• The Journal of Korean Academy of Sensory Integration
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.22-35
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• 2022

Objective : This study was conducted to investigate the stress, anxiety, depression, and quality of life that parents of children with disabilities have according to their general characteristics and determine the correlation between stress, anxiety, depression, and quality of life. Methods : The subjects were 242 parents of children with disabilities under the age of 13 receiving treatment at rehabilitation centers for the disabled, rehabilitation hospitals, and child development centers located in D, B, and U metropolitan cities. Results : According to the result of analyzing the correlation between stress, anxiety, and depression that the parents of children with disabilities felt and the quality of their lives, the quality of their lives correlated negative with their stress, anxiety, and depression. In the case of the results according to the parents' general characteristics, stress showed a significant difference depending on the education level, monthly income, and anxiety showed a significant difference depending on child rearing time, occupation, and public transportation. Additionally, depression and the quality of life had a significant difference depending on child rearing time, education level, occupation, and monthly income. Conclusion : The results of this study identified the importance of the mental health of the parents of children with disabilities and the correlation between their mental health and quality of life. Social distancing and quarantine rules that children with disabilities must follow have limited their opportunities to receive education and treatment, so the influence of stress, anxiety, depression that the parents of children with disabilities who should continue to take care of their children should be considered. Based on these results, it is necessary to develop support services for the parents of children with disabilities for enhancement in their mental health in preparation for other disasters in the future.

• Korean Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.40-45
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• 2014

Objectives : Mild cognitive impairment(MCI) and dementia of Alzheimer's type(AD) are characterized by progressive decline of cognitive abilities and a wide range of neuropsychiatric symptoms like depression. Among various diagnostic tools of AD, many studies showed that elevated levels of serum total homocysteine are associated with increased risk of developing Alzheimer's disease, depression and other neuropsychiatric disorders. We investigated whether elevated homocysteine concentrations are associated with depressive symptoms in MCI and AD. Methods : A total of 86 patients diagnosed with MCI or AD participated. Total serum homocysteine levels in fasting blood samples were measured. We examined cognitive symptoms by MMSE-KC, Global Deterioration Scale(GDS), Clinical dementia rating(CDR) and depressive symptoms by Korean version of Geriatric Depression Scale(K-GDS). Results : The total serum homocysteine levels were significantly higher in MCI with depression than in MCI without depression. There was no significant difference in the mean homocysteine levels between AD patients with depression and AD patients without depression. The total homocysteine levels showed a negative correlation with MMSE-KC and a positive correlation with CDR, GDS. Conclusions : These findings suggest that elevated homocysteine level is a risk factor for the decline of cognitive function and depression. We found a significant relationship between elevated serum homocysteine level and depressive symptoms in MCI. But our study had several limitations, thus more research is needed to confirm this finding.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare
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• v.57 no.1
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• pp.169-192
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• 2005

The purpose of this study is to find out the actual conditions of depression and to explore factors influencing depression of female adults with disabilities by administering Beck Depression Inventory(BDI) to 143 subjects. The subjects were divided into two groups: depression group of scores above 21 of BDI and non-depression group of scores below 20 of BDI. Among the subjects, 36% were found to be on the level of clinically depressed state. Variables such as age, educational level, economic status, monthly income, employment, severity of disability, complexity of disability, health conditions, volunteer activities, family contacts, use of social welfare services marked statistically significant difference between two groups. And Variables such as dysfunctional attitudes, self-esteem, volunteer activities, health conditions were found to be as influencing factors on depression of female adults with disabilities. Some social work practice implications were discussed.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.20 no.6
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• pp.362-369
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• 2019

This descriptive study investigated depression among 4,904 elderly people aged 60 to 90 years using the Korean Retirement and Income Study. The depressive group and non-depressive group were classified by the depression self-diagnostic scale, CES-D. The effects of general characteristics, disability, disability type, IADL, and social support on depression were examined. A t-test, chi-squared test, and logistic regression analysis were used to identify risk factors affecting depression. The average age of the depressive group was 75.10 years, which was higher than the average age of the non-depressive group (73.44 years), indicating that depression increased with age. Elderly who were female, elderly with no spouse, elderly with lower educational attainment and with a lower household income were in the depressed group. The score to perform IADL of disabled persons was higher than that of non-disabled persons, and the social support was lower. Logistic regression analysis performed to determine the risk factors affecting depression revealed that it was affected by disability and type of disability. Although this study has some limitations, the results presented herein can be used as a basis for understanding elderly with disabilities and developing future healthcare programs for them.

