• KIEAE Journal
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.5-10
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• 2016

Purpose: The energy consumption in buildings has continuously increased in some countries and it reaches almost 25% of the total energy use in korea. Therefore there are various efforts to minimize energy consumption in buildings, and the regulations on building envelope insulation have been tightened up gradually. To satisfy the building regulation, the use of vacuum insulation panels(VIPs) is increasing. VIP is a high performance insulation materials, so that it can be thinner than conventional insulation material. When VIP is applied in a building, it may cause thermal bridge, which occurs due to very low thermal conductivity compared to other building materials and the envelope of VIPs. Method: This study designed the capsulized VIPs using conventional insulation for reduction of the thermal bridge. Then designed VIPs were applied to a wall. The linear thermal transmittance and the effective thermal conductivity were analyzed by HEAT2 simulation program for two dimensional steady-state heat transfer. The result compared with a wall with non-capsulized VIPs. Result: It analyzed that the wall with capsulized VIPs had lower linear thermal transmittance and reduced the difference of the effective thermal transmittance with one dimensional thermal transmittance compared to that of the wall with non-capsulized VIPs.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.647-657
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• 2015

To investigate a method for calculation of the heating load for environmental designs of horticultural facilities, measurements of total heating load, infiltration rate, and floor heat flux in a large-scale plastic greenhouse were analyzed comparatively with the calculation results. Effects of ground heat exchange and infiltration loss on the greenhouse heating load were examined. The ranges of the indoor and outdoor temperatures were $13.3{\pm}1.2^{\circ}C$ and $-9.4{\sim}+7.2^{\circ}C$ respectively during the experimental period. It was confirmed that the outdoor temperatures were valid in the range of the design temperatures for the greenhouse heating design in Korea. Average infiltration rate of the experimental greenhouse measured by a gas tracer method was $0.245h^{-1}$. Applying a constant ventilation heat transfer coefficient to the covering area of the greenhouse was found to have a methodological problem in the case of various sizes of greenhouses. Thus, it was considered that the method of using the volume and the infiltration rate of greenhouses was reasonable for the infiltration loss. Floor heat flux measured in the center of the greenhouse tended to increase toward negative slightly according to the differences between indoor and outdoor temperature. By contrast, floor heat flux measured at the side of the greenhouse tended to increase greatly into plus according to the temperature differences. Based on the measured results, a new calculation method for ground heat exchange was developed by adopting the concept of heat loss through the perimeter of greenhouses. The developed method coincided closely with the experimental result. Average transmission heat loss was shown to be directly proportional to the differences between indoor and outdoor temperature, but the average overall heat transfer coefficient tended to decrease. Thus, in calculating the transmission heat loss, the overall heat transfer coefficient must be selected based on design conditions. The overall heat transfer coefficient of the experimental greenhouse averaged $2.73W{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}C^{-1}$, which represents a 60% heat savings rate compared with plastic greenhouses with a single covering. The total heating load included, transmission heat loss of 84.7~95.4%, infiltration loss of 4.4~9.5%, and ground heat exchange of -0.2~+6.3%. The transmission heat loss accounted for larger proportions in groups with low differences between indoor and outdoor temperature, whereas infiltration heat loss played the larger role in groups with high temperature differences. Ground heat exchange could either heighten or lessen the heating load, depending on the difference between indoor and outdoor temperature. Therefore, the selection of a reference temperature difference is important. Since infiltration loss takes on greater importance than ground heat exchange, measures for lessening the infiltration loss are required to conserve energy.

• KIEAE Journal
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.79-85
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• 2016

Purpose: It is difficult to calculate frame U-value because of the two reason. First is selection of air properties in cavity. Second is calculation method in window frame. For this reason, it is important to decide cavity properties in window frame. However, international standards offered different method(ISO 15099, ISO 10077) and air properties was changed according to the two methods. The aim of this study was to suggest method for deriving accurate frame U-value using international standard methods and CFD simulation. Method: First, this study conducted analysis calculation method of ISO 15099 and ISO 10077. And, CFD simulation conducted based on same condition. Finally, ISO calculation and CFD simulation results were verified through comparison with real experiment results. Result: The results show that effective conductivity of ISO 15099 was the highest value. ISO 10077 and CFD result followed. The convergent values of ISO 10077 was the highest. ISO 15099 and CFD followed. ISO calculation reflecting CFD simulation results will reduce error with experimental results.

