• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.38-49
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• 2021

The maintenance project of the Jeonglimsa temple site started with the objective of restoring the original structure of the temple, however, it was gradually transitioned to a landscaping maintenance project over time that constructs a landscape of the temple area. With paying attention to these facts, this study summarized the characteristics of cultural heritage landscaping of the Jeonglimsa temple site as follows. First, Cultural heritage landscaping is a landscaping act that creates, maintains, and manages landscapes within the spatial scope of the cultural heritage designated under the Cultural Heritage Protection Act and the cultural heritage protection area established around it. It is a work that includes protection and maintenance of the excavated remains, spaces by each function and plans for moving lines, Installation of structures to protect cultural properties, adoption of the facilities and structures for convenience of visitors, and construction of vegetation landscape. Second, the cultural heritage landscaping of the Jeonglimsa temple site has been developed in 5 periods, and these include 'the period of historical site investigation' that the temple name was identified through the designation of cultural assets and excavation investigation by the Japanese rule, 'the construction period of Baekje Tower Park' after the liberation from the Japanese rule, 'the period of Baekje Cultural Area Development Project' designated as a historical site, 'the period of the Comprehensive Development Project for a Specific Area of Baekje Culture',which was proceeded with the establishment of the park and museum instead of restoring the temple building due to the difficulty in gathering the pieces of historical evidence, and 'the period of the Jeonglimsa temple site restoring project', which was designated as a World Heritage Site while restoring the buildings deployment in the Buddhist temple at the time of foundation era of Baekje Dynasty. Third, this study verified the landscape changes of the Jeonglimsa temple site that have been transitioned, for instance, the creation of a commemorative park linked to the outer garden of Buyeo Shrine, the implementation of urban planning of the Japanese colonial era, the creation of a protective environment for the excavated historical structures and temple area, the restoration of building deployment in the Buddhist temple, and the sincerity restoration and utilization of cultural assets. Fourth, the landscape of Jeongnimsa temple site is determined by the subject and scope of cultural property designation, land use, movement lines and pavement, repairing methods of remains, structures, facilities, and vegetation. The characteristics of the cultural heritage landscape of Jeongnimsa Temple were derived, such as creating a procedural landscape considering the expansion of the cultural heritage designation scope, securing authenticity by maintaining relics in consideration of reversibility, creating a vegetative landscape suitable for historical and cultural landscapes, and enhancing the value of cultural heritage enjoyment by providing an open space.

• Conservation Science in Museum
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• v.16
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• pp.122-137
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• 2015

White porcelain pitcher with an openwork dragon and cloud design across its surface in the collection of the National Museum of Korea (Deoksu 5531) was acquired in 1915. The restoration has been so far completed only for the mouth of the pitcher. This study discusses a new method based on 3D scanning and printing for the restoration of missing parts in the openwork dragon and cloud design. A strength test was performed on six output materials that have been already commercialized for comparison with the strength of materials used for traditional restoration such as epoxy putty (Quick Wood^®) and epoxy (Araldite AY103+HY956^®). This process confirmed that the digital technology-aided making of a restoration model requires less time and efforts than handmade work, all the while producing a more precise model. More importantly, this method being a non-contact method, it reduces risks associated with handmade work. Another advantage of this method is that digital pre-restoration images can be saved and used for future references. Notwithstanding, future research is needed on how to effectively apply digital technology for restoration of ancient objects and how to evaluate and use 3D output as well as on the method of shaping, joining and coloring the 3D output.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.54 no.4
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• pp.260-285
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• 2021

This article deals with the current status of investigation of the royal tombs of Baekje (Gongju Songsan-ri Tomb, Buyeo Neungsan-ri Tomb, Iksan Ssangneung) from the Japanese colonial period to the present. A review of the maintenance status is also conducted to see if the survey content was actually reflected in the restoration maintenance of the ruins. First, the structure scale and characteristics of the royal tombs of Baekje during the Woongjin and Sabi periods were identified by examining the survey content organized by period and feature. Through the recent re-excavation survey, it was confirmed that the results of the research during the Japanese colonial period were being verified. Next, before examining the maintenance status of the Baekje royal tombs, related content about maintenance of laws and regulations were extracted to establish the maintenance standards. It was confirmed that the most importance part of maintenance is 'maintenance of the original form' without compromising the authenticity of cultural properties. Based on these criteria, the maintenance status was reviewed. The main part of the burial tomb is located underground, so maintenance is mainly made around the tomb, which is the upper structure. However, most of the original burial mounds have been lost or damaged, so it is difficult to determine their original form. In fact, constant changes in the size and location of tombs from the Japanese colonial period to the present were confirmed in the Songsan-ri and Neungsan-ri tombs, meaning that the current maintenance status is problematic. On the other hand, in the case of Ssangneung, not only are the tombs relatively intact, but there are also few changes in the records, so it seems that maintenance was carried out that preserved the original form of the tombs. Therefore, the maintenance of tombs in the future should be based on 'maintaining the original form', but it is recommended that the 'education and utilization' plan be prepared after determining whether or not to restore the tomb and the degree of restoration.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.54 no.2
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• pp.120-135
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• 2021

