• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.55 no.1
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• pp.35-50
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• 2022

The Korean cultural heritage protection act, enacted in 1962, is known to have been enacted in imitation of the Japanese cultural heritage protection act. The Japanese law differs from the current law dealing with intangible cultural heritage, folklore materials, and buried cultural properties. The Japanese law was enacted in consultation with the GHQ, and reflected the historical issues at the time of the enactment. Recently, in Japan, GHQ documents have been released and so research on the cultural heritage protection act is carried out. Therefore, it is necessary to understand the meaning and achievements of the Japanese cultural heritage protection act before comparing it with the Korean law. GHQ stipulated the emperor as a symbolic entity in the Japanese constitution and prescribed the country as a liberal democracy. Influenced by this, the cultural heritage protection act was enacted to identify the people's cultural heritage. Accordingly, the cultural heritage protection committee is a private and independent organization in Japan. The committee designates cultural heritage assets, and it operates as the national museum and the cultural heritage research institute. This system was a part of policy changes shifting cultural heritage management to the private sector. Since many cultural heritages are associated with the imperial family, museums were managed by the imperial family. Meanwhile, the Japanese house of councillors persuaded GHQ, which was negative about including intangible cultural heritage in the cultural heritage protection act. The purpose of this idea was to provide the system of the government support for Japanese imperial court music and dance. In addition, folk materials were included with the consent of the GHQ in that they represent the cultural heritages and the academic achievements of the people at the time in Japan. According to the Korean Law, the subject of designation of cultural heritage is the government, and the cultural heritage committee acts as an advisory body with its limited functions. In the early days, the committee confused the concept of intangible cultural heritage and folklore materials. This was because the concepts of cultural property was borrowed from Japanese law and applied to the Korean law without a full understanding. In response, the cultural heritage committee urged the ministry to investigate the current situation in Japan. The cultural heritage committee, mainly consisting of folklore scholars, was confused about the concepts of intangible cultural heritage and folklore materials, but the concept became clear when the enforcement regulations of the cultural heritage protection Act was enacted in 1964.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.188-198
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• 2021

Digital data was collected using modern three-dimensional digital technology. Current content-specific technologies were investigated through domestic and foreign cases so that three-dimensional digital technology could be applied to the utilization of various contents. First, the use of three-dimensional digital technology of architectural cultural assets has been changing from the restoration of cultural assets. Second, some of the contents produced were found to be underutilized. Third, the type of content has been changing in experience and exhibition, but the online approach was small. Fourth, digital restoration using domestic IT technology has been used as a technology to restore overseas cultural heritage. The fifth analysis of the relationship between the content types and 3D digital technologies shows the use of currently limited technologies. This study analyzed the status of digital architecture and the application of three-dimensional digital technologies to lay the foundation for the active development and utilization of content. Subsequent studies on various layers and digital technologies will be needed to revitalize digital architectural cultural assets in the future.

• Journal of the Society of Disaster Information
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.358-366
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• 2019

Purpose: This paper aims to clarify the problems and to examine the improvement methods by investigating the management condition of local-designated cultural property of which management is relatively poor in comparison with state-designated cultural heritage. Method: In order to grasp the management situation of the local-designated cultural heritage, a research on cultural heritage management situation and problems will be carried out with 35 cultual heritages in Goryeong-gun. Also, the improvement methods about the property type vulnerability on the basis of interview with cultual property managers, fire-fighting officers and civil servants, etc. Results: Local cultural heritages were investigated to be very vulnerable to the fire of wooden buildings, the theft of movable cultural heritages, and the effects of wind and water damage. It is because cultural heritages are scattered over wide areas fundamentally. As the result, it has difficulty in the patrols of police officers and fire fighters, and in the situation that it lacks disaster monitoring and CCTV for countermeasures to replace them, electronic security including fire hydrant, sensors, etc and fire extinguishing facilities and so on. It is difficult for local governments managing local-designated cultural heritages to enhance their management systems directly due to their lack of budget and manpower. Conclusion: In order to strengthen disaster and safety management system for the cultural heritages designated by local governments, they have to clarify disaster countermeasure task of fire fighting, police, and cultural heritage managers prepare their manuals, and systematize them through disaster drill mainly in local autonomous governments. Also, so as to establish a surveillance system every day, they have to enhance the community for local cultural heritage manage consisting of local volunteer fire departments, local voluntary disaster prevention organizations, volunteers, etc.

