• Journal of Sensor Science and Technology
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.316-327
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• 1997

Polycrystalline $Sr_{2}Nb_{2}O_{7}$ and $La_{2}Ti_{2}O_{7}$ ceramics with very high Curie temperatures were synthesized by the chemical coprecipitation method (CCP). The powders synthesized were identified by XRD and their sintering behavior and physical properties were studied. The grain-orientation and electrical properties of sintered ceramics were investigated as a function of firing temperature. Single phase could be obtained by CCP method at temperature lower than that of the conventional method by 100 - $150^{\circ}C$. Strontium niobate, $Sr_{2}Nb_{2}O_{7}$, powder was Prepared by CCP method at temperatures as low as $800^{\circ}C$ via intermediate phase of $Sr_{5}Nb_{4}O_{15}$ formed at $700^{\circ}C$. The resulting CCP-derived powder was observed to have finer and more uniform particle size distribution than those obtained through the conventional or the molten salt synthesis method. Sintering of CCP-derived $Sr_{2}Nb_{2}O_{7}$ powder at $1500^{\circ}C$ yielded a highly dense ceramics with 97% theoretical density. Very high grain-orientation developed along the (0k0) direction was observed by SEM, which resulted in anisotropic dielectric properties of the sintered samples, with the dielectric constant values approaching those for single crystal.

• Journal of Korean Society of Coastal and Ocean Engineers
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.387-396
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• 2010

A 3-D numeric model for the confined transient flow under sea ground have been developed. This is FDM model using Gauss-Seidel SOR (successive over-relaxation). This model shows the similar head distribution pattern to Theis analytic solution and MODFLOW simulation. The input flowrate to the aquifer and discharge of well have been compared. And it have been found that mass balance is influenced by the weight factor ${\alpha}$, i.e. fullyimplicit method (${\alpha}$=1) shows 5% error, but when ${\alpha}$ becomes to 0.5(Crank and Nicolson method) the mass balance becomes worse and the model result diverges. And the convergency of the model is not much different when $\lambda$ (over-relaxation factor)=0.8~1.5, but when $\lambda$>1.5, the model result diverges. The test-run shows that the well discharge becomes smaller when another well is near. This model can cover the isotropy$(Kx{\neq}Ky{\neq}Kz)$ and inhomogeneity, and can be used for the selection of well site, discharge calculation, and head prediction in case of the artificial recharge etc.

• Journal of Korean Society of Coastal and Ocean Engineers
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• v.20 no.6
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• pp.589-601
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• 2008

The variation of groundwater level near the Shingok weir has been analyzed. To consider the soil inhomogeneity, coefficient of effective permeability was computed to be 0.313 m/day in the horizontal direction, and 0.0423 m/day in vertical direction. Anisotropic ratio is 7.19. The river water level drawdown (caused by the removing of the weir) causes the groundwater level drawdown, and 3 months are required for the new steady condition. and groundwater flows from Han river toward Gulpo stream before the removing of the weir, but when the weir removed, the flow direction changes. The groundwater level falls maximum 30 cm in the areas under the influence of Han river, but, in the areas near Kulpo stream, groundwater level falls about 10 cm. The amount of groundwater use in the study area was investigated to be $52m^3/day$ and in this condition, groundwater level falls maximum 1m (before or after the removing of Shingok weir). therefore, the variation of groundwater level caused by the removing of Shingok weir is less than that caused by the usual use of groundwater.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
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• 2007.11a
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• pp.279-279
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• 2007

