• Proceedings of the Korea Information Processing Society Conference
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• 2003.11a
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• pp.41-44
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• 2003

본 논문에서는 저작권 보호를 위하여 칼라 영상에서의 하다마드 변환을 이용한 워터마킹 기법을 제안한다. 하다마드 변환은 간단한 행렬값으로 사용할 수 있고, 고속변환이 가능하여 영상적용에 용이한 변환이다. 제안한 알고리즘은 RGB 영상을 YIQ 영역으로 전환한 후, Y 영상을 $8{\times}8$의 크기를 갖는 블록으로 나누어서 $H_{3}$ 행렬값을 사용하여 하다마드 변환을 한 후, PN-Code를 이용하여 좌표를 결정하여 워터마킹 알고리즘에 의하여 워터마크를 삽입한다. 실험결과 압축이나 이미지 영상처리 공격에 대해서 강인하게 워터마크가 추출되었고, 추출된 워터마크의 왜곡정도가 양호하여 시각적으로인지가 가능하였다.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SP
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.20-20
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• 2001

본 논문에서는 퍼블릭 워터마킹(public watermarking)에서 영상 블록의 유효성에 기반을 둔 상호연관성(cross-correlation property)과 관련기법을 제안하였다. 이 과정에서 워터마크의 비인식성(imperceptibility)과 깨지기 쉬운 워터마크(fragile watermark)를 보장하기 위하여 DCT(Discrete Cosine Transformation) 도메인의 고주파 영역을 사용하였다. 여러 가지 실험을 통하여 에러가 보정된 원본 영상(original image)들과 워터마크된 이미지(watermarked image)들 사이에 유효한 블록들이 동일함을 확인하였다. 그리고 이러한 상호연관성이 추후의 퍼블릭 워터마킹을 위한 응용들에 적용될 수 있음을 입증하였다.

• Journal of Internet Computing and Services
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• v.6 no.5
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• pp.133-141
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• 2005

In this paper, we designed about OFDM/QPSK image transmission system simulator embedded watermark in wireless channel environment. Channel environment used OFDM/QPSK still image transmission system considering AWGN, Multi-path fading. And, we analyzed effect of still image and watermark information in considered channel environment. Watermark information is coded by DM-SS (Direct Matric/Spread Spectrum) image watermarking scheme, Also, we used interleaving scheme for mitigating the degradation in watermarking data under wireless channel. As a results, we could know that PSNR of watermark image improved of about 1dB by 54.2371dB then apply interleaving in same multi-path fading environment.

• Proceedings of the Korea Information Processing Society Conference
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• 2003.05a
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• pp.655-658
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• 2003

멀티미디어 기술과 인터넷의 급속한 발전으로 인해 영상 데이터의 복사가 더욱 쉬워지고 있다. 이러한 작품들을 보호하기 위해 데이터 안에 저작권을 표시할 수 있는 기술들이 필요해지고 지난 몇 년간 데이터에 다른 정보를 삽입할 수 있는 많은 기법들이 제안되어 왔다. 본 논문에서는 RGB 칼라 영상을 인간 시각 특성을 나타내는 I.UV 좌표계로 변화하여 인간 시각에 둔감한 U영역에 키를 이용하여 랜덤하게 워터마크를 삽입하고 추출하는 워터마킹 기법을 제안한다. 또한 웨이브릿(Wavelet) 변환을 사용하였으며 비교적 공격에 강한 고주파수 영역에 삽입하였고 추출시는 삽입한 키 값을 이용하여 워터마크를 추출한다. 제안한 워터마킹 기법은 시각적으로 보이지 않고, 가우시안 노이즈(Gaussian Noise) 및 필터링(filtering)에도 견고함을 보인다.

• KIPS Transactions on Software and Data Engineering
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• v.2 no.8
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• pp.579-588
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• 2013

This paper proposes an effective watermarking approach for copyright protection of fire video images. The proposed watermarking approach efficiently utilizes the inherent characteristics of fire data with respect to color and texture by using a gray level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM) and fuzzy c-means (FCM) clustering. GLCM is used to generate a texture feature dataset by computing energy and homogeneity properties for each candidate fire image block. FCM is used to segment color of the fire image and to select fire texture blocks for embedding watermarks. Each selected block is then decomposed into a one-level wavelet structure with four subbands [LL, LH, HL, HH] using a discrete wavelet transform (DWT), and LH subband coefficients with a gain factor are selected for embedding watermark, where the visibility of the image does not affect. Experimental results show that the proposed watermarking approach achieves about 48 dB of high peak-signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) and 1.6 to 2.0 of low M-singular value decomposition (M-SVD) values. In addition, the proposed approach outperforms conventional image watermarking approach in terms of normalized correlation (NC) values against several image processing attacks including noise addition, filtering, cropping, and JPEG compression.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.30 no.5C
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• pp.406-414
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• 2005

