdngyang Bay from Sum-Jin River was 51-76％ in the total inflow of the river. The river water over 96％ of discharge was from Sumjin River, Dong River, Ju-Kyo River, Seo River and Shinkyum River. The flowing patterns of nitrogen and phosphorus into Gwangyang Bay were similar to the flowing of river. The nitrogen and phosphorus loadings into the Bay were higher in July and August than in dry seasons. In particular, the concentrations of phosphorus were high in Namshu River, Deukyang River and Kilho River sewage during in dry seasons. The range of DIN and TN loadings from Sumjim River were 46-66％ and 36-64％, respectively. The loading of DIP and TP from Sumjim River were 2-55％ and 12-67％, respectively. These results show that the most efficient control of N. p flow into Gwangyang Bay is to restrain the inflows of N, p from Namshu River, Deukyang River and Kilho River and to restrain the flows of N, p from Dong River, Ju-Kyo River and industrial plant. The DIN/DIP atom ratio in river water was about 18 in July and August, while the ratio was more higher in dry seasons than July and August of rainy seasons. The TN/TP atom ratio in river water was about 7 in rainy seasons, while the ratios were higher than 100 in the other months of dry seasons.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.23-30
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• 2012

Objectives : This study was conducted to investigate the prevalence of victims of bullying and the demographic characteristics of victims, and their related psychopathology, in a Korean nationwide sample of youths in middle and high school over a one month period. Methods : During the autumn of 2009, students in the 7th to 12th grades at 23 secondary schools participated in a nationwide, cross-sectional study. The study subjects completed the Adolescent Mental Health and Problem Behavior Screening Questionnaire-II (AMPQ-II) and Symptom Checklist-90-Revision (SCL-90-R). Based on the data acquired, descriptive statistics, correlation coefficients and multiple logistic regression analysis were performed. Results : Among the 3364 participants, 2272 (67.54%) completed the questionnaire. The prevalence of victimization was 28.9%. Male gender was positively associated with victimization, and grade level was negatively related to victimization. The AMPQ-II bullying score (Factor 4) was significantly (p<.001) and positively correlated to the AMPQ-II student total score (r= 0.50), Worry and thought (Factor 1 ; r=0.38), Mood and suicide (Factor 2 ; r=0.31), Academic and Internet-related problems (Factor 3 ; r=0.24), Rule violations (Factor 5 ; r=0.23), and AMPQ-II teacher total score (r=0.11). Somatization (r=0.23), Obsessive-compulsive behavior (r=0.24), Interpersonal sensitivity (r=0.30), Depression (r=0.33), Anxiety (r=0.26), Hostility (r=0.30), Phobic anxiety (r=0.22), Paranoid ideation (r=0.36), and Psychoticism (r=0.31) results from the SCL-90-R were also found to be positively related to the AMPQ-II bullying score, and remained significant after adjusting for age and gender. A total of 26% of the victims reported suicidal ideations as compared to 9% of non-victims over the month prior to the evaluation ($x^2$=119.595, df=1, p<.001). The multiple logistic regression analysis indicated that the AMPQ-II bullying score significantly increased the risk of suicidal ideation [Exp(b)=1.55, df=1, p<.001] after adjusting for age and gender. Conclusion : School bullying was highly prevalent among Korean middle and high school students. This study provided strong evidence that suicidal ideation and psychopathology were serious problems among the victims of bullying.

• The Sea:JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF OCEANOGRAPHY
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.201-210
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• 2001

Salinity, DIN, DIP, DIN/DIP and indigenous algal assay were determined to estimate the limiting nutrient for phytoplankton growth in Gwangyang Bay, South Sea of Korea. Seawater samples were collected at surface and bot-tom water in 4 November 1999 (dry season) and 2 September 2000 (after heavy rain). In 4 November 1999, the salinity, DIN, DIP and DIN/DIP were 29.92 psu, 13.59 ${\mu}M$, 3.41 ${\mu}M$ and 4.14 respectively. In 2 September 2000, These values were 24.62 psu, 27.77 ${\mu}M$, 2.82 ${\mu}M$ and 9.79 respectively. The DIN and DIP concentrations in this study were higher than Deukryang, Yeoja and Gamak Bay, South Sea of Korea. Especially, DIP concentration was 8 times high compared to Deutryang, Yeoja and Gamak Bay. The main sources of nitrogen seem to be freshwater runoff from Somjin River and industrial wastewater. But, the main sources of phosphorus seem to be industrial wastewater around Gwangyang Bay. The limiting nutrient was nitrogen at all station in 4 November 1999. The limiting nutrient was also nitrogen in 2 September 2000 in spite of heavy rain observed because of relatively much volume of phosphorus sup-plied from point sources than nitrogen. In case of below 20 psu in salinity by heavy rain, the limiting nutrient willbe shift from nitrogen to phosphorus at some area of Somjin River estuary. But the limiting nutrient will be never shift to phosphorus throughout Gwangyang Bay, eastern coast of Yeoja and Dolsan because of much volume of phosphorus runoff from point source in coastal area of Gwangyang Bay.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.2-30
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• 2016

This article provides an overview of the developmental history and rationale of medical ethics to establish the code of ethics and professional conduct of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (KACAP). Most medical professional organizations have their own codes of ethics and conduct because they have continuous responsibility to regulate professional activities and conducts for their members. The Ethics and Award Committee of the KACAP appointed a Task-Force to establish the code of ethics and conduct in 2012. Because bioethics has become global, the Ethics Task Force examined global standards. Global standards in medical ethics and professional conduct adopted by the World Medical Association and the World Psychiatric Association have provided the basic framework for our KACAP's code of ethics and professional conduct. The Code of Ethics of the Americal Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry has provided us additional specific clarifications required for child and adolescent patients. The code of ethics and professional conduct of the KACAP will be helpful to us in ethical clinical practice and will ensure our competence in recognizing ethical violations.

