• Journal of The Korean Dental Society of Anesthesiology
• /
• v.10 no.2
• /
• pp.159-165
• /
• 2010

배경: 매복지치의 수술적 발치 시 propofol과 remifentanil을 이용한 목표조절농도주입(Target controlled infusion) 의식하 정주진정법의 적절한 주입농도를 제시하고 그 안전성을 평가하고자 하였다. 방법: 매복지치의 수술적 발치가 예정된 미국마취학회 신체 등급 분류 1, 2에 속하는 15-65세, 142명(여 83명, 남 59명)의 환자를 대상으로 소급 연구하였다. 환자는 수술 전 목표조절농도주입법을 이용한 의식하 진정법 사용에 관한 동의서를 작성하였다. 정맥내 삽관을 시행하고 수액을 공급을 시작하고, 4-5 L/min의 산소를 비관을 통해서 공급하였다. Propofol과 remifentanil의 초기 목표 혈중농도는 각각 $0.5\;{\mu}g/ml$와 1.0 ng/ml로 정하였다. 수술 중, 환자의 불안 통증 정도에 따라 목표농도를 조절하였으며 최저 농도와 최대 농도, 평균 농도, 주입된 총 용량을 기록하였다. 또한 수축기혈압과 맥박 수, 산소포화도, 호기 말 이산화탄소량을 수술 시작 전, 수술 중 5분 간격으로 확인하고 기록하였다. 모든 측정치는 평균 $\pm$ 표준편차나 환자의 수, 초기 측정치에서의 백분율 편차로 표시하였다. 결과: 수술 동안의 목표 혈중농도의 평균은 propofol은 $0.54{\pm}0.11\;{\mu}g/ml$이고, remifentanil은 $1.11{\pm}0.30\;ng/ml$였다. 수술 중 조절된 최대농도는 propofol은 $0.6{\pm}0.23\;{\mu}g/ml$이고, remifentanil은 $1.3{\pm}0.63\;ng/ml$였다. 이는 의식하 진정에 해당되는 범의의 농도라고 할 수 있겠다. 진정동안 환자의 언어적 의사소통은 유지 되었으며 산소 포화도는 4-5 L/min 의 산소 보충 하에 98%이상으로 유지되었다. 수축기 혈압과 맥박은 대부분의 환자에서 정상변위범위(${\pm}20%$)내에서 유지되었다. 결론: 본 연구는 목표조절 농도주입 의식하 진정에서 사용된 농도(propofol $0.5\;{\mu}g/ml$, remifentanil 1.0 ng/ml)는 안전하게 의식하 진정을 가능한 것을 보여준다. 이는 치과 치료 시 목표조절농도 주입의식하 진정법에서 적절한 목표농도를 제시한다.

• Journal of Service Research and Studies
• /
• v.12 no.3
• /
• pp.45-59
• /
• 2022

This study attempted to investigate how the transformational leadership perceived by flowers of telemarketing organizations. In particular, this study explored the moderating effect of followership in the relationship between transformational leadership and organizational performance. To verify the research model, 321 surveys collected from 10 domestic call centers were analyzed. Reliability, correlation, factor analysis, and hierarchical regression analysis were performed, and as a result of the analysis, it was found that the transformational leadership in the telemarketing organizations had a positive effect on organizational performance. In addition, it was confirmed that goal consistency, proactive participation, critical thinking, and team spirit, which are the four sub-variables of followership, all have a positive (+) effect on organizational performance, and both goal consistency and proactive participation moderate the relationship between transformational leadership and organizational performance. Considering the special working environment of telemarketing organizations, the results of this study suggest the need for a corporate educational role to increase transformational leadership and followership and the need to build environments by setting up an atmosphere for members to exercise follow-up, and opening up communication structures for members to follow.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
• /
• v.38 no.5
• /
• pp.64-79
• /
• 2010