The necessity for a technique to protect intellectual property of a digital content has been increasing, especially for the image/video contents which are the most favorite because of their high information-intensive property. According to this demand, this paper proposed a digital watermarking algorithm, which is recognized as the most promising technique. This algorithm targets MPEG compression system and the watermarking process is to be performed during the compression process. It inserts watermark only in Y components of I-frames. Experimental results showed that the proposed method satisfied both imperceptibility and robustness against various attacks. The PSNR difference between the compressed images(the average compression ratio was about 27:1 with Y:Cb:Cr=4:2:0 color format for TM5-based compression) with and without watermarking was only 1.8dB ($4.2\%$). In each case that the resulting image after an attack was reusable the normalized correlation between the extracted watermark and the original one was above 0.8.

• Journal of Software Assessment and Valuation
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.143-151
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• 2020

The digital content's security and authentication are important in the field of digital content application. There are some methods to perform the authentication. The digital watermarking is one of authentication methods. Paper presents a digital watermark authentication method that works in the application of digital image. The proposed watermark has the triple status information and performs the embedding and the detection without original Content. When authenticating the owner information of digital content, an autocorrelation function is used. In addition, a spread spectrum method is used to be adaptive to the signal of the original content in the frequency domain(DWT Domain). Therefore, the possibility of errors occurring in the detection of hidden information was reduced. it also has a advantage what Watermarking in DWT has faster embedding and detection time than other transformation domains(DFT, DCT, etc.). if it has a an image of size N=mXm, the computational amount can be reduced from O(N·logN) to O(N). The particular advantage is that it can hide more information(bits) per bit.

• The Transactions of the Korea Information Processing Society
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.1112-1119
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• 1999

Digital watermarking is to embed imperceptible mark into image, video, audio and text data to prevent the illegal copy of multimedia data, arbitrary modification, and also illegal sales of the copes without agreement of copyright ownership. The DCT(discrete Cosine Transforms) transforms of original image is conducted in this research and these DCT coefficients are expanded by Fourier series expansion algorithm. In order to embed the imperceptible and robust watermark, the Fourier coefficients(lower frequency coefficients) can be calculated using sine and cosine function which have a complete orthogonal basis function, and the watermark is embedded into these coefficients, In the experiment, we can show robustness with respect to image distortion such as JPEG compression, bluring and adding uniform noise. The correlation coefficient are in the range from 0.5467 to 0.9507.

• Proceedings of the Korea Information Processing Society Conference
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• 2003.11a
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• pp.23-26
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• 2003

디지털로 신호를 표현하는 방법은 기존 아날로그 표현하는 방법에 비해 많은 장점을 가지고 있다. 하지만 디지털로 된 데이터는 언제 어디서든 대단위 복제가 가능하다. 즉, 저작권 침해, 불법 복제 및 배포, 손쉽게 위조할 수 있다는 점이 그것이다. 디지털 영상 정보의 보호를 위해 디지털 영상의 불법적인 내용 조작을 막고, 영상의 소유권을 보장할 수 있는 방법으로 디지털 워터마크(Digital Watermark)가 있다. 디지털 워터마크는 공개키 알고리즘이나 방화벽 등으로 해독된 영상에 대하여 부가적인 보호를 제공한다. 본 논문에서는 디지털 영상 데이터의 정보 보호를 위해 주파수 영역에서의 웨이브릿 변환(Wavelet Transform)을 이용한 이미지 적용 디지털 워터마킹(Image-Adaptive Digital Watermarking) 방법을 제안한다. 이미지 적용 웨이브릿(Image-Adaptive Wavelet)은 영상을 주파수적으로 분해하면서 각 대역들의 공간 영역에서의 정보를 함께 지니고 JND(Just noticeable difference)을 포함한다. 이미지 적응 웨이브릿의 이러한 특성을 이용하여 다해상도 분해하고, 손실 압축(Loss Compression)이나 필터링(Filtering), 잡음(Noise)등에 크게 영향받는 저주파 성분과 인간의 시각적으로 큰 의미를 갖는 고주파 성분의 특성을 이용하여 워터마크를 삽입한다.

• Journal of Advanced Navigation Technology
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.329-336
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• 2007

The use of digital imaging technique and digital contents based on internet has grown rapidly for last several years, and the needs of digital image protection become more important. For the purpose of copyright protection on digital image, the verification of authentication techniques like content authentication, ownership authentication, illegal copy and etc are needed. Digital watermarking, the invisible encryption technique to insert digital watermark into image, the sophisticated perceptual information should be used for providing transparency and robustness of images on watermarking process. In this paper, we implement the digital watermarking algorithm for preventing forged attack, ownership protection and authentication by transforming the wavelet algorithms in frequency domain in terms of human visual system.