• Journal of Biomedical Engineering Research
• /
• v.24 no.2
• /
• pp.133-140
• /
• 2003

In this study, muscle activity was measured using surface EMG (sEMG) during a voluntary maneuver (ankle dorsiflexion) in the supine position was compared pre and post gait training. Nine patients with incomplete spinal cord injury participated in a supported treadmill ambulation training (STAT), twenty minutes a day, five days a week for three months. Two tests, a gait speed test and a voluntary maneuver test, were made the same day, or at least the same week, pre and post gait training. Ten healthy subjects' data recorded using the same voluntary maneuvers were used for the reference. sEMG measured from ten lower limb muscles was used to observe the two features of amplitude and motor control distribution pattern, named response vector. The result showed that the average gait speed of patients increased significantly (p〈0.1) from 0.47$\pm$0.35 m/s to 0.68$\pm$0.52 m/s. In sEMG analysis, six out of nine patients showed a tendency to increase the right tibialis anterior activity during right ankle dorsiflexion from 109.7$\pm$148.5 $mutextrm{V}$ to 145.9$\pm$180.7 $mutextrm{V}$ but it was not significant (p〈0.055). In addition, only two patients showed increase of correlation coefficient and total muscle activity in the left fide during left dorsiflexion. Patients' muscle activity changes after gait training varied individually and generally depended on their muscle control abilities of the pre-STAT status. Response vector being introduced for quantitative analysis showed good Possibility to anticipate. evaluate, and/or guide patients with SCI, before and after gait training.

• Sleep Medicine and Psychophysiology
• /
• v.24 no.1
• /
• pp.55-61
• /
• 2017

Objectives: Suicide is one of the leading causes of death among young adults. We investigated whether anxiety level and sleep quality were related to suicide ideation among university students. Methods: Questionnaires were distributed to 1094 students at a local college. The scale for suicide Ideation, the Hospital Anxiety-Depression scale, the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, and Morningness-eveningness questionnaires were used. Multiple linear regression analysis was conducted to examine the relationship between these variables and suicide ideation. Results: Among the 292 students who answered the suicide ideation questionnaire, 31 students had a high suicide ideation score and 261 patients had a low suicide ideation score. Demographic variables that showed significant differences between the two groups were gender, exercise, chronotype, sleep quality, depression and anxiety. The results of multiple linear regression analysis showed that suicidal ideation increased as the level of sleep quality decreased. There was no significant relationship between depression and suicidal ideation. Another multiple linear regression analysis was performed to evaluate the relationship between sleep quality sleep related factors. This suggested the quality of sleep decreased as weekend oversleep increased. Conclusion: The results of this study showed that when anxiety was higher and the quality of sleep was lower, the more suicide ideation increased. Therefore, improving sleep quality and reducing anxiety are important strategies for reducing suicidal ideation.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.38 no.10
• /
• pp.1381-1391
• /
• 2009

Dietary life style of the elderly living in rural areas of Gyeongbuk Andong during the busy farming season was surveyed and a monthly meal plan for the elderly was developed using eco-friendly native crops and considering the characteristics of a busy farming season and their preferences. A week meal plan was selected and applied to those fields. The meal plan was developed for an elder's house in Gyeongbuk Andong during the busy farming season. Especially, to increase the intake of calcium and dietary fiber, bamboo sprouts, pepper leaves, dried slices of whitebait, and fried anchovies were used. Considering the busy farming season, the ginseng chicken soup and the soybean noodle soup were served to provide high quality of protein and to improve health condition. A cold soup of cucumber and brown seaweed was used to supplement liquid, vitamins, and minerals. The results are as follows: the highest score of the preference on a staple was 8.77 for the boiled barley of menu 5; the favorite soup was the ginseng chicken soup (8.73) in menu 4; for side dishes, those in menu 5 were most popular (8.69); the favorite meal was the ginseng chicken soup of menu 4 (8.69). Regarding the amount of leftover foods, the lightest was 30.14 g in Gyeongbuk Andong menu 3 which significantly indicates high preference (p<0.05). The current study was a planned meal service menu using local crops and seasonal foods, which was actually applied to the field resulting in high preference and satisfaction levels.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
• /
• v.105 no.4
• /
• pp.441-448
• /
• 2016

The purpose of this study was to broaden our knowledge on the productivity and costs of felling operation in three different harvesting methods(whole tree, tree-length and cut-to-length). Felling was conducted in three different harvesting methods with two workers who have different work experiences. Worker A and B have had felling experiences for about 5 years and 15 years, respectively. Felling productivity in whole tree method was $10.3m^3/SMH$ for worker A and $12.7m^3/SMH$ for worker B. Felling costs for worker A and B were $2,066won/m^3$ and $2,201won/m^3$, respectively. Although felling productivity of worker B in whole tree method was higher than worker A, felling costs of worker A were similar to worker B because the wage of worker B was more expensive than the wage of worker A (p>0.05). In tree-length method, felling cost of worker B were cheaper than that of worker A. Felling productivity and cost in tree-length method were $2.2m^3/SMH$ and $9,890won/m^3$ for worker A and $3.3m^3/SMH$ and $8,459won/m^3$ for worker B, respectively (p<0.05). In cut-to-length method, felling productivity and cost were $2.3m^3/SMH$ and $9,584won/m^3$ for worker A and $3.0m^3/SMH$ and $9,395won/m^3$ for worker B, respectively. Felling productivity of worker B was higher than that of worker A(p>0.05). Our preliminary results found that harvesting methods and worker's experiences highly affect on the productivity and costs of felling operations. These results should be useful for forest managers when planning cost-effective harvesting operations.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
• /
• v.34 no.1
• /
• pp.203-211
• /
• 2014