Changdeokgung Rear Garden is an important place to show the essence of the garden culture of the Joseon Dynasty. In the garden landscape experience, the restoration of the road completes the system of connecting the main spaces. Therefore, the restoration of the road requires accurate understanding of its creation, extinction, and maintenance. The purpose of this study was to detail the changes in the path that occurred in the Changdeokgung Palace Rear Garden from the late Joseon Dynasty to the modern and contemporary period by analyzing literature and drawing materials. For a time-series analysis, "Donggwoldo" and "Donggwoldohyeong" produced in the Joseon Dynasty, along with "Changdeokgung Plan Drawing" produced in modern and contemporary times, and aerial photographs were used. Drawings and photographs of different coordinate systems were transformed into one coordinate system in the geographic information system ArcGIS to compare changes in the movements of different periods. The results of the study are as follows. First, a total of 37 sections have been used since Japanese colonial era, of which 13 have been maintained, 14 have disappeared, and 10 have been newly established. Among the extinction sections, the road north of Neungheojeong Pavilion is considered to be an urgent place to connect the space to the garden and restore it to enjoy the scenery. In the new section, it seems necessary to establish a new alternative road or shorten the section for the connecting section between Daebodan and Okryucheon. Second, it was revealed that the biggest and most frequent changes to the road system in the garden were Japanese colonial era and renovations in the 1970s. It is worth noting the changes in the road since the 1970s, rather than Japanese colonial era, where it was difficult to manage the gardens independently. The access road to Okryucheon remained in its original shape until the 1990s, but it was renovated to its current shape due to misperception of the original shape. A project is needed to find out the cause of the change in this period and restore the damaged original shape. The biggest achievement of this study is that it revealed the changes in the garden path of Changdeokgung Palace in modern and contemporary times. The biggest achievement of this study is that it revealed the changes in the road of Changdeokgung Palace Rear Gardens in modern and contemporary times. However, there is a limitation that it has not been able to clearly present the location and shape that should be restored because it has not found data on landscaping plans or maintenance. In order to restore the road using the data revealed in this study, it seems necessary to consider realistic problems such as current space utilization, viewing system, disaster prevention and maintenance.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.4-39
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• 2010

The purpose of this study is to examine the archetype of the Gyeongju Castle walls and the facilities around it to bring together previous studies and identify the specific scale and structure of the archetype. The findings can be summarized as follows. First, we verified the exact location and dimensions of the castle through an over-lay of land registration maps from the Japanese colonial period, land registration maps from the present day, cadastral maps, and excavation records. Second, the dimension of the rampart and fort of the castle were discovered by combining and analyzing historical evidence, modern research data, historical site studies from the Japanese colonial era, and maintenance records. Third, the historical records related to the yeojang (rampart sub-wall) formats in the Joseon Dynasty were used to examine the archetype of the yeojang. This study led to the discovery of the archetype of the Gyeongju castle yeojang in the early stage of King Munjong's reign (1451), and the archetype created after the Japanese Invasion (16th century). And finally, although most of the rampart is not present, the structure of the castle can be estimated based on historical research, and research materials modern and contemporary(excavation conservation field survey). In addition, this study presented a archetype restoration plan for each site, to be used as foundational data for future restoration projects.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.131-145
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• 2015

