• International Journal of Highway Engineering
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.57-68
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• 2008

The stabilization techniques in the pavement foundations have advantages in increasing pavement performance and reducing pavement thickness. By mixing the geomaterials and stabilizer, the economical and structurally sound layer can be added in the pavement system. Until now, these techniques have been applied in the field empirically and the design criteria for stabilization has not been established. The purposes of this paper are to evaluate the mechanistic properties of stabilizers used for geomaterials and determine the type and optimum amount of stabilizer for each technique. The unconfined compressive testing and repeated load resilient modulus test were conducted on the coarse grained soils mixed with various types of stabilizer to investigate the strength and deformation characteristics of stabilized geomaterials. It is found from the test that the unconfined compressive strength of stabilized geomaterials is more than ten times higher than that of gradation modified geomaterials. The resilient modulus of stabilized geomaterials increases by $6{\times}10$ times compared to the original soils and tends to increase with increase of volumetric and deviatoric stress, and amount of stabilizer.

• 한국신재생에너지학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2011.11a
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• pp.112.1-112.1
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• 2011

쌀을 주식으로 하는 우리나라의 여건상 연간 추정치로 싸라기 약 12만톤, 미강 약 49만톤, 왕겨 약 79만톤의 벼 도정 부산물이 발생하고 있다. 본 연구에서는 벼 도정 부산물 중 비식량 자원인 왕겨를 대상으로 고효율 효소 당화를 위한 바이오매스 전처리 방법을 탐색하였다. 왕겨 원시료의 초기 조성은 셀룰로스 34.5%, 헤미셀룰로스 20.5%, 리그닌 25.3%, 회분 14.6%로 나타났는데, 억새 등 초본계 바이오매스와 비교하여 특이하게 높은 성분은 회분으로 이는 벼에 대한 규산질 비료의 시용에서 기인한 것이다. 바이오매스 전처리에 많이 사용되는 암모니아, 희황산 용매와 규산염에 침식성을 가지는 가성소다 용매를 이용하여 각 용매별 단독 및 알칼리-산 복합 처리 하였을 때 효소 가수분해 효율, 고상시료 성분변화 등을 상호 비교하였다. 예비실험을 통하여 암모니아 처리조건은 15%(w/w) $150^{\circ}C$ 20분, 가성소다 처리조건은 1.5%(w/w) $150^{\circ}C$ 20분, 희황산 처리조건은 1.0%(w/w) $150^{\circ}C$ 10분으로 설정하였다. 암모니아 단독, 희황산 단독, 암모니아-희황산 복합 처리 시료의 효소 가수분해 효율은 각각 37.8%, 39.1%, 42.8%로 약 40%선에서 큰 차이가 없었다. 반면 가성소다 단독, 가성소다-희황산 복합 처리시료의 효소 가수분해 효율은 각각 62.7%, 82.8%로 나타나 앞선 3가지 처리방법 대비 50%, 100%에 가까운 효소 가수분해 효율 향상을 보였다. 이 때 전처리 고상시료의 성분 변화를 살펴보면 회분 함량에서 큰 차이를 보였는데 암모니아 단독, 가성소다 단독, 희황산 단독, 암모니아-희황산 복합, 가성소다-희황산 복합 처리에서 각각 47.8%, 77.1%, 43.5%, 55.8%, 94.7%의 회분 성분 기각률(rejection rate)을 나타냈다. 이는 왕겨 효소 가수분해 효율의 최대 저해요인이 회분임을 추정할 수 있다. 왕겨 전처리 알칼리 용매는 암모니아보다 가성소다가 더 효과적이었고 희황산 복합 처리시 그 효과가 크게 상승하였다. 따라서 규산염(회분) 함량이 높은 바이오매스는 고온 고압 조건에서 가성소다 용액으로 처리한 후 그 고상분을 희황산 용액으로 복합 처리하는 시스템이 효소 당화 증진에 매우 유리함을 확인하였다.

