• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.23
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• pp.81-93
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• 2008

The analysis of ancient DNA (aDNA) in paleogenetics has become an increasingly important subject of archaeological, anthropological, biological as well as public interest. In this study, paleogenetic analyses were carried out on the human skeletal remains from a historical cemetery site in Myeongam-ri, Asan, Korea. Archaeological records show that this particular location had been used as a habitation or mortuary site as early as the Bronze Age and up until the Joseon Dynasty. Human remains of twenty individuals out of forty-nine tombs from the Goryeo to Joseon Dynasty were selected for the analysis of this study. In order to identify the genealogy of the population and traditional burial pattern of the cemetery, we conducted comparative analyses of the hyper variable regions (HVRs) in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) of each sample. A number of cautious steps were taken at all experimental stages in order to avoid erroneous recombination by the segmental and modern contaminations derived from the researchers. We sequenced segmental amplicons of HVRs andassigned relevant haplogroups according to the sequence polymorphism on the basis of the known mtDNA database. The result shows that diverse haplogroups were unexpectedly present in the small population group of the Myeongam-ri site. This diversity appears to be related to the geographical conditions and archaeological properties of the Myeongam-ri site.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.28 no.6
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• pp.562-565
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• 2011

A total of 29 eyes (25 dogs: one eye, 2 dogs: both eyes) with indolent corneal ulcer were treated with grid keratotomy from January 2008 to March 2010. The corneal lesions were reevaluated at 7-14 day intervals. The treatments had been repeated until fluorescein dye was not retained on the cornea and the epithelium did not appear to be loosely attached to the stromal layer. The healing rate of the corneal ulcers was 86.2%. The mean healing time ($mean{\pm}SD$) was $15.92{\pm}9.19$ days, ranged from 7 to 39 days. The lesions of remaining 4 eyes had deteriorated or not improved for more than 6 weeks. In those cases, $3^{rd}$ eyelid flap following grid keratotomy was applied. After 2 weeks, all of the eyes healed by the treatment. The results in this study suggest that grid keratotomy could be an excellent choice as an initial treatment for superficial corneal ulcers in dogs. In the cases of recurrence or to promote healing of the lesions, however, $3^{rd}$ eyelid flap following grid keratotomy is recommended.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.315-319
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• 2013

A 5-year-old, spayed female Maltese dog presented with generalized multifocal pruritic erythema and alopecia for a month. Initial skin biopsy suggested cutaneious histiocytosis. The dog had been treated with the immunosuppressive therapy for a month, but multifocal erythematous patches and plaques were newly observed. Direct imprint smear of cutaneous lesions suggested a lymphoma and rebiopsy was performed. Microscopic examination demonstrated a round cell tumor with epitheliotrophism to the epidermis and adnexal structures. The neoplastic round cells were strongly positive for CD3 yet negative for CD79a, indicting the tumor was cutaneous epitheliotropic T-cell lymphoma. After 2 cycles of oral administration of lomustine ($70mg/m^2$, once every 2-3 weeks), only partial response was observed. Alternative chemotherapy with gemcitabine ($500mg/m^2$, 30-minute IV infusion, once every week) was initiated. A total 3 cycles of gemcitabine failed to control the progression of disease, and the dog was euthanized on Day 69 after the 1st lomustine treatment.

• Childhood Kidney Diseases
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.1-5
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• 2013

C3 glomerulonephritis (C3GN) is a recently described entity that shows a glomerulonephritis on light microscopy, bright C3 staining and the absence of C1q, C4, and immunoglobulins on immunofluorescence microscopy and mesangial and/or subendothelial electron-dense deposits on electron microscopy. The term 'C3 glomerulopathy' is often used to include C3GN and dense deposit disease (DDD), CFHR5 nephropathy, those of which result from dysregulation of the alternative pathway of complement. C3GN shares some aspects of atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome, MPGN, late stage of post infectious glomerulonephritis and other glomerulonephrtis. When C3GN is considered, measurement of serum complement proteins including C3, CFH, CFI, CFB and testing for the presence of C3 nephritic factor, anti-factor H autoantibodies are necessary. To screening for mutations, genes that encode complement regulators should be evaluated. This disorder equally affected all ages, both genders, and typically presented with hematuria and proteinuria. In both the short and long term, renal function remained stable in the majority of patients.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.45 no.5
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• pp.962-974
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• 1998

