• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.65-70
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• 1997

Among 980 fungal strains isolated from the lesions of Trifolium repens L. and various weeds, three Penicillium sp. F40362, F40496, F40497 were selected by the first selection test and a pathogenicity test. The spores of these strains germinated readily 90 to 100% and readily infected the respective plant. The wheat bran-corn starch formulation of F40362 strain showed 100% mycoherbicidal activity against clover plant at $4{\times}10^8$ spores/pot. The same formulations of F40496 and F40497 strains showed 100% mycoherbicidal activity against clover plant at $12{\times}10^8{\sim}4{\times}10^8$ spores/pot. The same formulations of tee strains showed over 30% mycoherbicidal activity against Leguminosae plants. This method of pelletiation was potentially useful for the production of inoculum formulation as mycoherbicides and it was effective enough to treat $2{\sim}2.5\;g$ formulation($4.5{\times}10^7\;spores/mg$) to a $350\;cm^2$ pot. The three strains, F40362, F40496 and F40497 have selective mycoherbicidal activity between Trifolium repens L. and Zoysia japonica and nonselective mycoherbicidal activities against some other crop plants and weeds.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.19 no.12
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• pp.1343-1354
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• 2010

The purpose of the study was to analyze the persistence of HCH in atmosphere, soil, sediment and water of the western and southern regions of Korea. The samples from the western region were collected from Anmyeon Island, and the samples from the southern region were collected from Kimhae and Busan. The concentration of HCH isomers in atmosphere showed the pattern of $\alpha$-HCH>$\gamma$-HCH>$\beta$-HCH. The regions with high HCH concentration in the atmosphere are the regions that have been highly exposed to HCH used in the past, and the areas that have been influenced by the long range transport. The HCH that persists in the soil, water and sediment evaporates into the atmosphere, showing the characteristics of Air-Surface exchange. When the regional concentration distributions are compared, the concentration of HCH was higher in the atmosphere of a plain and the cities near the plain, than the urban areas. In this study, the ratio of $\alpha/\beta$-HCH was used as an indicator for estimating the source of Technical HCH and Lindane. According to the result, the contribution of Lindane was high in Kimhae plain and Kimhae urban areas. However, in Busan, the contribution of Technical HCH was higher than Lindane. In case of Anmyeon Island, the western region of Korea had high contribution from Tehcnical HCH. In soil and sediment, $\beta$-HCH was dominant. In water, $\gamma$-HCH was dominant among other isomers. Such results are due to $\gamma$-HCH inLindane. Furthermore, the source of $\gamma$-HCH in urban areas is assumed to be the use of medicine, medical supplies and other living supplies. Based on the results of this study, the management of HCH, a newly list up emerging POPs, should be strengthened by further research on sources, fate, persistency, accumulation and exposures and etc. to the risk assessments.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.36 no.7
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• pp.469-475
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• 2014

The study investigated the physicochemical characteristics and the ecological risk of the Northport sediment in B city and the releasing properties of heavy metals into seawater during the resuspension also studied. The major components of the sediment are fine silt and clay which contains high organic matter and AVS (Acid volatile sulfide) and the ecological risk of the heavy metals in sediment also very high. The release rate of heavy metals into seawater was in order of Pb>>Cu>Cr>>Zn>Cd during the resuspension in a batch experiment, and the heavy metal release mainly attributed to the oxidation of metal sulfides. Heavy metals which came from easily oxidisable metal sulfides rapidly contaminated seawater within about 1.0 h of the sediment resuspension. The sulfide oxidation during the resuspension increased the residual fraction of heavy metals in the sediment, decreased the organic bound fraction, and changed the other fractions of heavy metals in the sediment. The release of heavy metals from the sediment during resuspension was affected by the resuspension time, the oxidation rate of metal sulfides and resuspended concentration of the sediment particle.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.183-193
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• 2016

In this study, design and performance of infiltration trench using woodchip as media for treating stormwater from highway were examined through field monitoring. Average reduction efficiency for TSS, COD, BOD, TN, and TP was 88%, 94%, 85%, 80%, and 75% respectively, which is similar to values reported by other studies and design manuals even though direct comparison is not possible due to different monitoring and design conditions. Mean field infiltration rate estimated by measuring the change of water depth inside the observation well was about 40mm/hr, and the time taken for complete infiltration was about 0.83days, which corresponds well with design criteria recommended by MOE guidelines in Korea. In addition, according to analysis of infiltration rate and reduction efficiency, effective rainfall depth applied for determining water quality volume(WQv), 5mm was found to be properly established as design criteria. Woodchip must be considered and included as an alternative media together with crushed rock and gravel into the design guidelines because it has more advantages in terms of weight, porosity, cost, and easiness of management than other media materials.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.210-217
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• 2012