비휘발성 메모리 Fe-RAM은 빠른 정보처리 속도와 전원공급이 차단되었을 때도 계속 정보를 유지할 수 있는 비휘발성 특징과 더불어 저전압, 저전력 구동의 장점이 있어서, 차세대 메모리로 많은 주목을 받고 있다. FeRAM에 사용되는 강유전체는 주로 Pb(Zr,Ti)$O_3$가 적용되었는데, 최근에는 비납계 강유전체의 연구도 활발히 이루어지고 있다. 이러한 비납계 강유전체 중에서 가장 특성이 우수한 물질은 $(Bi,La)_4Ti_3O_{12}$ (BLT) 이다. 그런데 BLT는 결정 방향에 따른 강한 이방성의 강유전 특성을 나타내기 때문에 BLT 박막을 이용하여 Fe-RAM 소자 등을 제작하기 위해서는 결정의 방향성을 세심하게 제어하는 것이 매우 중요하다. 지금까지 연구된 BLT 박막의 방향성 조절결과를 보면, BLT 박막을 스핀 코팅 법 (spin coating method)으로 증착하고, 핵생성 열처리 단계를 조절하여 무작위 방향성을 갖는 박막을 제조하는 방법이 일반적이었다. 그런데 이러한 스핀 코팅법에서의 핵생성 단계의 제어는 공정 조건 확보가 너무 어려운 단점이 있다. 이러한 어려움을 극복할 수 있는 대안은 스퍼터링 증착법(sputtering deposition method), PLD (pulsed laser deposition)법 등과 같은 PVD (physical vapor deposition) 법의 증착방법을 적용하는 것이다. PVD 법으로 증착하는 경우에는 이미 박막 내에 무수한 결정핵이 존재하기 때문에 핵생성 단계가 필요가 없게 된다. PVD 증착법의 적용을 위해서는 타겟의 제조 및 평가 실험이 선행되어야 한다. 그런데 벌크 BLT 재료의 소결공정 조건과 전기적 특성에 관한 연구 결과는 거의 발표가 되지 않고 있다. 본 실험에서는 $Bi_2O_3,\;TiO_2,\;La_2O_3,\;Nb_2O_5\;and\;Al_2O_3$ 분말들을 이용하여 최적의 조성을 구하기 위하여 $Nb^{+5}$ 와 $Al^{+3}$을 $Ti^{+4}$ 자리에 소량 치환시켜 제조하였다. 혼합된 분말을 하소 후 pellet 형태로 성형하여 소결을 실시하였다. 시편을 1mm 두께로 연마하고, 양면에 silver 전극을 인쇄하여 전기적 특성을 측정하였다. 측정결과 $Ti^{+4}$ 자리에 $Nb^{+5}$를 치환하여 제조한 시편에서 $2P_r{\sim}31\;{\mu}c/cm^2$정도의 매우 우수한 특성을 얻었다.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
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• 2007.06a
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• pp.277-277
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• 2007