Tunnel reduces travel time as and it is essential facilities for the eco-friendly road construction. In recent years, It has been accelerating the tunnel construction to provide a higher level of traffic service but a driver driving in the narrow and dark tunnel takes characteristically psychological anxiety and the restriction of the sight. Moreover, A driver passing through more than 1,000m long tunnel, as to pass inside the monotonous form of the tunnel for a long time can cause drowsiness and increase the driver load. This driver load can degrade road-holding of the inside of the long tunnel highly and pose a high risk of accidents. Accordingly, In this study is to present the proper length of the Tunnel, considering the characteristics of traffic accident. For this, this study is that the long tunnel that affects traffic safety traffic safety variables are selected and classified. Traffic safety variables are classified in detail as a variable of the traffic accident and velocity one, the applicable variables the number of the traffic accident, the ratio of the traffic accident, driving velocity, the individual vehicle velocity etc. Traffic safety variables are categorized as more than a pole length of the tunnel in order to examine its impact on correlation analysis. The results indicate significant results in traffic accidents in accordance with traffic accidents, traffic safety, selects the variable was Variable depending on the length of the tunnel traffic safety point of significantly increasing the possibility of an accident can be seen as a high point. And the point of the Distribution of selected variables in order to create a traffic safety was a significant increase in traffic safety variables was set at critical intervals. Before reaching the critical point and the corresponding length of the long tunnel was set at the proper length. In this study, the optimum length of the proposed long tunnel through the long tunnel that occur in the future to contribute to reducing traffic accidents would be able to be determined.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
• /
• v.39 no.6
• /
• pp.464-472
• /
• 2005

Purpose: SPECT using a fan-beam collimator improves spatial resolution and sensitivity. For the reconstruction from fan-beam projections, it is necessary to implement direct fan-beam reconstruction methods without transforming the data into the parallel geometry. In this study, various fan-beam reconstruction algorithms were implemented and their performances were compared. Materials and Methods: The projector for fan-beam SPECT was implemented using a ray-tracing method. The direct reconstruction algorithms implemented for fan-beam projection data were FBP (filtered backprojection), EM (expectation maximization), OS-EM (ordered subsets EM) and MAP-EM OSL (maximum a posteriori EM using the one-step late method) with membrane and thin-plate models as priors. For comparison, the fan-beam protection data were also rebinned into the parallel data using various interpolation methods, such as the nearest neighbor, bilinear and bicubic interpolations, and reconstructed using the conventional EM algorithm for parallel data. Noiseless and noisy projection data from the digital Hoffman brain and Shepp/Logan phantoms were reconstructed using the above algorithms. The reconstructed images were compared in terms of a percent error metric. Results: for the fan-beam data with Poisson noise, the MAP-EM OSL algorithm with the thin-plate prior showed the best result in both percent error and stability. Bilinear interpolation was the most effective method for rebinning from the fan-beam to parallel geometry when the accuracy and computation load were considered. Direct fan-beam EM reconstructions were more accurate than the standard EM reconstructions obtained from rebinned parallel data. Conclusion: Direct fan-beam reconstruction algorithms were implemented, which provided significantly improved reconstructions.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
• /
• v.35 no.1
• /
• pp.69-74
• /
• 2001

Purpose: $^{99m}Tc$-HMPAO is a radiopharmaceutical for imaging cerebral blood flow. HMPAO (RR, SS)-4.8-diaza-3,6,6,9-tetramethylundecan-2,10- dione bisoxime) has three stereoismers such as, meso-. d-, and l-HMPAO. Techentium complexes of meso-HMPAO and d,l-HMPAO are known to have different in vivo brain uptakes. In this study, enantiomers of HMPAO (d-HMPAO and l-HMPAO) were separated from d,l-HMPAO. These enantiomers were labeled with $^{99m}Tc$ and the biodistribution studies were performed in mice. Materials and Methods: An intermediate imine product was produced from 2,3-butanedione monooxime and 2,2-dimethyl-1,3-propanediamine (54% yield) and was reduced into a mixture of three isomers (35% yield). The meso-isomer was separated from d,l-mixture by repeated fractional crystallization (11 % yield). The d- and l-enantiomers were subsequently separated by co-crystallization with optical isomers of tartaric acid (25% and 5% yield. respectively). Each enantiomeric HMPAO was labeled with $^{99m}Tc$ by reacting with $SnCI_2{\cdot}2H_2O\;and\;^{99m}Tc$-pertechnetate. Biodistribution study was performed 1 hr after tail vein injection to ICR mice. Results: Radiochemical purities of each compound were over 80%. In biodistribution study. the brain uptakes of d,l- d- and l-form were 1.34, 1.12 and 1.67% ID/g, respectively. In case of l-lsomer the brain uptake was higher (1.5 fold) than d-isomer. Conclusion: We successfully purified each enantiomeric HMPAO. In biodistribution study of stereoismers of $^{99m}Tc$-HMPAO in mice, l-HMPAO may show better brain image than d,l-HMPAO which was supplied in a commercial kit.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
• /
• v.34 no.1
• /
• pp.10-21
• /
• 2000

