• SUVANNABHUMI
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.43-71
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• 2009

베트남 소수민족 공동체 중 Hmong족은 중요한 구성원이라고 여겨져 왔다. 타지에서 베트남으로 이민 와서 다른 민족들과 함께 오랫동안 살아 왔지만 Hmong족은 자기의 민족문화 특색을 잘 지켜왔다. 그런데 지난 몇 년 동안 전통적인 종교와 달리 새로운 종교를 믿게 되는 방향으로 Hmong족의 심령의 종교는 많이 변하고 있다. 그 중에 특히 주목받은 것은 개신교의 유입이다. 개신교는 직접적, 간접적 선교 방법으로 Lao Cai에 있는 Hmong족 공동체에 자연스럽게 유입되었다. Lao Cai의 많은 지방에서 사람들이 개신교를 믿게 되었고 그 중에는 가족이나 종족 환경에서 강제적 선교도 일어났다. 개신교는 Hmong족의 전통문화뿐만 아니라 Hmong족의 전통 종교, 신앙에도 직접적으로 영향을 주었다. 이 글에서는 Hmong족이 살고 있는 Lao Cai 지방을 선택하여 고찰하며 Hmong족의 전통문화가치에 대한 개신교의 영향 및 원인을 살펴보기로 한다. 먼저 Hmong사람들은 전통신앙을 버리고 개신교를 믿게 되는 원인을 살펴보자. 주 원인은 다음과 같은 네 가지가 있다고 본다. -경제와 관련된 원인 -성별 불평등과 관련된 원인 -학문 수준과 정보 습득 희망과 관련된 원인 -전통문화, 심리와 민속의식과 관련된 원인 그리고 다음과 같은 두 가지 각도에서 전통문화 가치에 대한 영향을 알아보았다. 첫째는 개신교가 Hmong사람의 전통사회체제에 큰 영향을 준 점, 둘째는 개신교가 Hmong사람의 풍속습관 및 전통 신앙에 영향을 준 점이다. 개신교가 Hmong사람의 전통사회체제에 큰 영향을 준 점은 여러 방면에서 보인다. 전통적인 가치와 개신교의 새로운 규정 사이의 충돌도 있고 가족 안에서 부부의 위치상 충돌도 있다. 또한 Hmong사람들에게 전통 종족의 역할, 위치를 약화시키는 영향도 주었고 산골 마을에서 개신교를 믿는 사람들과 믿지 않은 사람들 사이에 일어난 새로운 충돌도 있다 개신교와 개신교의 교리는 역시 풍속습관과 전통신앙에 큰 영향을 주었다. 첫째는 예수의 역할이 가장 중요하고 조상 숭배나 "집에 있는 귀신 숭배"같은 것보다 강력한 것이다. 그래서 Hmong사람의 신앙, 종교는 원시적 다신교부터 일신교로 변한 것으로 보인다. 둘째는 개신교를 믿는 사람들이 Hmong족의 전통 민속축제를 점차 멀리한다. 어떤 경우에는 그 사람들이 자기 민족의 전통문화 환경을 떠나 버리는 일도 있었다. 셋째는 개신교의 교리가 Hmong족의 풍속 규정을 바꾸게 하였고 Hmong사람들이 새로운 종교의 교리를 집행시켰다. 넷째는 인간 인생 주기에 관한 풍속습관 및 민속의례들은 의례 대상보다 의례 주제를 중심으로 삼는 것으로 점차 변화했다. 대체로 개신교가 Hmong족 공동체에 유입하여 이 민족의 전통문화 가치는 변화했다. Hmong족 공동체에 오래 존재해 왔던 낙후한 습관을 개선하는 점에서 개신교는 적극적 역할을 했다. 현재 문제점은 어떻게 전통문화가치를 유지하고 새로운 종교와 같이 존재할 수 있느냐라는 문제이다. 이 문제는 다음 연구 대상이 될 것이다.