Students with intellectual disabilities typically have great difficulties communicating their needs and wants and may get frustrated, anxious or show signs of aggressive behaviour. They are often unable to understand the concept of relationships with other people as well. This lack of social communication and interaction leads to poor motivation which increases other areas of difficulty in their lives. Therefore, to teach students with intellectual disabilities, it is essential to find special teaching methods to support their positive behavior. This paper proposes that special educational curriculum for students with intellectual impairments utilize natural environments(forests) and materials. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of Educational Programs Utilizing Forests on maladjusted behavior of students with mental retardation and to examine the positive effects of such planning practices. The subjects were middle school students who attended a special school for mentally-retarded students. They were divided into two separate groups- an experimental group and a control group. All subjects received the pre and post test using the same method. This program was applied to the formal educational process of middle school from March 1st to October 30th, 2009. In this experiment the results indicate that the effect of using a natural environment(forest) and the materials within a formal educational curriculum was positive as a type of horticultural therapy and that it supports positive behavior strategies in students with intellectual impairments. The usage of various natural materials including plants and flowers within the natural environments provide students with increased opportunities to participate. Teaching methods including natural materials help teachers engage with their students more easily during routine activities as their interest is already stimulated. This project will help students with intellectual impairments to build skills which enable effective participation and increase independence throughout their lives. This should be embedded into both routine and planned activities of the classroom Also, it offers a needed interior plan for the treatment space through an analysis of psychological factors of how the environment affects students.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
• /
• v.13 no.1
• /
• pp.67-75
• /
• 2002

Objectives：This study was conducted to investigate the degree of psychopathologies of the family members of children with chronic convulsive disorder and evaluate the structures and dynamics of those families. Methods：The participant patients and family members were recruited from the population attending the outpatient clinic of department of pediatric neurology in Seoul National University Hospital in Korea. All the patients had idiopathic chronic convulsive disorder. Any patient with mental retardation, pervasive developmental disorder and gross brain pathology was excluded. As controls, normal students were chosen and their sex, age, achievement, socioeconomic status were matched to patients. The author interviewed the children and their family members twice and obtained informations about patient-parent relationship, patient-sibling relationship and others. For in-depth evaluation, we used family environment scales(FES), symptom Checklist-90-revised(SCL-90-R), self administered dependency questionnaire for mother(SADQ). Results：After interviewing with the parents of epileptic children, overprotection of parents, hostile feeling of siblings toward index children were higher than controls. The parental conflict was also more expressed than control families. According to results from FES, the scores of the subscales of expression, achievement-orientation, intelligence-orientation and active recreation were significantly lower than control group. The epileptic children showed higher dependency to parents especially in affection, communication and traveling areas of SADQ than control group. Maternal psychopathologies evaluated by SCL-90-R were much higher than the mothers of controls. According to T scores of SCL-90-R, about 40% of mothers with epileptic children had the risk of clinically significant depressive or anxiety disorders. Conclusion：These results suggested that the family members of epileptic children had more relationship problems and psychopathologies than control group and some mothers might have clinically significant depressive or anxiety disorders. so, effective psychiatric family interventions are needed for resolution of conflict and psychopathologies of family members.

• Korean Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine
• /
• v.9 no.1
• /
• pp.16-27
• /
• 2001

Objectives : This study was aimed to investigate stress and coping strategy in the families of schizophrenic patient, and changes of knowledge, stress and coping strategy after brief program of family education compared with control group Methods : The education group consisted of twenty four people who were families with schizophrenic patients and attended the brief program of family education. The control group consisted of twenty two people with schizophrenic inpatients. Self-report questionnaires such as Family Coping Questionnaire(FCQ), Patient Rejection Scale(PRS), Worry Questionnaire, Knowledge Questionnaire, Beck Depression Inventory(BDI), and State-Trait Anxiety Inventory(STAI) were administered to the education group and the control group, twice at the pre-test and post-test. Results : 1) In the education group, scores of worry questionnaire, BDI and STAI-S at the post-test were significantly lower than those at the pre-test. Social interests score of FCQ and knowledge questionnaire score at the post-test were significantly higher than those at the pre-test. In FCQ factors, social interests associated with avoidance strategy score at the post-test was significantly higher than that at the pre-test. However, in the control group, there was no significant difference in all questionnaires. 2) In the education group, significant positive correlation existed between calculated differences of worry questionnaire and STAI-S, and between worry questionnaire and STAI-T, whereas significant negative correlation existed between positive communication of FCQ and PRS, and between knowledge questionnaire and STAI-S. In the control group, significant negative correlation existed between information of FCQ and PRS, and between positive communication of FCQ and PRS. 3) In the education group, significant positive correlation existed between calculated differences of worry questionnaire and age of patient, whereas significant negative correlation existed between knowledge questionnaire and duration of illness. However, in the control group, there was no significant correlation. Conclusion : The brief program of family education was effective in increasing knowledge about schizophrenia, decreasing worry and anxiety about the patients in families with schizophrenic patient. In the education group as knowledge about schizophrenia increased, anxiety about schizophrenic patient decreased, but there was no significant correlation in the control group. As relative's rejection feeling about schizophrenic patient decreased, positive communication strategy increased in both groups. However, the control group was more affected by rejection feeling than the education group.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
• /
• v.38 no.1
• /
• pp.19-28
• /
• 2013