Cultural assets restoration is being considered highly as a practical way to extend the lifespan of damaged cultural assets and re-highlight their value. However, restoration process has been mostly dependent on the manual work involving the experience and skill of a person performing restoration, thereby requiring much time and effort. In recent, it became possible to apply a method allowing restoration to be performed more accurately and easily according to the material characteristics and shape of cultural assets. Namely, it is to use a method of printing out the 3D shape data computed in computer as real object by using 3D printer for the restoration that has been performed manually. The missing part of a cultural asset is computed into computer data first and is printed out by using 3D printer to undergo a simple shaping process. The result of 3D printer application showed that repetitive output and shape and figure revision of digital data were possible, and it was possible to improve the degree of completedness of restoration through test output using various types of restoration materials using various materials. For the purpose of verifying the possibility of applying 3D printer to restore missing part of earthenware, two pieces of modern reproductions, namely, the Seven Treasure Incense Burner and Earthenware with Wagon Wheel Decoration, were artificially damaged. The restoration result showed that compared to manual work, it showed better effectiveness in curtailing work time and reproducing accurate shape. On the other hand, secondary manual work was slightly needed for detailed binding and to vividly express surface texture.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Rural Architecture
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.37-44
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• 2012

This study is to propose development direction of sang-dang mountain fortress toward the utilization of historical and cultural heritage as tourist attraction through the consideration of problems on sang-dang mountain fortress development. First of all, the historical significance, development project and status of Sang-dang mountain fortress was figured out. Furthermore, using pattern and general user's view was understood through the questionnaire survey then research on the actual condition of traditional korean village was performed. The ongoing development project focusing on restoration of cultural properties to its original state through an archaeological excavation investigation turned out to be lack of consideration on the utilization of sang-dang mountain fortress such as tourists inducement. Furthermore, the measures on traditional korean village which has been a problem by forming commercial area recklessly have been left off. Therefore, additional development plan is required on convenient and amenity facilities and rest places for visitors including environment improvement of traditional korean village based on the development for the restoration of cultural properties to its original state.

• 보존과학연구
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• s.23
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• pp.163-177
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• 2002

North monk-stupa and East monk-stupa , which are placed in Yeongoksa, are delicately sculptured and historically valued so they have been determined as National Treasures. It is assumed that North monk-stupa was made in early Goryeo Dynasty period. Parts of it were damaged by grave robbery in 2001. So restoration was begun in 2001. While restoring it, wrong arrangement on top of the monkstupa was rearranged. Top of East monk-stupa was also arranged in a wrong way so it was restored to its original form. Because each part of top of the monk-stupa was adhered with epoxy resin, it was separated by using thin saw. After being arranged in right order, the middle of monk-stupa was fixed by setting up stainless steel shaft. Anda of North monk-stupa, concerned about being damaged by crack, was adhered with epoxy resin.

• The Journal of the Acoustical Society of Korea
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.55-61
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• 1999

In this study, we have constructed the acoustic microscope using quadrature technique and analyzed the relative variation of image intensity and the quality of image by reconstructing the amplitude and phase image for surface defects with tiny hight variation. In this experiment, we have constructed the scanning acoustic microscope using the focused transducer with 3㎒ center frequency and the quadrature detector. And we have fabricated aluminum samples with round defects whose depth is different and reconstructed the amplitude and phase images for the samples. One sample has round defects with 2㎜ diameter and 100㎛ depth and the other has round defects with 4㎜ diameter and 5㎜ depth. In the result of line scanning for the sample with 100㎛ round defects, it has been shown that the variation rate of amplitude image intensity is 7% and the variation rate of phase image intensity is 89%. The phase image has better contrast than amplitude image for the sample. In contrast to this, the amplitude image has better contrast than phase image for the sample with 5㎜ depth's defects. Accordingly there is big difference between amplitude image and phase image for depth variation of defects whose boundary is 1 wavelength. Consequently the acoustic microscope using quadrature detector can be evaluated efficiently more than using envelope detector, for detecting defects which have height variation less than 1 wavelength. And also the phase image and the amplitude image can be used for detecting defects of tiny height variation with complimentary relation.

• Conservation Science in Museum
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• v.14
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• pp.23-28
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• 2013

This paper aimed to show the whole conservation process of the human shaped terra cotta mask that was excavated from one of construction sites at Jungcheon-ri, Geumsan-myeon, Jinju. This mask was X-rayed to get the correct making techniques and there are 4 holes on the top of the head and each diameter of the 3 holes is exact and the other hole is different from the three. The long and sharp shape of the nose is in trapezoid which was separately made with clay and put on (the face). It's found that there are round grooves each around upper and down lips. (upper in length: 10mm, down in length: 6 mm). All restoring materials and adhesives used for restoration to associate each piece are reversibility materials. According to a few points on buried bones of animals distributed around the sites, holes and grooves on the top of the head, ears and teeth to wear something, it academically presumes that this mask could be possibly used for the group ritual. Especially, the whole procedure from excavation to scientific conservation process resulted to have a special exhibition to give the public new eyes how the exhibition realizes to the public.