$(Bi,La)_4Ti_3O_{12}$ (BLT) 물질은 결정 방향에 따른 강한 이방성의 강유전 특성을 나타낸다. 따라서 BLT 박막을 이용하여 FeRAM 소자 등을 제작하기 위해서는 결정의 방향성을 세심하게 제어하는 것이 매우 중요하다. 현재까지 연구된 BLT 박막의 방향성 조절 결과를 보면, BLT 박막을 스핀 코팅 법 (spin coating method)으로 중착하고, 핵생성 열처리 단계를 조절하여 무작위 방향성 (random orientation)을 갖는 박막을 제조하는 방법이 일반적이었다. 그런데 이러한 스핀 코팅법에서의 핵생성 단계의 제어는 공정 조건 확보가 너무 어려운 단점이 있다. 이러한 어려움을 극복할 수 있는 대안은 스퍼터링 증착법 (sputtering deposition method), PLD법 (pulsed laser deposition method) 등과 같은 PVD (physical vapor deposition) 법의 증착방법을 적용하는 것이다. PVD 법으로 증착하는 경우에는 이미 박막 내에 무수한 결정핵이 존재하기 때문에 핵생성 단계가 필요 없게 된다. PVD 증착법의 적용을 위해서는 타겟 (target)의 제조 및 평가 실험이 선행되어야 한다. 그런데 벌크 BLT 재료의 소결공정 조건과 전기적 특성에 관한 연구 결과는 거의 발표 되지 않고 있다. 본 실험에서는 $Bi_2O_3$, $TiO_2$ and $La_2O_3$ 분말을 이용하여 최적의 조성을 구하기 위하여 Bi양을 변화시키며 타겟을 제조 하였다. 혼합된 분말을 하소 후 pallet 형태로 성형하여 소결을 실시하였다. 시편을 1mm 두께로 연마하고, 표면에 silver 전극을 인쇄하여 전기적 특성을 측정하였다. Bi양이 3.28몰 첨가된 조성에서 최대의 잔류분극 (2Pr) 값을 얻었고, 이때의 값은 약 $18{\mu}C/cm^2$ 정도였다. 최적화된 조성 ($Bi_{3.28}La_{0.75}Ti_3O_{12}$)으로 BLT 타겟을 제조하여 PLD법으로 박막을 제조하였다. 박막 제조 시 압력은 $1{\times}10^{-1}\;{\sim}\;1{\times}10^{-4}\;Torr$ 범위에서 변화시켰다. $1{\times}10^{-1}\;Torr$ 압력을 제외하고는 모든 압력에서 BLT 박막이 증착되었다. 중착된 박막을 $650\;{\sim}\;800^{\circ}C$에서 30분간 열처리를 실시하고 전기적 특성을 평가한 결과, $1{\times}10^{-2}\;Torr$에서 증착한 박막에서 양호한 P-V (polarization-voltage) 이력곡선을 얻을 수 있었고, 이때의 잔류분극 (2Pr) 값은 약 $6\;{\mu}C/cm^2$ 이었다. 주사전자현미경 (SEM)을 이용하여 BLT 박막 표면의 미세구조도 관찰하였는데, 스핀코팅 법으로 증착한 경우에 관찰되었던 조대화된 입자들은 관찰되지 않았고, 상당히 양호한 입자 크기 균일도를 나타내었다.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.37 no.6
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• pp.546-555
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• 2009

To study an effective use of woods, three-ply hybrid laminated woods instead of crosslaminated woods which are composed of spruce in the face and three kinds of wood-based boards (MDF, PB, OSB) in the core were manufactured, and the effect of constitution elements for the core laminae on bending strength performances was investigated. Bending modulus of elasticity (MOE) of hybrid laminated woods had the highest values for the hybrid laminated wood types arranging OSB laminae in the core, and had the lowest values for those arranging MDF laminae in the core. These values were higher than those of various cross-laminated woods. The estimated bending MOEs of the hybrid laminated woods which were composed of perpendicular-direction lamina of spruce in the faces were similar to their measured values, regardless of wood-based boards in the core. However, those of the hybrid laminated woods which were composed of parallel-direction lamina of spruce in the faces had much higher values than those of their measured values, and it was necessary to revise the measured values. Bending modulus of rupture (MOR) of the hybird laminated woods had the highest value for those arranging OSB laminae in the core, and had the lowest values for those arranging PB laminae in the core unlike the bending MOE. By hybrid laminating, the anisotropy of bending strength performances was markedly decreased, and the differences of strength performances among wood-based boards were also considerably decreased.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.30 no.5
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• pp.906-912
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• 2001

The effects of aerobic exercises and/or supplementation of kimchi on changes of the body composition and plasma lipids of obese middle school girls were studied. Thirty eight girls, 28 obese girls and 10 normal weighed girls, were paricipated. Among obese girls, 8 were assigned to exercise group (FG) 12 were grouped as kimchi group (KG) , and 8 were asked to practice excercise and to take kimchi simultaneously(excercise kimchi group, EKG). Ten girls whose weight is normal asked to remain o their own diet during 6 weeks of experiment (control group, CG)/ EG practiced jogging and rope-jumping for 60 minutes four times a week and KG took 3 g of freeze-dried kimchi packed in a 500 mg capsule daily which is equivalent to 30 g of fresh kimchi, EKC, EG and KG showed beneficial effects on changes of the body composition and plasma lipids compared to those of CG, EG showed greater effect than KG in reducing body fat resulted decrease in BMI, fat mas,. abdominal fat, and triglyceride concentration and increase in HDL-cholesterol. KG seemed to have greater effect on lowering plasma cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol than EG/ But the greatest effects in terms of reduction in weight, BMI fat mass, abdominal fat, total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, triglyceride, and increase in HDL-cholesterol were observed from EKG. These results indicate that kimchi supplemenation while practicing excercise might improve the obese state by reducing body fat content as well as reducing plasma lipids.