Background: Alteration of p53 tumor suppressor genes is most frequently identified in human neoplasms, including lung carcinoma. It is well known that bcl-2 oncoprotein protects cells from apoptosis. Recent studies have demonstrated that bcl-2 expression is associated with favorable prognosis for patients with non-small cell lung carcinoma. However, the precise biologic role of bcl-2 in the development of these tumors is still obscure. p53 and bcl-2 have important regulatory influence in the apoptotic pathway and thus their relationship is of interest in tumorigenesis, especially lung cancer. Purpose: The author investigated to know the prognostic significance of the expression of p53 and bcl-2 in radically resected non-small cell lung cancer. Method: 84 cases of formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded blocks from resected primary non-small cell lung cancer from 1980 to 1994 at Hanyang University Hospital were available for both clinical follow-up and immunohistochemical staining using monoclonal antibodies for p53 and bcl-2. Results : The histologic classification of the tumor was based on WHO criteria., and the specimens included 45 squamous cell carcinomas(53.6%), 28 adeonocarcinomas(33.3%) and 11 large cell carcinomas(13.1 %). p53 immunoreactivity was noted in 47 cases of 84 cases(56.0%). bcl-2 immunoreactivity was noted in 15 cases of 84 cases(17.9%). The mean survival duration was $64.23{\pm}10.73$ months in bcl-2 positive group and $35.28{\pm}4$. 39 months in bcl-2 negative group. The bcl-2 expression was significantly correlated with survival in radically resected non-small cell lung cancer patients(p=0.03). The mean survival duration was $34.71{\pm}6.12$ months in p53 positive group and $45.35{\pm}6.30$ months in p53 negative group(p=0.21). The p53 expression was not predictive for survival. There was no correlation between combination of the different status of p53 and bcl-2 expression in our study. Conclusions : The interaction and the regulation of new biologic markers, such as those involved in the apoptotic pathway, are complex. bcl-2 overexpression is a good prognostic factor in non-small cell lung cancer and p53 expression is not significantly associated with the prognostic factor in non-small cell lung cancer.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.288-298
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• 2004

Benzimidazole pesticide carbendazim that is effective against a wide range of fungal plant pathogens is a protective, eradicant, and systemic fungicide. For genetic toxicity evaluation of carbendazim on DNA, genes and chromosome, were investigated with chromosome aberration, bacterial reverse mutation, micronucleus test in mouse born marrow and DNA damage assay by single cell microgel electrophoresis. Substitution and frameshift mutation were not induce at variable concentration of carbendazim on Ames test with or without rat liver microsomal activation. For the result of chromosome aberration test, numerical changes of chromosome were detected at the concentrations higher than $4.0{\mu}g/m{\ell}$, but structural aberration was not induced. Positive control, Mitomycin-C and captafol made a structural aberration, but numerical change of chromosome did not appear. In the micronucleus test for mouse born marrow, carbendazim was negative, but was weak positive in DNA damage assay by single cell microgel electrophoresis because of increased DNA moving length of 20% to control.

• The Journal of the Acoustical Society of Korea
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.155-163
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• 2009

In text-to-speech systems, the conversion of text into prosodic parameters is necessarily composed of three steps. These are the placement of prosodic boundaries. the determination of segmental durations, and the specification of fundamental frequency contours. Prosodic boundaries. as the most important and basic parameter. affect the estimation of durations and fundamental frequency. Break prediction is an important step in text-to-speech systems as break indices (BIs) have a great influence on how to correctly represent prosodic phrase boundaries, However. an accurate prediction is difficult since BIs are often chosen according to the meaning of a sentence or the reading style of the speaker. In Japanese, the prediction of an accentual phrase boundary (APB) and major phrase boundary (MPB) is particularly difficult. Thus, this paper presents a method to complement the prediction errors of an APB and MPB. First, we define a subtle BI in which it is difficult to decide between an APB and MPB clearly as a variable break (VB), and an explicit BI as a fixed break (FB). The VB is chosen using the classification and regression tree, and multiple prosodic targets in relation to the pith and duration are then generated. Finally. unit-selection is conducted using multiple prosodic targets. In the MOS test result. the original speech scored a 4,99. while proposed method scored a 4.25 and conventional method scored a 4.01. The experimental results show that the proposed method improves the naturalness of synthesized speech.