• Journal of Industrial Convergence
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.143-151
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• 2024

This study compared the health behaviors, health related clinical characteristics between individuals with Glycated Hemoglobin A1C≧6.5% and < 6.5% in 30~59yr. Factors that were associated with A1C were identified by sex, health behaviors, health literacy. This study was an observational study with a cross-sectional design based on data from 2019~2021 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Multiple logistic regression analysis was employed to compute the odds ratios of health behaviors to identify the risk factors for Glycated Hemoglobin. The prevalence of A1C≧6.5% among the total was 79.4%(weighted %, n=348). In the A1C≧6.5%, 71.8% were men. In univariate logistic regression for A1C≧6.5%, sex, duration with diabetes, and body mass index(BMI) were influencing factors. In multiple logistic regression by sex, the factors associated with A1C≧6.5 in women were as follows: education(OR 4.5; 95% CI:1.1, 18.5), duration with diabetes(OR 2.9; 95% CI 1.1, 7.9). Strategies should be targeted to improve health behaviors and clinical characteristics for those in their sex, women in low education level, duration with diabetes. Moreover, healthcare providers should understand the barriers to health behaviors and health literacy to effectively deliver healthcare service.

• Journal of Korean Tunnelling and Underground Space Association
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.365-384
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• 2024

The development of scanning technology is accelerating for safer and more efficient automated inspection than human-based inspection. Research on automatically detecting facility damage from images collected using computer vision technology is also increasing. The pixel size, quality, and quantity of an image can affect the performance of deep learning or image processing for automatic damage detection. This study is a basic to acquire high-quality raw image data and camera performance of a mobile tunnel scanning system for automatic detection of damage based on deep learning, and proposes a method to quantitatively evaluate image quality. A test chart was attached to a panel device capable of simulating a moving speed of 40 km/h, and an indoor test was performed using the international standard ISO 12233 method. Existing image quality evaluation methods were applied to evaluate the quality of images obtained in indoor experiments. It was determined that the shutter speed of the camera is closely related to the motion blur that occurs in the image. Modulation transfer function (MTF), one of the image quality evaluation method, can objectively evaluate image quality and was judged to be consistent with visual observation.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.60 no.5
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• pp.548-553
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• 2006

Background : Alcoholic ketoacidosis(AKA) is a metabolic disturbance that is caused by prolonged and excessive alcohol consumption. Though the prognosis is reportedly good, its outcome is unclear in some cases that are combined with multi-organ failure. There are few reports of an analysis of cases admitted to an intensive care unit(ICU) Method: Cases of AKA admitted to the ICU over the last 5 years were retrospectively analyzed. Severe AKA was characterized by multi-organ failure that required treatment in an ICU Results : All patients were males with a history of excessive alcohol consumption. Five of them (50%) mainly complained of gastrointestinal symptoms (nausea, vomiting, diarrhea), showing metabolic acidosis with an increased asmolar and anion gap. Rhabdomyolysis with acute renal failure was the most common combined organ failure. Mechanical ventilation was performed in 80%. Six patients died and 4 patients survived. In the surviving patients, the arterial blood gas analysis(ABGA) was normalized within 12 hours after admission. Conclusion : In severe AKA patients, rhabdomyolysis with acute renal failure was the most common complication. The mortality rate was high and death from shock occurred within 3 days.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.45 no.12
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• pp.1503-1511
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• 2002