• Reproductive and Developmental Biology
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.181-186
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• 2007

Inhibitor of DNA binding protein or inhibitor of differentiation(Id) is largely considered as positive and/or negative regulators of proliferation, differentiation, angiogeneisis, and apoptosis. The four Id genes(Id1, Id2, Id3, and Id4) were known in mammals. However, little is known about the expression and function of these genes in reproductive physiology. Among them, this study was conducted to analyze the expression pattern of Id3 mRNA on folliculogenesis in rat ovary. After PMSG administration, the ovaries were obtained at 3, 6, 12, 24, 36, and 48hrs, fixed, dehydrated, and paraffin embedded. For in situ hybridization, anti-sense and sense Id3 cRNA probes were prepared and applied to the ovarian section. The ovarian sections were coated with NTB-2 emulsion. After that, the slides were developed and counterstained with hematoxylin and eosin staining. The hybridization signal was estimated on a scale of 1+ to 4+. In oocyte, the intensity of Id3 mRNA in primordial and primary follicles was scored at ${\geq}2+$, but the intensity was less than 1+ in secondary, dominant, and preovulatory follicles. In granulosa cells, the Id3 mRNA was strongly expressed(3+ or 4+) in dominant and preovulatory follicles. Taken together, Id3 mRNA was expressed specifically at follicle stages and follicular tissue and might be closely related with follicle development.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.229-234
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• 2011

The occurrence of nuclear inclusions has been reported in various plant groups from primitive ferns to higher flowering plants. Their presence within a group seems to be randomly distributed without any phylogenetic relationships among species. According to the current survey, nuclear inclusions have been widely documented in more than several hundreds of species from various families of plants. The morphology and internal structures of nuclear inclusions are diverse and at least five types of inclusions develop within plant nuclei; amorphous, crystalline, fibrous, lamellar, and tubular form. Among these types, crystalline inclusions are the ones that are the most frequently reported. The inclusions are not bound by membranes and appear to be related to the nucleoli, either spatially by a close association or by an inverse relationship in size during development. The idea that nuclear inclusions are of a proteinaceous nature has been widely accepted. Further link to nucleolar activity as a protein storing site has also been suggested based on the association between the nucleolus and nuclear inclusions. Various investigations of nuclear inclusions have revealed more information about their structural features, but characterizing their precise function and subunit complexity employing molecular analysis and 3-D reconstruction remains to be elucidated. Tilting and tomography of serial sections with appropriate image processing can provide valuable information on their subunit(s). The present review summarizes discussion about different nuclear inclusions in plants from previous works, giving special attention to their fine, ultrastructural morphology, function, and origin.

• Journal of Hospice and Palliative Care
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.209-219
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• 2009

Purpose: This study was to testify the effects on self esteem and spiritual well-being of holistic hospice nursing intervention program ("Rainbow program") for inpatients of hospice palliative care unit. This was designed as a preliminary experimental study with one-group pre-post test. Methods: A total of 27 patients who were over 18 years old, and admitted in hospice palliative care unit of S hospital in P city, submitted informed consent for this study, participated in holistic hospice nursing intervention program(total 10 sessions and 1,200 minutes for 2 weeks) from April 6, 2004 to April 20, 2005. To test the effects of this intervention, Self Esteem Questionnaire (SEQ) and Spiritual Well-being Questionnaire were used. The collected data were analyzed by Paired t-test with SPSS/WIN 12.0 program. Results: (1) Hypothesis No. 1 "The experimental group which received Rainbow program will have a higher degree of self esteem than before" was supported (t=11.554, P<0.001). (2) Hypothesis No. 2 "The experimental group which received Rainbow program will have a higher degree of spiritual well-being than before" was also supported (t=6.387, P<0.001). Conclusion: This Holistic Hospice Nursing Intervention Program was effective in increasing self-esteem and spiritual well-being of patients in hospice palliative care unit. Therefore, it can actively be used and also applied to hospice palliative care practice, research, and education as a useful model of interdisciplinary team approach by hospice professionals.

• Journal of Service Research and Studies
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.89-102
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• 2018

The Industrial Classification is a systematic taxonomy of industrial activities and the Standard Industrial Classification is used in all country by their own a consistent classification method. Therefore, it is employed to analyze current status of industry affairs using statistical investigations in terms industrial activities for making industrial policies and to compare industrial activity among countries. Since the Second Industrial Revolution, the need for the homogenous standard of industrial classification among countries emerged as the economic and industrial exchanges between the countries have became more active. In 1940, Colin Clark who british economist divided the industry into the first (primitive), second (processed), and third (service) industries. Based on this, the United Nations Office for Statistics (UNSD) established International Standard Industry Classification (ISIC) in 1948, which most countries invoke it. ISIC(International Standard Industry Classification) and the standard industry classifications of countries have reached the present after several revisions since the enactment of the Act. In the 2000s, the standard industry classification is amended to reflect the emergence of new industries and changes in industrial structure, mainly featuring the creation and segmentation of sections in the tertiary industry domains. It also shows that primary and secondary sectors are shifting to tertiary industry. In this study, the causes of these common phenomena are systematically identified and the problems present classification systems have been analyzed. Also proposed is the direction of formation of the industrial classification system from a service economy point of view and the conceptual model of the new classification system. In the future, it is necessary to validate the proposed model through this study and to carry out various new classification system studies.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.393-402
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• 2013