This study investigated the water quality of effluents from the wastewater treatment plants, located at the Gumi Complex 4, Gumi, and Wonpyong, in Gumi. DOC accounted for higher than 70% of TOC, and oxidation efficiencies, calculated from carbon, were 13~43% for BOD and 37~73% for CODMn, respectively. Based on the biological decomposition experiments, R-DOC account for higher than 70% of DOC, mostly being occupied by refractory organic matters. This indicated that the biodegradable organics occupied more proportions of organic loadings than the refractory organics. The effect of the organics from a discharge of a sewage treatment plant on rivers, Gumi industrial Complex 4, Gumi, and Wonpyong on lower streams of the Nakdong River were found to be 15%, 6% and 16% respectively. The ratio of 15% suggests that comparatively, no large portions of TOC loadings are occupied, but the problem is that the biodegradable organic matters occupy a lot more proportions than that of the refractory organic matters. Thus, it is highly estimated that the refractory organics can gradually increase the pollution level of organics and precursors of disinfection by-products to the down-stream water treatment plants.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.22 no.7
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• pp.854-862
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• 2016

In summer 2010, we measured the concentration of dissolved oxygen (DO) and nutrients in the water collected at the bottom of Cheonsu Bay, off the west coast of Korea. We also measured nutrient fluxes across the sediment-water interface by deploying a fully-automated benthic lander, which collected time-series water samples inside a benthic chamber. We confirmed on-going hypoxia in the northern parts of the bay where polluted lake water was discharged. DO content in the water at the bottom was 2 mg/l, compared to 5 mg/l at the mouth of the bay in the south. Nutrient concentrations showed a trend that was opposite to that of DO. The variation of N/P ratios implies phosphate desorption and a release of nutrients caused by hypoxia. The organic carbon oxidation rate and oxygen consumption rate in the northern parts of the bay were about twice as fast as those at the mouth of the bay. Benthic fluxes of nutrients in the northern part of the bay were 4 to 6 times higher than those at the mouth. Our results imply that it is important to understand the role of hypoxia events to make an accurate estimation of material fluxes across the sediment-water interface.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.24 no.6
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• pp.793-801
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• 2014

This study evaluated the qualitative properties of lotus root (Nelumbo nucifera) peels as food materials. Proximate composition, sweetness, pH, total acidity, color, mineral, fatty acid, free sugar and organic acid contents of preprocessed lotus root were measured. Crude moisture, protein, and total fiber contents of non-peeled treated Lotus roots were higher than those of peeled treated lotus roots (p<0.05). Lightness and yellowness of color were reduced by peeling process, whereas redness increased (p<0.05). The mineral contents of Mg, Ca, Fe and Na were higher in non-peeled lotus roots, whereas peeled treated lotus root showed higher K contents (p<0.05). The major fatty acids were palmitic, oleic, linoleic and linolenic acids. The total free sugar content of non-peeled lotus roots was higher than that of peeled treated lotus roots (p<0.05). Glucose content was not significantly different, whereas fructose, sucrose, and maltose contents were significantly different. The organic acid and free amino acid contents were higher in peeled lotus roots (p<0.01).

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.22-26
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• 1984

The effect of changes in body weight, some blood components and some inorganic ions in liver and kidney, were studied on male rats receiving ad libitum on 5, 40, and 200 ppm of mercuric chloride solution during so days. The results obtained were summarized as follows ; 1. The total body weights were decreased in proportion to increment of mercury concentration. The internal organs weights i. e. , liver, kidney, spleen, and heart, were generally increased. Especially, the weight increment of kidney was the highest by intaking of mercuric chloride solution. 2. There were no significant changes in hematocrit values, activities of GOT and GPT in blood of rats receiving mercuric chloride. On the other hand, the plasma levels of cholesterol were significantly increased. The receiving of 200 ppm mercuric chloride solution to rats was resulted in the remarkable reduction of total protein levels and A/G ratio in plasma. 3. The markable rise occured in the accumulation of Hg, in both liver and kidney in proportion to supplying in rats while there was a tendency decreasing of Cu, Zn contents in liver, whereas there was a tendency increasing of Cu, Zn in kidney of rats.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.28 no.6
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• pp.436-445
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• 2015