• Journal of Korea Society of Industrial Information Systems
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.25-36
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• 2010

Recently, digitizing technologies for conservation and restoration of tangible intangible cultural properties are coming into spotlight. Because cultural properties are easy to be lost and damaged over the years, After construction of cultural assets database we can reconstruct the cultural asset making use of the reverse engineering when needed, and implement digital contents such as computer graphics, 3D virtural realization, hologram, etc. So in this paper, we scrutinize visual and technical factors occurring in different types of digital restoration of cultural properties, and present problems and improvements, and try to research technological prowess and visual mechanism.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.261-270
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• 2002

The purpose of this study is to survey and analyze of the visitor's cognition of admission fee collection system in National Park. To accomplish the purposes, a questionnaire survey was employed in Songnisan National Park. The contents of questionnaire consist of the socioeconomic characteristics and the types of visiting, the activity, the cognition of admission fee collection system.339 samples of total 345 respondents were used for final analysis. As a result of the analysis, the socioeconomic characteristics and the types of visiting, the visiting purpose were showed similar trends with results from other National Park visitors survey. Most of respondents didn't recognize the raise of admission fee and how to use the admission fee. And they recognized that it is too expensive. Most of respondents recognized the joint collection of admission fee but they were strong against it. About the range of cultural assets in National Park, the cognition of 'Only Buddhism's assets in temple' was almost equal with the cognition of 'It includes not only cultural assets of inside and outside temple but also thick forest in National Park'. But most of respondents were strong against the collection of admission fee of cultural assets.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.22-30
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• 2012

The purpose of this study of deliberation results to Change the Present Condition of Gyeonggi-do Designated Cultural Properties established Acceptable Standards of Change the Present and its disposal of the fire, Accordingly to minimize the complaints of neighbors cultural property and Decision of Change the Present Condition to maintain the consistency of that is the purpose of this study and The results of the study are as follows First, 82 of proposals with tangible cultural monuments and 56% and 50% each accounted for the majority. 84% of the individual applicant, the application uses 94% of the construction, application facility houses the highest percentage of 40%. Approved and reconsideration results, while the largest number of monuments, rejected the result was the most frequent types of cultural property. and Building height, the highest was filed. Second, the results of deliberation voted two of the most frequently voted 36.5% to 48.7%, 14.6% is the reconsideration. The main reason for the decision passed Cultural minimal impact surrounding landscape, and the application of the buildings surrounding the site have voted in determining the existence of many affected. The main reason for rejection of the decision and voted to determine the cultural assets, compared to inhibition surrounding area of application architecture is characterized by large-scale. The main reason for reconsideration of the decision after a site survey was the most frequent reconsideration. Third, the primary consideration only if you applied a full half of 82 is 47.5% of cases. Consequences of the two manatgo voted the same, assuming the number of agenda items, the more the decision was rejected, and reconsideration. Fourth, the application area committee areas and cultural phenomenon in the conservation area be applied to each 33.7% and 20.2% was most common. Compared with rejection and reconsideration if the various sections of the application has passed. and When applied to the conservation area there were passed. Cultural committee rejected the decision, if applied to areas were most prevalent, reconsideration of the decision was similar in the two areas. Fifth, the size of the construction of buildings collapsed as a result, you voted in rejection have changed. and Voted to reject the results from the increase in building area when changing a lot of decisions have affected the results.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.10 no.1 s.13
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• pp.10-20
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• 2001

Since the feasibility for the application of laser to the conservation of artworks had been demonstrated by John F. Asmus at 1972 it was known from many experiments that laser cleaning technology Provided superior characteristics over conventional cleaning methods based on mechanical and chemical actions. Then, the research and development of the cleaning technology was carried out strongly in Europe and many successful cleaning applications such as stone, painting, stained glass, paper, leather, and metal have been reported. However this is not familiar as a cleaning tool in the restoration of artworks in oriental countries including Korea. Therefore, this article aims to introduce a laser cleaning technology and its characteristics for the applications to art restoration. The contents in this article include general principles and characteristics of laser, the introduction of laser cleaning technology, and real laser applications for artwork restoration.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.25 no.6
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• pp.51-57
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• 2011

