• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.50 no.4
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• pp.222-251
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• 2017

This paper analyzes the characteristics of the ancient tombs discovered in the Gyeongju site and discusses the direction of the excavation. There are six special features of the wooden chamber tomb covered with stone in Gyeongju. First, confirmation of the above-ground type and the underground type burial mound. Second, confirmation of the construction such as the partition of mound and the pile of stone structure. Third, confirmation of the frontal part structure of the protect stone such as pebble-stone layer, boundary stone. Fourth, confirmation of the relationship before and after the mound. Fifth, the circumference and boundary of the confirmed(before 1990s) burial mounds were discovered, resolving the uncertainty. Sixth confirmation of the crowd unit tombs. By summing up these six features, it is possible to clearly divide the individual units and the crowd units of the Silla tombs. Confirmation of individual units and crowd units can clarify the size and scope of the tombs located by the concatenation and overlap. It is possible to get a glimpse of the formation process through the interrelationships between the two sides. The tombs are located in the upper-and-lower layer structure of the tombs and show selective site selection. When this formative process is rearranged, it is understood that the Gyeongju Silla Cemetery is formed through the course of four stages. It is anticipated that it will be possible to make selective projects in the excavation survey based on the confirmation of the individual unit and the crowd unit of the Silla ancient tombs and the formation process.

• The Korean Journal of Quaternary Research
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.45-54
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• 1998

파주 금파리 구석기 유적에서 드러난 구덩이 유구들은 타원형이거나 약간 불규칙하 기는 하지만 타원형 또는 불규칙한 평면모양을 하고 있고 내부에 호소성 퇴적물이 보이는 경우도 있다. 그런데 내부에서 구석기 유물들이 집중 출토되어 주목된다. 이유구의 형성요인 은 현재로서 정확하지는 않지만 흐르는 물에 의해 침식이 된 흔적 거대한 나무가 쓰러지면 서 생긴 구덩이 그리고 인위적인 가공등을 들수 있는데 현재로서는 자연적으로 형성되었을 가능성이 가장 많지만 인위적인 변형이나 이용가능성을 전혀 배제 할 수는 없다. 여하간에 이러한 작업가설들 모두가 아직은 검증되지 못한 단계로 앞으로 이러한 현상에 대한 직접관 찰을 반복함으로써 설명될수 있을것으로 보이며 구덩이의 형성과정의 복원과 함께 이러한 구덩이가생길 수 있는 기후 및 지질환경의 복원은 구석기인들이 생활을 복원하는데 주용한 시사를 할 것으로 생각된다.

• The Korean Journal of Quaternary Research
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.63-73
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• 2001

In total, 29 $^{14}C$ dates were obtained from Paleolithic sites in the Korean peninsula. If not the dates from the Sorori peat layers, the number will be less than 20. Low boundary of Upper Paleolithic could be estimated by some early of the dates from Blade stone industries. Couple of $^{14}C$ dates indicate that beginning of Upper Paleolithic industries could approach to 40 K BP, but it is premature to establish fine chronology of Upper Paleolithic. Some of the $^{14}C$ dates of microlithic industries probably represent too earlier age than generally thought. Tentatively, the beginning of microlithic industries may go back to an age of slightly older than 20 K BP, as indicated in Janghungri, Sokchangni, Noeundong etc. The obtained $^{14}C$ dates at present are very important for construction of Paleolithic chronology. but it is necessary to accumulate for more $^{14}C$ dates in future along with results from other dating techniques and to reconstruct site formation processes for obtaining objective age of stone industries.

• KOMUNHWA
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• no.56
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• pp.59-91
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• 2000

The iron culture have been studied mainly about the initial aspect and the growth of polity grossly on the level of the south Korea or the Yeungnam province. But the iron culture is necessary to study by diachronic and regional approach about the artifact

• KOMUNHWA
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• no.70
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• pp.35-62
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• 2007

Songguk-ri site gained academic recognition by the excavation of stone coffin tomb with a bronze dagger in 1974. And it is confirmed that this site is epoch-making in Korean bronze age through the following excavation started in 1975. But the excavation reports published until now do not have even overall view of this site, thus it is difficult to get the whole picture of this site. Thus, in this paper the author reexamined all reports on this site and by making the map of overall view and distribution of archaeological features as a basic research. Moreover, I analyzed also artifacts from this site, and compared with the recent papers written by other researchers about the chronology and character. Songguk-ri site has livelihood domain which consists of dwelling pits, attached features, storage pits, pot-firing features, wood fence, abatises, buildings above ground, as well as cemetery which consists of stone-coffins, jar-coffins, pit tombs. Trace of making large terrace was also excavated. These features seem to belong to the same archaeological stage, dated about B.C.850-550, according to C14 dating. On the other hand, the intensification of wet-rice cultivation made this group more productive. Based on this financial strength, some influential group emerged they constructed defensive settlement to protect their products safely. Besides it seems that there were frequent occurrence of conflicts. However, we can know that they kept their stable life, through the expansion of living space. Consequently, Songguk-ri site played a role of the summit among some settlement in this area.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.39
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• pp.39-58
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• 2006

This study reviews recent shell midden studies in Korea. With more interest in biological materials, recent shell midden studies have attempted to reconstruct palaeoenvironment, and understand subsistence economy, the formation processes and function of sites and past culture. Especially, one of the major topics in prehistoric Korean shell midden studies is the transitional process from hunter-gatherer to farmer. To solve these questions related with shell middens, new sampling strategies and excavation techniques have been adopted. Analytical methods combined with scientifical technologies also have been introduced to shell middle studies. These methods indude stable isotope analyses(Oxygen isotope and Carbon and Nitrogen isotope analyses) and growth-line analysis, etc.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Marine Environment & Energy
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.18-26
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• 1998