Purpose: Episodic memory is described as an 'autobiographical' memory responsible for storing a record of the events in our lives. We performed functional brain activation study using ${H_2}^{15}O$ PET to reveal the neural basis of the encoding and the retrieval of episodic memory in human normal volunteers. Materials and Methods: Four repeated ${H_2}^{15}O$ PET scans with two reference and two activation tasks were performed on 6 normal volunteers to activate brain areas engaged in encoding and retrieval with verbal materials. Images from the same subject were spatially registered and normalized using linear and nonlinear transformation. Using the means and variances for every condition which were adjusted with analysis of covariance, t-statistic analysis were performed voxel-wise. Results: Encoding of episodic memory activated the opercular and triangular parts of left inferior frontal gyrus, right prefrontal cortex, medial frontal area, cingulate gyrus, posterior middle and inferior temporal gyri, and cerebellum, and both primary visual and visual association areas. Retrieval of episodic memory activated the triangular part of left inferior frontal gyrus and inferior temporal gyrus, right prefrontal cortex and medial temporal area, and both cerebellum and primary visual and visual association areas. The activations in the opercular part of left inferior frontal gyrus and the right prefrontal cortex meant the essential role of these areas in the encoding and retrieval of episodic memory. Conclusion: We could localize the neural basis of the encoding and retrieval of episodic memory using ${H_2}^{15}O$ PET, which was partly consistent with the hypothesis of hemispheric encoding/retrieval asymmetry.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
• /
• v.34 no.1
• /
• pp.39-54
• /
• 2000

Purpose: Dipyridamole stress myocardial perfusion SPECT could predict prognosis, however, long-term follow-up showed change of hazard ratio in patients with suspected coronary artery disease. We investigated how long normal SPECT could predict the benign prognosis on the long-term follow-up. Materials and Methods: We followed up 1169 patients and divided these patients into groups in whom coronary angiography were performed and were not. Total cardiac event rate and hard event rate were predicted using clinical, angiographic and SPECT findings. Predictive values of normal and abnormal SPECT were examined using survival analysis with Mantel-Haenszel method, multivariate Cox proportional hazard model analysis and newly developed statistical method to test time-invariance of hazard rate and changing point of this rate. Results: Reversible perfusion decrease on myocardial perfusion SPECT predicted higher total cardiac event rate independently and further to angiographic findings. However, myocardial SPECT showed independent but not incremental prognostic values for hard event rate. Hazard ratio of normal perfusion SPECT was changed significantly (p<0.001) and the changing point of hazard rate was 4.4 years of follows up. However, the ratio of abnormal SPECT was not. Conclusion: Dipyridamole stress myocardial perfusion SPECT provided independent prognostic information in patients with known and suspected coronary artery disease. Normal perfusion SPECT predicted least event rate for 4.4 years.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
• /
• v.26 no.2
• /
• pp.102-109
• /
• 1998

To investigate the increased acid tolerance of a acid-resistant mutant Leuconostoc mesenteroides M-100 improved as a kimchi starter, proton permeability, ATPase acitivity, glycolysis activity, $Mg^{2+}$ releasement, and membrane fatty acid composition were studied and comprised with its wild type Leuconostoc mesenteroides Mw. In the proton permeability experiment, the mininum values of the average half time ($t_{1/2}$) of pH equilibration through the cell membrane of the Mw and the M-100 were about 8.6 min and 9.2 min in 150 mM KCI solution, respectivily. In the 3% NaCl solution, the $t_{1/2}$ values of the Mw and the M-100 were 6min and 8.6 min, respectivily. The values and pHs of maximal specific activities of ATPase originated from the Mw and the M-100 were 0.6U at pH 5.5 and 0.8U at pH 5.5, respectivily. The result of pH dependence of glycolysis showed that the M-100 had higher activities than that of Mw except at pH 5.0. The releases of magnesium from the Mw and the M-100 were observed about 36.5% and 13% at pH 4.0 after 2 hours, respectivily. The results of comparison of membrane fatty acid composition of the Mw with the M-100 showed that $C_{12}$, $C_{14}$, $C_{18:1}$, and $C_{19:0cyclo}$ were major different fatty acids between two strains and the content of $C_{18:1}$, and $C_{19:0cyclo}$ were 23.4%, 10.2% in the Mw and 15.1%, 12.2% in the M-100. These results indicated that acid tolerance of the M-100 was significantly improved in comparison with its wild type Mw.