Amomi Fructus with anti-oxidative activity was chosen and essential oil was obtained by SDE (simultaneous distillation extraction), and 39 constituents were determined by GC-MS (gas chromatography-mass spectrometry). Major components were camphor, borneol acetate, borneol, D-limonene and camphene. Three solvent extracts such as hexanes, diethyl ether and methylene chloride from Amomi Fructus were obtained. These were analyzed by GC-MS and 4 more constituents were identified in addition to 39 components discovered in essential oil. Five major components such as camphor, borneol acetate, borneol, D-limonene and camphene were also detected, however the relative peak percents of those components were different from those of constituents in essential oil. To estimate the kind and the amount of materials evaporated at certain temperature and conditions from essential oil and solvent extracts, dynamic headspace apparatus was used and materials evaporated and trapped at certain conditions were analyzed by GC-MS. Recovery yield of SDE method from Amomi Fructus was measured by using camphor and standard calibration solution of camphor methanol solution and, the yield was 82.0%. Content of Hg was measured by mercury analyzer and contents of Cd, Pb, Cr, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu and Zn in Amomi Fructus, essential oils and solvent extracts were determined by ICP-MS (Inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometer). Pb, Cd and Hg were measured in the concentration of 0.72 mg/kg, <0.10 mg/kg and 0.0023 mg/kg, respectively and these were below permission level of purity test. Contents of Mn, Cu and Zn in Amomi Fructus were 213 mg/kg, 8.29 mg/kg and 31.0 mg/kg, respectively and which were relatively higher than other metals such as Cr, Co and Ni. Metals such as Mn (0.65 ~ 9.08 mg/kg), Cu (1.16 ~ 4.40 mg/kg) and Zn (1.10 ~ 3.80 mg/kg) in essential oil and solvent extracts were detected. At this point it is not clear that the metals were cross-contaminated in the course of treating Amomi Fructus or metals were contained in Amomi Fructus. The influence evaluation toward biological model study of these metals in essential oil and solvent extracts will be needed.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.155-163
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• 1999

Nutrient balance during rice cultivation in the paddy of a local area under the environmental protection for drinking water supply was investigated. To compare nutrient balance in the paddy soil applied with different types of fertilization, 7 treatments were selected as followings : Recommended level of chemical fertilizers(R), Conventional fertilization(CF), Fresh cow manure(FCM), Cow manure compost(CMC), Straw compost+reduced chemical fertilizer(SCF), Fresh straw+recommended level of fertilizers(FSC), and no fertilization as control(C). Here, FCM, CMC and SCF were applied at the same level of total nitrogen as recommended in R. Rice yield was the highest in the recommendation(R) and fresh cow manure (FCM) treatments with $6,730kg\;ha^{-1}$(index 100), and followed by SCF (index 98), FSC (index 98), CMC(index 94), and CF(index 94). But statistically significant difference was not recognized among treatments except the control. Nitrogen infiltration loss was high in the simple chemical fertilizer treatments with $63kg\;ha^{-1}$ in CF and $58kg\;ha^{-1}$ in R during rice cultivation, respectively. Nitrogen infiltration loss was decreased below half level of chemical fertilizer treatments with cow manure treatments ($23kg\;ha^{-1}$ in FCM and $27kg\;ha^{-1}$ in CMC) and with reducing chemical fertilizer treatment by adding straw compost ($25kg\;ha^{-1}$). Phosphate was not leached during rice cultivation in paddy soil of a fluvial deposit type, in which oxidation horizon was developed broadly under around 15 cm depth of surface soil. Phosphate balance (A-B) was closed to 0 in all treatments except cow manure treatment (CMC), in which it was $+30kg\;ha^{-1}$ and show the possibility of over accumulation of phosphate by continuously replicated application of cow manure compost. Potassium balance was negative value in all but straw recycling treatment (FSC). It means that potassium was continuously supplied from soil minerals, uptaken by plants or eluted out of soil. In conclusion, by substituting inorganic fertilizer for organic fertilizer or reducing application rate of chemical fertilizer through mixing organic fertilizer, it would be possible to achieve the same rice yield as in the recommendation treatment and to decrease nutrient leaching below half level in rice paddy soil.