The major interest of this paper is how the spilled oil over the sea is dispersed into water column especially under the shear and turbulence such as breaking wave. Two hydraulic experiments were conducted to investigate the oil stick break-up characteristics into small and large droplets under the variation of velocity shear and breaking waves. From the experiments in the shear generator and the wave flume, small droplets which have diameters of tens to hundreds of micrometers were uniformly distributed throughout the whole control volume as time goes by. In addition, it can be seen that the weathered spilled oil has a different break-up mechanism from fresh spilled oil.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.411-427
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• 2015

The purpose of the present study is to examine the objects excavated from the archaeological site of the Nogye Village in terms of their relationships with the iron production facilities such as 1ho smithing hearth and 2ho smelting furnace. 32 samples including slags, iron ores, and wall were analyzed to identify the mineralogical and chemical characterization. In addition, in the case of the 1ho smithing hearth slag, differing points of the cross-section were analyzed to examine its formation in depth. The analysis results suggest that the slags from the each site adjacent to the 1ho smithing hearth and 2ho furnace are related to smithing and smelting process respectively. Furthermore, it is possible to draw some conclusions that the aspects of the increased contents of nonferrous elements such as CaO in the slags in comparison with those of the iron ores are due to various factors such as charcoal ash and analytical reasons rather than an addition of CaO as flux.

• The Korean Journal of Quaternary Research
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.53-68
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• 1996

강원도 주문진에서 양양에 이르는 해안평야의 지형형성과 고환경을 신석기유적의 기초조사 연구의 하나로서 연구하였으며 그 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 제4기 최종빙기의 최성 기에 해당되는 15,000y.B.P. 경에는 연구지역은 해수면의 하강에 따른 연장하천의 개석곡으 로서 아한대의 침엽수림의 육상영역하에 있었다. 2. 15,000y.B.P.경 이후 해수면은 기온의 호 전으로 7,500y.B.P에 이르기까지 서서히 상승하였고 이에 따라 개석곡은 연장하천의 후퇴로 육성에서 얕은 하성으로 바뀌었다. 3 해수면 상승은 7,500y.B.P. 이후 빨라지면서 해진 (transgression)으로 되었고 그결과 개석곡은 4,000y.B.P.경에 이르러 하성에서 내만 또는 익 곡의 기수성으로바뀌게 되었다, 이 기간은 후빙기의 이른바 고온기(hypsithermal period)로 서 낙엽활엽수 시대였고 내만 또는 익곡의 가장자리에서는 수생식물이 생육하는 습지환경으 로 변모되었다. 4. 개석곡을 내만 또는 익곡으로 변모시킨 해진은 1,500yB.P.경까지 이어지 면서 지금의 고도에서 안정되었다. 그 결과 내만 또는 익곡의 만입부에서 사주가형성되면서 내만 또는 익곡은 곳에 따라 담수 또는 기수역의 석호로 변하였고 기후는 이전의 고온시대 와는 달리기온은 조금식 하강하는 한랭기후로 서서히 변모시켰다. 5. 석호는 1,000y.B.P. 경 에 이르는 동안 배후로부터 운반된 하천의 토사와 전면의 풍성사 그리고 무성하게 생육하는 수생식물에 의해 서서히 고석호로 등장되기 시작되었다. 6. 1,000y.B.P. 이후 현재에 이르는 동안 하천의 토사와 풍성사의 퇴적증가로 육화가 가속되면서 본래의 개석곡은 매적곡으로 등장되었고 그 결과 지금의 해안평야가 형성되었다.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.53 no.1
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• pp.24-33
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• 2020

In excavated bronze artifacts, corrosion products of various shapes and colors are observed due to multiple corrosion factors coexisting in the burial environment, and these corrosion products can constitute important data not only in terms of long-term corrosion-related information, but also in connection with preservation of artifacts. As such, scientific analysis is being carried out on the corrosion layer and corrosion products of bronze artifacts, and the corrosion mechanism and the characteristics of corrosion products elucidated, which is essential for interpreting the exposed burial environment and its association with corrosion factors inside the burial environment. In this study, after classifying excavated bronze artifacts according to alloy ratio and fabrication technique, comprehensive analysis of the surface of corrosion artifacts, corrosion layer, and corrosion products was carried out to investigate the corrosion mechanism, formation process of the corrosion layer, and characteristics of corrosion products. The study designated two groups according to alloy ratio and fabrication technique. In Group 1, which involved a Cu-Sn-Pb alloy and had no heat treatment, the surface was rough and external corrosion layers were formed on a part, or both sides, of the inside and the outside, and the surface was observed as being green or blue. α+δ phase selection corrosion was found in the metal and some were found to be concentrated in an empty space with a purity of 95 percent or more after α+δ phase corrosion. The Cu-Sn alloy and heat-treated Group 2 formed a smooth surface with no external corrosion layer, and a dark yellow surface was observed. In addition, no external corrosion layer was observed, unlike Group 1, and α corrosion was found inside the metal. In conclusion, it can be seen that the bronze artifacts excavated from the same site differ in various aspects, including the formation of the corrosion layer, the shape and color of the corrosion products, and the metal ion migration path, depending on the alloy ratio and fabrication technique. They also exhibited different corrosion characteristics in the same material, which means that different forms of corrosion can occur depending on the exposure environment in the burial setting. Therefore, even bronze artifacts excavated from the same site will have different corrosion characteristics depending on alloy ratio, fabrication technique, and exposure environment. The study shows one aspect of corrosion characteristics in specific areas and objects; further study of corrosion mechanisms in accordance with burial conditions will be required through analysis of the corrosive layer and corrosive product characteristics of bronze artifacts from various regions.