Purpose : Although the short- and long-term outcomes of low birth weight(LBW) neonatal intensive care unit(NICU) survivors have been extensively studied, much less information is available for normal birth weight(NBW) infants(greater than 2,500 gm) who require NICU care. Methods : We retrospectively examined the neonatal hospitalizations and one year health status of 302 NBW and 131 LBW admissions to our NICU. Information on the neonatal hospitalization was obtained from a review of medical records. Postdischarge health status was collected by using telephone surveys and medical records. Results : After initial discharge, 21.2% of the NBW infants and 23% of the LBW infants required rehospitalization during the first year of life and there was no significant difference between the two groups. The reasons for rehospitalization of the NBW infants included respiratory disorders (32.1%), G-I problems(26.2%), genitourinary problems(11.9%), surgery(10.7%), cardiac problems(7.1%), and congenital/developmental problems(1.2%). For the LBW infants, the order of frequency was the same, with the percentages slightly different. Neonatal risk factors related to the rehospitalization of the NBW infants included mechanical ventilation, duration of mechanical ventilation, and congenital anomaly. But no positive significant correlation of neonatal risk factors with rehospitalization of LBW infants was found. Conclusion : Low and normal birthweight NICU survivors were rehospitalized at similar rates. The most common cause of rehospitalization was respiratory problems. Neonatal risk factors related to rehospitalization of NBW infants were mechanical ventilation, duration of mechanical ventilation, and congenital anomaly. However, no positive significant correlation of neonatal risk factors with rehospitalization of LBW infants was found. The data suggests that NBW infant survivors, as well as LBW infant NICU survivors, require close follow up.

• The Korean Journal of Vision Science
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.443-451
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• 2018

Purpose : To find out the reliability of autorefractometer after laser refractive surgery Methods : We measured and compared spherical and cylinder powers of those undergone LASEK surgery with 1.0 of naked vision after at least 3 months of the surgery with an autorefractometer(CANON Full Auto Ref-Keratometer RK-F1, Japan) and a retinoscope(Streak Retinoscope 18200, WelchAllyn, USA), and also applied spherical equivalent powers. The refractive status before surgery was divided into high, medium, and low myopia according to the results measured using an autorefractometer, and then analyzed again the reliability of the autorefractometer after surgery according to the preoperative refractive status. The agreement of two methods was identified using Bland-Altman(Bland-Altman limits of agreement(LoA)). Results : After the surgery, when comparing spherical, cylinder and equivalent powers in the whole data measured by autorefractometry and retinoscopy significant differences were found(p<0.01). According to the degree of refractive errors, all sort of refractive errors was shown significantly different(p<0.01) except for cylinder power of the medium myopia. In general, the refractive errors especially spherical and spherical equivalent powers by autorefractometry were shown a myopic trend from -0.38 D to -0.53 D. On the other hand, it was shown a hyperopic trend of approximately +0.30 D using retinoscopy. In comparison of two objective refractions, it was shown a myopic trend as $-0.51{\pm}0.45D$(LoA +0.36 D ~ -1.39 D) and compatible. Conclusion : Even though it would be positive in terms of compatibility of the methods, it is necessary that the glasses should be prescribed by subjective refraction since autorefractometry is shown myopic in those undergone the surgery and suffering from myopic regression.

• Health Policy and Management
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.48-58
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• 2024

Background: The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between external medical service use and the characteristics of Chungcheongnam-do patients. We aimed to provide evidence of external medical service use enhance the healthcare delivery system in Chungcheongnam-do. Methods: We used the Health Insurance Cohort DB 2.0 of 2016-2019, and 2,570,439 patients were included in the study. Multivariate logistic regression and multinomial logistic regression were used to identify the association between external medical service use and each patient characteristic. Generalized linear model was used to identify the association between medical costs and external medical service use area. Results: During the study period, 32.2% of inpatients and 12.5% of outpatients had external medical service use in Chungcheongnam-do. In comparison to patients living in Cheonan and Asan, the odds ratio (OR) for external medical services use was higher across all regions. Specifically, hospitalized patients from Gyeryong, Nonsan, and Geumsan (OR, 116.817) and Gongju, Buyeo, and Cheongyang (OR, 72.931) demonstrated extremely high likelihood of external medical service use in the Daejeon area. Furthermore, compared to medical expenses incurred within Chungcheongnam-do, patients with external medical service use in the capitol area (outpatient=17.01%, inpatients=22.11%) and Daejeon area (outpatient=16.63%, inpatients=15.41%) spent more on healthcare services. Conclusion: This study found the evidence of external medical service use among Chungcheongnam-do patients. Further study should be conducted taking into account variables including satisfaction of local medical services, different types of patient diseases, and others. The study's findings may serve as a foundation for policy proposals aimed at ensuring the financial stability of our health insurance system, ensuring the efficient delivery of medical care, and localization of medical care.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.92-100
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• 1997