• The Journal of Engineering Geology
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.279-288
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• 2019

The groundwater drawdown at each monitoring well near a radial collector well along Anseong Stream, Korea, was measured and compared with the calculated drawdown using the mirror well concept. The drawdown calculation is performed by treating the collector well as a large vertical well in a homogeneous isotropic aquifer. The measured drawdown at each monitoring well is slightly different from the calculated value due to anisotropy in the hydraulic conductivity and aquifer thickness. The difference between the measured and calculated values at Well OW-7 is large, reaching approximately 48 cm, because a horizontal well is not installed along this direction. Sensitivity analysis of the hydraulic conductivity and aquifer thickness indicates that the hydraulic conductivity is more sensitive to groundwater level changes. Groundwater level changes become a concern when a radial collector well with a large pumping rate capacity is installed, which highlights the need to thoroughly investigate the aquifer characteristics in the surrounding area.

• Journal of the Korean Magnetics Society
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• v.8 no.6
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• pp.374-379
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• 1998

$Mn_1-xCr_xPt_3$ alloy films have been prepared by depositing (Mn, Cr)/Pt multilayers using a rf magnetron sputterer followed by heat treatment. Small and wide angle x-ray diffractometry, magnetic hysteresis loops and Kerr rotation angle spectra of the films have been measured and used to investigate structural, magnetic and magneto-optic properties of the films. The films had a crystal structure of ordered AuCu$_3$ type and the strong preferred orientation of a (111)plane parallel to the film surface. The saturation magnetization of the films was decreased with Cr content reaching almost zero near x=0.58 and then increased for further increasement of Cr content up to x=0.77 over that stayed almost constant. This indicated that Cr atoms were antiferromagnetically coupled with Mn atoms. The magnetic easy axis of MnPt$_3$(x=0) film was parallel to the film surface but those of the films with x$\geq$0.58 increased as Cr content increased reaching about 4 kOe at x=1(CrPt$_3$). The dependence of the Kerr rotation angle on the Cr content was similar to that of the saturation magnetization on the Cr content. The films with x=0.77 and x=1 showed the larger Kerr rotation angle at the wavelengths of near infrared compared to the magneto-optic recording medium, TbFeCo, currently being used.

• Journal of the Korean Magnetics Society
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.124-127
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• 2007

Magnetic tunnel junctions (MTJs), which consisted of amorphous CoFeSiB layers, were investigated. The CoFeSiB layers were used to substitute for the traditionally used CoFe and/or NiFe layers with an emphasis given on understanding the effect of the amorphous free layer on the switching characteristics of the MTJs. CoFeSiB has a lower saturation magnetization ($M_s\;:\;560\;emu/cm^3$) and a higher anisotropy constant ($K_u\;:\;2800\;erg/cm^3$) than CoFe and NiFe, respectively. An exchange coupling energy ($J_{ex}$) of $-0.003\;erg/cm^2$ was observed by inserting a 1.0 nm Ru layer in between CoFeSiB layers. In the Si/$SiO_2$/Ta 45/Ru 9.5/IrMn 10/CoFe 7/$AlO_x$/CoFeSiB 7 or CoFeSiB (t)/Ru 1.0/CoFeSiB (7-t)/Ru 60 (in nm) MTJs structure, it was found that the size dependence of the switching field originated in the lower $J_{ex}$ using the experimental and simulation results. The CoFeSiB synthetic antiferromagnet structures were proved to be beneficial for the switching characteristics such as reducing the coercivity ($H_c$) and increasing the sensitivity in micrometer size, even in submicrometer sized elements.