With Korea's rapid entry to aged society, elderly population has become a major age group both in the whole society and medical field and its importance will be constantly stressed out. Elderly population is also important in the field of oral medicine which deals with chronic and recurrent diseases in the orofacial region of non-dental origin but there exist few studies indicating epidemiology of elderly patients in this regards. This study aimed to investigate change of age distribution of new patients in a university-based dental hospital and oral medicine clinic for last decade and to investigate clinical epidemiology of elderly patients (${\geq}$ 65 years) of oral medicine clinic. This study was performed retrospectively using medical records of the new patients in Dankook University Dental Hospital in 2001 and 2011. According to the study, percentage of elderly new patients increased in both dental hospital and oral medicine clinic and degree of the increase was greater in oral medicine clinic than in the whole hospital (p=0.000). 13.5% of adult patients ${\geq}$ 18 years of oral medicine clinic were elderly patients ${\geq}$ 65 years. 83% of elderly patients were suffering from one or more systemic diseases. Although TMD was the most common reason for elderly patients who visited oral medicine clinic, oral soft tissue diseases, dry mouth, burning mouth syndrome and oromandibular dystonia was more frequently diagnosed in elderly patients compared to adult patients aged 18 to 64 years. Pain severity and interference of Brief Pain Inventory and depression and anxiety scores of Hospital Anxiety Depression Scales were higher in elderly patients than in the adult patients (p<0.05). Increase of elderly patients with chronic oral diseases and pain needs more attention of dentists and specialists of oral medicine to improvement of assessment and development of tailored management because large portion of the elderly patients have systemic diseases, polypharmacy and impaired communication, possibly restricting treatment options.

• Management & Information Systems Review
• /
• v.35 no.4
• /
• pp.99-122
• /
• 2016

The social networking services (SNSs) have become popular among smartphone users, and one of the most popular services. In order to explain users' motivations toward SNS, this study considers uses and gratification theory which can explain individuals' motivations to select certain media channels. The purposes of this study is to investigate the relationships between motivations and addiction of SNS, and between addiction of SNS and decline in the subjective wellbeing. We examine moderating effects of social tie based on the social capital theory in the relationships between SNS addiction and decline in the subjective wellbeing. The motivations of SNS are subdivided into emotional motive (entertainment and fantasy) and cognitive motive (information share burden and challenge burden) based on the use and gratifications theory. The addiction of SNS is subdivided into time tolerance, withdrawal symptoms, interruption, and barrier of living. The data used in this study were collected from 286 SNS users through surveys. The data analysis in this study was performed using AMOS 17.0, and we used SEM(Structural Equation Modeling) methods in order to test the research model. The result shows that the emotional motive(entertainment and fantasy) and cognitive motive(information share burden and challenge burden) have an effect on the addiction of SNS. Especially emotional motive such as entertainment and users' fantasy toward SNS is an important factor that can cause SNS addiction. The addiction of SNS such as time tolerance, withdrawal symptoms, interruption, and barrier of living has an effect on the decline in the subjective wellbeing. Our result show that social tie partially moderates the relationship SNS addiction and decline in the subjective wellbeing. In addition, social tie between interruption of SNS and decline in the subjective wellbeing is an important moderating factor. The results focuses on the understanding toward relationship between SNS addiction based on the online and decline in the subjective wellbeing in the real world. The findings of this study also provides theoretical as well as practical implications which reflect the major features of SNS, and moderating effects of social tie based on the social capital.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
• /
• v.12 no.1
• /
• pp.94-102
• /
• 2001