Objective：The objective of this study is to examine the clinical characteristics and behavioral comorbidity of patients with Tourette’s disorder. Method：Subjects consisted of 157 patients with Tourette’ disorder diagnosed by DSM-IIIR, who were examined and diagnosed from Jan. 1988 to May 1994 at the Tourette’s Clinic of Yonsei University Medical Center. Characteristics and behavioral comorbidity of Patients were assessed by a semi-structured interview schedule. Behavioral problems like hyperactivity, obsession-compulsion, self destructiveness, enuresis, sleep problem were assessed by global clinical impression. Results：The mean age of patients was 14.49(${\pm}7.99$) years. Patients consisted of 138 males (87.9%) and 19 females(12.1%). The sex ratio was 7：1, showing a male preponderance. The number of right-handers was 133(84.7%), and the number of non-right handers was 24(15.3%). Mean age of onset was 8.85(${\pm}4.56$) years, ranging from 2-to-16 years. More than half of the patients had their age of onset at 6-10 years. Bimodal peak in age of onset was observed；the first peak was around 6 and the second peak was around 10 years. There was no sex difference in bimodal age of onset. The most common initial symptom was eye blinking. More than 55% of patients reported eye blinking as their first symptom. The second common initial symptom was head turning and the third was vocal tic. The most common symptoms that patients reported on their first visit since onset were eye blinking(82.2%), head turning or nodding(57.9%), shoulder shrugging(52.7%) and forearm movement(32.6%). Of 157 cases, 101(64.3%) patients showed downward progression of symptoms, and 25(15.9%) showed upward progression of symptoms. Nineteen fathers(12%) of patients had a past history of obsessive-compulsive disorder(OCD). Seventeen fathers(10.6%) had a history of tic disorder. SSevenmothers(4.5%) had OCD, 4 mothers (2.5%) had tic disorder. One hundred and eighteen patients(75.1%) had comorbid hyperactivity, 95 patients(60.5%) had obsession, 55 patiens(35.0%) had self destructiveness, 46 patients(29.3%) had impulsivity, and 35 patients(22.3%) had enuresis. Age of onset had a significant positive correlation with age, duration, and the global severity of obsession；and a negative correlation with the severity of hyperactivity. Hyperactivity had a significant positive correlation with impulsivity, obsession-compulsion, enuresis, and self destructiveness. Obsession-compulsion had a significant positive correlation with hyperactivity, sleep problems, and self destructiveness. Conclusion：These data suggest that clinical characteristcs and behavioral comorbidity of patients with Tourette’ disorder in this study are similar to previous research findings in Korea and other contries. The younger the age of onset was, the more severe hyperactivity was, and the less severe obsession-compulsion was. And severity of hyperactivity had a positive correlation with the severity of obsession-compulsion, impulsivity, enuresis, and self destructiveness.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.140-156
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• 2007