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between vitamin D and periodontal diseases based on the raw data of the 5th National Health & Nutrition Examination Survey of 2010. The subjects in this study were 1,327 people, and those whose data on major variables were missing and who suffered from diabetes and/or osteoporosis were excluded. As for data analysis, R2.15.1 program and PASW Statistics 18.0 were utilized. The findings of the study were as follows: 1. As for all the respondents aged 50 and up, there was no significant relationship between vitamin D and periodontal diseases. 2. As for the post-menopausal women including the women who underwent bilateral ovariectomy, the vitamin D-deficit group 1 (<10) were 6.66-fold more likely to suffer from periodontal diseases than the vitamin D-sufficient group (${\geq}30$) (OR, 6.66; 95% CI, 1.004~44.19). The above-mentioned findings ascertained that vitamin D had a significant negative correlation to periodontal diseases among the post-menopausal women including the women who underwent bilateral ovariectomy. This finding should be taken into account in terms of the prevention and management of periodontal diseases.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.46 no.2
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• pp.111-122
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• 2013

The necessity of clear understanding of water and energy cycles has been attracted recently due to the climate change. The micrometeorological flux tower networks play a role of cornerstone of the hydrological and ecological analyses. Although the eddy covariance techniques used for flux tower have been proven to be applicable for estimation of latent heat flux, the raw data are often underestimated and needs to be corrected. Among several methods, the Bowen ratio is recognized as the most useful method in which the net radiation and other flux data (Ground heat flux, Sensible heat flux) are used and needed to be validated. In this study, in order to validate the net radiation from flux tower in Seolmacheon and Cheongmicheon watersheds, we compare it with two version of calculated net radiation: (1) FAO 56 Daily net radiation proposed by Allen et al. (1998). (2) Instantaneous net radiation proposed by Bastiaanssen (1995). The results showed that the net radiation from the flux data had similar tendency with those calculated based on physical theory. In addition, after it was applied to Bowen ratio method, the corrected latent heat flux was considerably improved with making the energy balance much more closed.

• Korean Journal of Ichthyology
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.300-305
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• 2015

The characteristics of 11 spawning sites in the natural environment of the Korean endemic species, Liobagrus somjinensis were investigated in the Yocheon (stream) of Seomjingang (river), located in Sikjeong-dong, Namwon-si, Jeollabuk-do, Korea from May to June 2015. The spawning sites had largely two parts, the upper region close to the surface of the waters and under region at bottom: the upper part was covered with a large and flat boulder over about 256 mm in size, whereas the under part consisted mainly of pebbles and sand. The large boulder put on the upper region may be seen as a bulwark for guarding eggs laid at the under (bottom) region. All the sites under the boulder showed a similar structure having a small hollow filled with an egg mass and an individual (male). The spawning bottoms left clean having no any benthic invertebrates and detritus. The egg shape was spherical, yellow and covered with a transparent membrane and the egg size was $3.31{\pm}0.15mm$ (n=30) in diameter. The development stage of each egg mass under the boulder was almost same from morula stage to formation stage of eye lens. The average number of eggs in 11 spawning sites was $121{\pm}35.5$ (84~176) and the average number of female fecundity in ovary was $143{\pm}31.3$ (110~232).

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.101-109
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• 2016

The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of the oral health behaviors and lifestyle of hypertension patients on their perceived periodontal diseases. The data of the 2013 community health survey were used, and the data of 55,632 patients who suffered from hypertension and who were at the ages of 19 and over was analyzed. The analying methods used in this study were chi-square test and multiple logistic regression analysis. Gender, age, marital status, education, economic activity, income level and subscription to private medical insurance were identified as the factors to affect the perceived periodontal disease of the hypertension patients, and lifestyle and oral health behaviors were found to have exerted a significant influence on perceived periodontal disease. As this study found that not only the socioeconomic characteristics of the hypertension patients but their oral health care and lifestyle were all correlated with perceived periodontal disease, how to promote the oral health of those who are susceptible to periodontal diseases should carefully be considered.