Bullying has recently become a serious social problem in Korean society. Bullying, which is defined as a phenomenon that one particular student is intensively and continuously harassed or ostracized by a group of students, is apt to produce harmful effects on bullies as well as victims. Bullying has many causes including those originated from the personality of victims and bullies. This study is designed to investigate the difference in personality trait between victims, bullies, victims/bullies, and neither. The subjects of this study were 215(115 male and 100 female) 6th-grade students in the primary school in Seoul. Questionnares were distributed to the students and their carers. The student carers were also asked to answer the questions for a survey called the Korean Personality Invertory for Children(KPI-C). SPSS was used for the statistical analysis of the collected test information；ANOVA, post hoc scheffe test, and T-test were used to analyze the differences between the tested groups. The result of the study is as follows. 1) The victims, bullies, victims/bullies and neither totaled respectively 11(5.1%), 56(26.0%), 11(5.1%) and 137(63.7%). 115 were male and 100 were female. 2) The frequency of victimized is as follows：1 time is 15(7.0%), 2 times is 4(1.9%) and more than 3 times is 3(1.4%). The frequency of bullying is as follows；1 time is 40(18.6%), 2 times is 17 (7.9%) and more than 3 times is 10(4.7%). 3) The differences between froups in KPI-C test is as follows. (1) The ESR(p=.00) scale was significantly lower in the victims group than in the neither group and the HPR(p=.00) scale and PSY(p<.01) scale were significantly higher in the former than in the latter. (2) The ESR(p=.00) scale was significantly lower in the victims/bullies group than in the neither group and the SOM(p=.00) scale and HPR(p=.00) scale were significantly higher in the formaer than in the latter. (3) The SOC(p=.00) scale, PSY(p<.01) scale and AUT(p=.00) scale were significantly higher in the victims group than in the bullies group. (4) There is statistically no difference between the bullies group and the neither group. To conclusion, Victims need to learn how to cope with harsh situations, or they will have to face difficulties in relationships. Even after they experience bullying, they may not realize why they have been bullied, or speak out for themselves.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
• /
• v.6 no.1
• /
• pp.56-64
• /
• 1995

Family is a primary unit of the major socialization processing for children. Parents among the family members are one of the most important figures from whom the child and adolescent acquire a wide variety of behavior patterns, attitudes, values and norms. An organization of family members product family structural functioning. Abnormal family structure is one of the most important reference models in the learning of antisocial patterns of behavior. Therefore incest and child sexual abuse including spouse abuse, elderly abuse, and neglect occurs in the abnormal family structural setting. In particular, incest, a specific form of sexual abuse, was once thought to be a phenomenon of great rarity, but our clinical experiences, especially over the past decade, have made us aware that incest and child sexual abuse is not rare case and on the increasing trend. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the family problem and dynamics of incest family, and character pattern of post-incest adolescent victim in Korea. A total of 1,838 adolescents from middle and high school(1,237) and juvenile correctional institute(601) were studied, sampled from Korean student population and adolescent delinquent population confined in juvenile correctional institutes, using proportional stratified random sampling method. The subjects' ages ranged from 12 to 21 years. Data were collected through questionnaire survey. Data analysis was done by IBM PC of Behavior Science Center at the Korea university, using SAS program. Statistical methods employed were Chi-square, principal component analysis and t-test etc. The results of this study were as follows ; 1) Of 1,071 subjects, 40(3.7%) reported incest experiences(sibling incest : 1.6% ; another type of incest : 2.1%) in their family setting. 2) The character pattern of post-incest adolescent victim was more socially maladjusted, immature, impulsive, rigid, anxious and dependent than non-incest adolescent. Also they showed some problem in academic performance and their assertiveness. 3) The other family members of incest family revealed more psychological and behavioral problem such as depression, alcoholism, psychotic disorder and criminal act than the non-incest family, even though there is no evidence of the context between them. 4) The family dynamics of incest family tended to be dysfunctional trend, as compared with non-incest family. It showed that the psychological instability of family member, parental rejection toward their children, coldness and indifference among family member and marital discordance between the parents had significant correlation with incest.