This research was performed to investigate the morphological changes of folliculus ovary according to the radiation dose. The whole body radiation of 200 cGy, 400 cGy, and 600 cGy was given to the each groups of 5 months-aged female mouse. Various staining methods used in this research are: Hematosylin-Eosin method, and immunohistochemistrical methods using BrdU, TUNEL, p53, p21, PCNA and inhibin. The minute structural changes of folliculus ovary were observed through an electron microscope with high magnification. The morphological changes of growing folliculus ovary became distinct as the dose of X-rays increased. Especially, the nuclei of granular cells showed manifest condensation and the changes of the transparent zone were distinct. As a result of histochemical reaction according to Masson's trichrome method and reticular fiber method, the changed granular cells, the deformed basilar membrane of folliculus ovary and the abnormal arrangement of the reticular fiber were observed. In the reaction of BrdU, the granular cells of normal folliculus ovary with positive reaction rapidly decreased according to the increase of the dose of X-rays. In TUNEL study, granular cells showing positive reaction in retarded folliculus ovary were expanded to growing folliculus ovary and primordial folliculus ovary according to the increase of the dose of X-rays. In case of 600 cGy of X-rays, oocyte underwent apoptosis. In p53 immunohistochemistry, p53 manifested to be stronger as the dose of X-rays increased. p53 reactivity was manifested distinctively in all cells comprising folliculus ovary following irradiation of 600 cGy. p21 was manifested in granular cells of folliculus ovary and showed very positive reaction around follicular antrum according to the increase of the dose of X-rays. In PCNA, positive reaction was manifested in growing folliculus ovary, mature folliculus ovary and primordial folliculus ovary, but the extent of the reaction decreased as the dose of the X-rays decreased. The finding that the reaction of granular cells around folliculus ovary was stronger than that near follicular membrane indicates that what was damaged first by X-ray was the cells near folliculus ovary and follicular antrum. The reactivity of $inhibin-{\alpha}$ showed difference according to the growing stage of folliculus ovary: $inhibin-{\alpha}$ showed the most strong reaction in mature folliculus ovary with follicular antrum. There was strong reaction in granular cells around follicular membrane but $inhibin-{\alpha}$ did not occur at all in theca cells comprising follicular membrane. $Inhibin-{\alpha}$ in ovary tissue exposed to 400 cGy of X-rays was manifested more strongly than in ovary tissue exposed to 600 cGy of X-rays, which was related to the phenomenon that granular cells of mature folliculus ovary underwent necrosis or apoptosis increasingly due to X-rays. In an electron microscope with high magnification, nuclei and protoplasm of granular cells in growing folliculus ovary abruptly underwent minute structural changes according to the increase of dose of X-rays. Cell residue, by-product of cell decease, neutrophil and macrophage around follicular antrum were observed. The minute structural changes in granular cells showed typical characteristics of apoptosis: the increase of electronic density due to nuclear condensation, fragmentation of nuclei and atrophy of protoplasm. Necrosis of cells was identified but it was not so remarkable. Macrophage with apoptotic bodies was scattered. Proportional to the radiation dose, we found that the generation of heterogeneous substance of normal ovary texture's follicular fluid, the emergence of dyeing characteristic in the basilar membrane of folicle, the generation of apoptosis, and the transformation of macrophages, etc. From this results, we can infer the possible radiation hazard on the ovary of cervix cancer patient with radiation therapy.

• The Journal of the Korean bone and joint tumor society
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.73-78
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• 2011

Purpose: This study was aimed to evaluate the result of inlay cortical strut bone grafts for large cysts or cavitary bone lesions in long bones. Materials and Methods: Seven patients with large cyst or cavitary bony lesions were managed with curettage, allogeneic inlay cortical strut and cancellous bone grafts. Additional plate and screw fixations were performed in 6 patients. There were three SBCs, two FDs with secondary ABC changes, one FD and one post-cement spacer removal state. Three of them had pathologic fractures. Progression of bone healing and mechanical support and functional result were evaluated. The mean follow-up period was 25.4 months. Results: Incorporations into host bones were progressed in all, average 4.2 months in six metaphyseal regions and 5.8 months in five diaphyseal regions respectively. Full structural supports were achieved in all except one patient without any additional procedures. No allograft-related complication was developed. Mean functional score according to the MSTS criteria was 29.6 at last follow up. Conclusion: Inlay cortical strut graft provided additional mechanical stability and bone stock for screw purchase in large cyst or cavitary defects of long bones, which allow early mobilization and excellent functional outcome.