The domestic wooden cultural properties applied to the sprinkler extinguishing system was confirmed extinguishing performance through fire experiments. Consists of wooden cultural properties of a fire, a flammable material is vulnerable in terms of. The scale of fire will occur to vary appearance of the initial fire in case of arson. Sprinkler nozzles of the characteristics, the discharging pressure is 1 bar and the flow rate is 80 lpm, applied in this experiment. Fire performance experiments were tested in two separated in each of the scale of the fire and cultural properties. Fire extinguishing performance test results was low in high ceilings and two or more units of the fire scale. Fire growth environment of the actual wooden cultural properties to experimental models when you consider that it is more vulnerable, sprinkler extinguishing system is required sufficient verification in order to apply fire protection of the wooden cultural properties.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.121-130
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• 2009

This study is researched about the field trip of temples and the data for fire extinguishment manual of fire stations: it is done from June 2008 to December 2008 the 80 main temple wooden cultural properties among the 124 main wooden cultural properties appointed by the Cultural Heritage Administration. Cultural properties appointment classification, location classification, temple area, building area in a temple, building area of appointment cultural properties, a fire engine drive direction for fire suppression in a fire, distance from a fire station, and present condition of a fire administrator are researched. The cultural properties possess characteristic is in 2 cases: the whole things in a temple are appointed as cultural properties and only the wooden building is. The cultural properties are classified: the transport is possible or not. The special quality of cultural properties are classified for early correspondence and cultural properties transport in a fire and the basic data are arranged for damage limitation.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.37
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• pp.371-405
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• 2004

International circulation of cultural assets involves numerous countries thereby making an approach based on international law essential to resolving this problem. Since the end of the $2^{nd}$ World War, as the value of cultural assets evolved from material value to moral and ethical values, with emphasis on establishing national identities, newly independent nations and former colonial states took issue with ownership of cultural assets which led to the need for international cooperation and statutory provisions for the return of cultural assets. UNESCO's 1954 "Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict" as preparatory measures for the protection of cultural assets, the 1970 "Convention on the Means of Prohibiting and Preventing the Illicit Import and Transfer of Ownership of Cultural Property" to regulate transfer of cultural assets, and the 1995 "Unidroit Convention on Stolen or Illegally Exported Cultural Objects" which required the return of illegally acquired cultural property are examples of international agreements established on illegal transfers of cultural assets. In addition, the UN agency UNESCO established the Division of Cultural Heritage to oversee cultural assets related matters, and the UN since its 1973 resolution 3187, has continued to demonstrate interest in protection of cultural assets. The resolution 3187 affirms the return of cultural assets to the country of origin, advises on preventing illegal transfers of works of art and cultural assets, advises cataloguing cultural assets within the respective countries and, conclusively, recommends becoming a member of UNESCO, composing a forum for international cooperation. Differences in defining cultural assets pose a limitation on international agreements. While the 1954 Convention states that cultural assets are not limited to movable property and includes immovable property, the 1970 Convention's objective of 'Prohibiting and preventing the illicit import, export and transfer of ownership of cultural property' effectively limits the subject to tangible movable cultural property. The 1995 Convention also has tangible movable cultural property as its subject. On this point, the two conventions demonstrate distinction from the 1954 Convention and the 1972 Convention that focuses on immovable cultural property and natural property. The disparity in defining cultural property is due to the object and purpose of the convention and does not reflect an inherent divergence. In the case of Korea, beginning with the 1866 French invasion, 36 years of Japanese colonial rule, military rule and period of economic development caused outflow of numerous cultural assets to foreign countries. Of course, it is neither possible nor necessary to have all of these cultural properties returned, but among those that have significant value in establishing cultural and historical identity or those that have been taken symbolically as a demonstration of occupational rule can cause issues in their return. In these cases, the 1954 Convention and the ratification of the first legislation must be actively considered. In the return of cultural property, if the illicit acquisition is the core issue, it is a simple matter of following the international accords, while if it rises to the level of diplomatic discussions, it will become a political issue. In that case, the country requesting the return must convince the counterpart country. Realizing a response to the earnest need for preventing illicit trading of cultural assets will require extensive national and civic societal efforts in the East Asian area to overcome its current deficiencies. The most effective way to prevent illicit trading of cultural property is rapid circulation of information between Interpol member countries, which will require development of an internet based communication system as well as more effective deployment of legislation to prevent trading of illicitly acquired cultural property, subscription to international conventions and cataloguing collections.