• Food Industry
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• s.94
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• pp.37-40
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• 1988

1) 본 연구에서 시료로 선정한 충남 서산산 건강(dry ginger)은 수분이 $9.4\%$, 회분이 $8.7\%$ 그리고 alcohol에 의한 추출량이 약 $9\%$이다. 이는 선진국에 채택사용하고 있는 건강의 규격기준에 의하면 양호하다. 2) Non- flavor물질의 추출을 최소화하고 특히 증류과정에서 유효성분 손실을 최소화 할 수 있고, 엑기스내의 용매 잔류량이 인체에 유해하지 않고 추출효율을 높일 수 있는 용매는 ethyl alcohol이다. 3) 널리 사용하고 있는 관류추출(percolation)의 성능을 분석하고 이의 개선방안을제시하였다. - 추출효율을 높이기 위하여 건강(dry ginger)의 입자를 작게하면 압력강하가 증대되어순환되는 용액의 유속을 제어하기가 힘들다. - 입자가 작을 시에는 유체의 흐름이chan-nelling현상을 나타낸다. - 위와 같은 조건에서는 물질 전달속도가 느리므로 추출효율을 증대시킬 수가 없다. - 따라서 percolation추출에 사용되는 건강의 입자크기는 30mesh크기 이상이어야 운전조작이 용이하나 추출효율이 낮으므로, 추출시간 6시간에 회수된 생강엑기스양은 약 $2.5\%$이다. 4) percolation추출의 단점을 보완하기 위하여 기계적교반 추출을 선택하여 다음과 같은 개선점을 찾았다. - 교반형 추출에서는 고 - 액분리시 cake 저항에서 문제가 야기되지 않는 범위까지 건강의 입자를 작게할 수 있으므로 추출효율을 크게 향상시킬 수 있었다. 즉, 작게 분쇄된 건강(30mesh통과$90\%$)을 대상으로 추출시간 3시간에 $7\%$의 회수율로 증대시켰다. 최적 운전조건은 다음과 같다. 건강시료:1kg 시료크기:-30mesh$90\%$ 용매:ethyl alcohol 3$\iota$ 교반속도:900r.p.m 추출온도:상온($15\~25^{\circ}C$) 추출시간:3시간 일차 추출조건과 동일하게 하여 얻어진 엑기스의 수율이 $2\~2.5\%$이므로 총엑기스의 수율은 건강(dry ginger)무게기준으로 $8.5\~9.5\%$이었다. 5) 교반추출의 효율이 개선되었다 하더라도 추출물의 분리가 용이하여야만 공정의 이용이 가능하다. 그러므로 교반추출후 고 - 액분리를 위하여 정압여과 장치를 이용하여 여과시 cake의 평균 비저항을 얻었으며, 이의 값은 $4.31\times10^8cm\;/\;gr$으로서 여과에는 어려움이 없다는 것을 의미한다. 따라서 추출속도와 효율이 상대적으로 우수한 교반형 추출기의 가능성을 예시할 수 있음을 알 수 있었다. 6) 추출물을 농축과정에서 휘발성 oil의 손실을 최대로 줄이기 위해서는 단순증류를 하지 말고 분별증류를 수행하여야 하며, gingerol과 같은 중요성분의 열분해 반응을 억제하기 위해서는 열전달 효율을 증대시켜 증류조작을 원활히 수행하여야 하므로, still내의 농축물을 계속 교반시켜야 하며 감압상태에서 증류온도는 $40\~50^{\circ}C$로 유지시키는 것이 가장 바람직하다. 7) Ethyl alcohol로 추출된 엑기스내의 수분이나 회분함량은 외국산 제품에 비하여 약간 낮고, 반면에 조지방 및 조단백 성분의 함량은 약간 높게 나타나고 있어 대체적으로 본 연구에서 얻어진 엑기스내의 비풍미성분(non- fla-vour component) 함량은 외국산에 비하여 많은 차이가 없다. 8) 수입 외국산에 비하여 국산엑기스(본 연구에서 ethyl alcohol로 추출)내의 무기성분등의 함량은 비교적 낮은 편이다. 9) 건강에서부터 oleoresin을 얻어 paradol을 제거시킨 후 순수한 gingerol을 분리하여 IR과 NMR로 확인한 결과, 국산건강의 엑기스에는 주로 6-gingerol이고 약간의 10-gingerol이 함유된 것으로 나타났다. 10) 순수하게 분리된 gingerol을 열분석(TGA와 DTG)한 결과 약 $75^{\circ}C$에서 gingerol의 열분해 반응이 일어남을 알수 있었다. 11) 건강 분말시료와 엑기스내의 미생물 검사 결과 건강분말에서는 세균수가 많이 존재하는 것으로 나타났으나, 이는 ethyl alcohol로 추출하는 공정 중 대부분의 균들이 사멸된 것으로 나타났다. 12) 관능적 측면에선, 본 연구에서 제조한 엑기스와 수입엑기스를 비교한 결과 생강 특유의 맛은 비슷했으나, 수입엑기스에서는 쓴맛과 톱밥냄새를 느낀다는 결과를 나타내었으며 전체적인 종합적 풍미는 국산 건강엑기스가 좋은 것으로 나타났다.