• Journal of the Korean Orthopaedic Association
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• v.54 no.2
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• pp.127-132
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• 2019

Purpose: The aim of this study was to determine if preoperative temporary discontinuation of antiplatelet medication (aspirin, clopidogrel, or cilostazol) is a safe procedure that does not increase early postoperative bleeding and allogenic blood transfusion after a total knee arthroplasty. Materials and Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted among consecutive patients who underwent navigation assisted primary total knee arthroplasty performed by a single surgeon, from January 2013 to December 2016. A total of 369 patients enrolled in this study were divided into two groups, 271 patients with no history of antiplatelet therapy and 98 patients who underwent 7 days of temporary withdrawal of antiplatelet therapy. Comparative analysis between the two groups, on the variation of hemoglobin and hematocrit during the first and second postoperative days, was conducted to determine the amount of early postoperative bleeding and the frequency of allogenic blood transfusion during hospitalization. Results: The variation of hemoglobin, hematocrit during the first and second postoperative days and the frequency of allogenic blood transfusion between no history of antiplatelet medication and discontinuation antiplatelet medication before 7 days from surgery were similar in both groups. Of the 369 patients, 149 patients received a blood transfusion during their hospitalization. Compared to patients who did not receive a blood transfusion, those who did received blood transfusion were significantly older in age, smaller in height, lighter in weight, and showed significantly lower preoperative hemoglobin and hematocrit values. No statistically significant differences in sex, preoperative American Society of Anesthesiologists scores, and the history of antiplatelet medication until 7 days prior to surgery were observed between the two groups according to blood transfusion. Conclusion: Compared to patients with no history of antiplatelet medication, the temporary discontinuation of antiplatelet medication 7 days prior to surgery in patients undergoing antiplatelet medication did not increase the amount of postoperative bleeding or the need for allogenic blood transfusion.

• Korean Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.31-45
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• 2000

Objectives : The present study was performed to reveal differences between female and male cases of alopecia in their alopecia related variables such as patterns of hair loss, psychiatric characteristics, associate illnesses, and methods of treatment, and to use them as basic materials for proper management and early prevention of the alopecia prone cases. Methods : In order to analysis the gender difference in hair losses, the subjects were divided into two subgroups as the 51 cases of female alopecia and the 42 cases of male alopecia, who had visited to the department of psychiatry consulted from the department of dermatology, Yongsan hopital, ChungAng University, Seoul, Korea, from January 1998 to December 1998. In data analysis, the subjects were statistically assesed by chi-squre test and analysis of varaiance, through SPSS-$PC^+$ 9.0V. Results : 1) Female subjects were more likely showed lower socio-economical level including lower eonomical level, lower educational level, or lower occupational level in their parent's job, were more likely to have larger number of siblings and to have many sisters comparison to the male cases. 2) Female subjects were more likely visited to the department of dermatology, more history of alopecia in their female family members, lesser history of alopecia in their male family members, more loss of hairs in vertex or frontal region of scalp, lesser loss of hairs in occipital region, and lesser nail changes in comparison to the male cases. 3) Female subjects were more suffered from intra-familial conflicts and economical changes, or their introverted personality makeup, lesser likely suffered from changes of business and health changes, and showed lesser conflicts related with poorer adaptaion in their job life. 4) Female subjects were more likely diagnosed as depression or conversion disorders, more frequently complaint anxiety symptoms or depressive symptoms, higher level of anxiety index, lesser complaint somatization or obsessive compulsive symptoms, and lesser diagnosed as anxiety disorder in comparison to the male cases. 5) Female subjects were more likely tended to show personality makeup such as the introverted, the lie, the repressed, or the feminine trends than the male cases. 6) Female subjects were more significantly treated by antianxiety drug such as etizolam and dermatological therapies include tretinoin, and lesser treated by clotiazepam and prednicarbonate in comparison to the male cases. Conclusion : From the facts that The most important factors in developing hair loss in the female subjects in comparison to the male cases seems to be closely correlated with the serious psychopathology such as the presence of mental disorders including depression, the presence of complaining anxiety or depressive symptomatology, the presence of stressful life events such as intrafamilial life changes, and the presence of personality makeup such as the introverted, the lie, the repressed, or the feminine trends, the authors confirmed that dermatologists act as the primary care physician are in a unique position to recognize psychiatric comorbidity and execute meaningful intervention for female patients with the alopecia with psychiatrists.