• Current Research on Agriculture and Life Sciences
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• v.12
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• pp.57-68
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• 1994

This experiment was conducted to isolate the mutants from S118 and to investigate the physiological characteristics of R. japonicum mutants. The results obtained were as follows; Based on nodulation and acetylene reduction, nodulation of rhizobia was divided into 4 groups, i.e. slow-nodulation, earlier-nodulation, infrequent-nodulation and non-nodulation. At 5% significant level, the growth of inoculated plant with SM255 was bad, but that of HP277 was good. Root-hairs curling was induced by strains S118 and HP277 on soybean, but not by strain SM255. S118 and SM255 were found to be slow-gorwers and produced alkali, whereas strain HP277 was fast-grower and produced acid in YEM broth. In litmus milk reaction, all strains indicated alkaline reaction, and serume-zone was induced weakly by HP277. All of the strains tested in this experiment utilized sucrose. HP277 and LP268 utilized xylose, whereas S118 and SM255 did not. SM255 showed bad growth in nitrogen carriers however utilization of $Ca(NO_3)_2{\cdot}4H_2O$ by HP277 was possible at 25mM and 10mM level. To compare with S118, the protein band of SM255's cell protein electrophoresis was not developed at 0.62 Rm position.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.204-212
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• 2008

Purpose: This study was performed to evaluate the disease-free survival and risk factors of recurrence in early breast cancer patients who have undergone breast conserving surgery and radiation therapy. Materials and Methods: From March 1997 to December 2002, 77 breast cancer patients who underwent breast conserving surgery and radiation therapy were reviewed retrospectively. The median follow-up time was 58.4 months (range $43.8{\sim}129.4$ months) and the mean subject age was 41 years. The frequency distribution of the different T stages, based on the tumor characteristics was 38 (49.3%) for T1, 28 (36.3%) for T2, 3 for T3, 7 for T is and 1 for an unidentified sized tumor. In addition, 52 patients (67.5%) did not have axillary lymph metastasis, whereas 14 patients (18.1%) had $1{\sim}3$ lymph node metastases and 3 (0.03%) had more than 4 lymph node metastases. The resection margin was negative in 59 patients, close (${\leq}2\;mm$) in 15, and positive in 4. All patients received radiation therapy at the intact breast using tangential fields with a subsequent electron beam boost to the tumor bed at a total dose ranging from 59.4 Gy to 66.4 Gy. Patients with more than four positive axillary lymph nodes received radiation therapy ($41.4{\sim}60.4\;Gy$) at the axillary and supraclavicular area. Chemotherapy was administered in 59 patients and tamoxifen or fareston was administered in 29 patients. Results: The 5 year overall survival and disease-free survival rates were 98.08% and 93.49%, respectively. Of the 77 patients, a total of 4 relapses (5.2%), including 1 isolated supraclavicular relapse, 1 supraclavicular relapse with synchronous multiple distant relapses, and 2 distant relapses were observed. No cases of local breast relapses were observed. Lymph node metastasis or number of metastatic lymph nodes was not found to be statistically related with a relapse (p=0.3289) nor disease-free survival (p=0.1430). Patients with positive margins had a significantly shorter disease-free survival period (p<0.0001) and higher relapse rates (p=0.0507). However, patients with close margins were at equal risk of relapse and disease-free survival as with negative margins (p=1.000). Patients younger than 40 years of age had higher relapse rates (9.3% vs. 0%) and lower disease-free survival periods, but the difference was not statistically significant (p=0.1255). The relapse rates for patients with tumors was 14% for tumor stage T2, compared to 0% for tumor stage T1 tumors (p=0.0284). A univariate analysis found that disease-free survival and relapse rates, T stage, positive resection margin and mutation of p53 were significant factors for clinical outcome. Conclusion: The results of this study have shown that breast conservation surgery and radiation therapy in early breast cancer patients has proven to be a safe treatment modality with a low relapse rate and high disease-free survival rate. The patients with a positive margin, T2 stage, and mutation of p53 are associated with statistically higher relapse rates and lower disease-free survival.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Electromagnetic Engineering and Science
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• v.18 no.4 s.119
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• pp.455-463
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• 2007

In this paper, it is proposed how to implement the object detection system which is able to apply to vehicular applications, unmanned facilities, automatic door and others with microwave. As the technology which detects an object with microwave is becoming more popular, it seems impossible to avoid mutual interference and jamming caused by limited frequency bandwidth. The system in this paper detects an object by correlating the code of TX and RX signals with the pseudo-random code having best quality in interference and jamming environment. In order to generate simulant doppler signal for detecting the distance of an fixed object where there is no doppler effect, the phase of TX signal is shifted continually. Also, the saturation of receiver was removed and the error of distance measurement was decreased by controlling the power of TX signal for getting constant RX signal. The proposed system detects a object which ranges from 0.5 m to 2.0 m and informs vocally whether there is the object within 1.0 m or not.