• Korean Journal of Biological Psychiatry
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.14-22
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• 2008

Objectives : The authors purposed to present data for explaining gene-environmental interaction causing depressive disorder by examining the effects of genetic factors related to the serotonin system and environmental factors such as stressful life events in early adulthood. Methods : The subjects were 150 young adults(mean age 25.0${\pm}$0.54), a part of 534 freshmen who had completed the previous study of genotyping of TPH1 gene. We assessed characteristics of life events, depression and anxiety scale and checked if they had a depressive disorder with DSM-IV SCID interview. Along with TPH1 A218C genotype confirmed in previous study, TPH2 -1463G/A and 5HTR2A -1438A/G genes were genotyped using the SNaPshot$^{TM}$ method. Results : In comparison with the group without C allele of TPH1 gene, the number of life events had a significant effect on the probability of depressive disorder in the group with C allele. Other alleles or genotypes did not have a significant effect on the causality of life events and depressive disorder. Conclusion : The results of this study suggest that TPH1 C allele is a significant predictor of onset of depressive disorder following environmental stress. It means that the TPH1 gene may affect the gene-environmental interaction of depressive disorder.

• Journal of Korean Physical Therapy Science
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.275-287
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• 1994

For the purpose of promotion mental health in the elderly lived small city, a personal interview was conducted for 150 elderlies aged 65 years or more in the Kyungpook Andong city between 29th of August and 9th of September, 1994. The major findings were as follows; 1. The variables related depression were chronic disease, level of physical ability, smoking habits(pack/day) and school education. 2. The variables related cognitive impairment were level of physical ability, age, sex and chronic disease. It was revealed by this study, the female elderlies who had beend not educated and had chronic disease were higher depression or cognitive impairment. so the prospective research with these variables is need.

• Journal of Korea Entertainment Industry Association
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.411-419
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• 2020

The purpose of this study was to examine the mediating effect of social support on the relationship between parenting stress and depression among parents of children with a disability. One hundred and fifty parents of children with a disability from Gwangju area were asked to complete a survey including The Parental Stress Scale, The Social Support Scale, and The Depression Scale. The data was analyzed by descriptive statistics, pearson correlation, and multiple regression analysis using SPSS 24.0. The results of the study are as follows: First, the correlation analysis showed statistically significant correlations among parental stress, social support and depression. Second, the simple regression analysis showed the direct effect of parental stress on depression. Third, the multiple regression analysis showed the mediating effect of social support on the relationship between parental stress and depression. This suggests the social support may reduce the negative effect of the parental stress on the depression. Implications, limitations, and suggestions for future study are discussed.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare
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• v.67 no.2
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• pp.183-202
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• 2015

This study examined the relationships among fear of falling, ADL/IADL disability, and depressive symptoms among Korean community-dwelling middleaged and older adults based on the disablement process model. The panel data from the Korean Longitudinal Study of Aging(KLoSa) were used to test whether fear of falling affects disablement process as a risk factor and an exacerbator. The results of path analysis showed that middle-aged and older adults who reported fear of falling were more likely to experience ADL/IADL disability and depressive symptoms, and fear of falling influenced depressive symptoms through increasing the risk of ADL/IADL disability. In addition, fear of falling exacerbate the risk of ADL/IADL disability among middle-aged and older adults who had chronic illnesses. The results indicated that fear of falling is not only risk factor but also excerbator in predicting ADL/IADL disability and depressive symptoms prospectively.

• Korean Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.40-49
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• 2012

Objectives : To examine emotional and psychological characteristics associated with suicide attempts in depressed patients. Methods : A sample of 37 inpatients diagnosed with major depressive disorder or depressive disorder NOS was divided into two groups : lifetime suicide attempters(N=15 ; 40.54%), non-attempters(N=22 ; 59.46%). Beck Depression Scale(BDI), Beck Anxiety Scale(BAI), Hamilton Depression Rating Scale(HDRS), Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale(HARS), and MMPI-2 were used to evaluate symptoms severity and psychological characteristics. Results : Suicide attempters scored higher on the BDI though there were no group differences on the HDRS and on the both anxiety scales. Also they showed higher scores on the F, Fb, Pa, RC1, DEP, HEA, PK, AAS among MMPI-2 subscales. Our findings suggest that suicide attempters among depressed patients undergo more severe subjective distress and difficulties in adjustment than non-attempters. Also they were more hostile to others and showed lower trust. Lastly, they showed more somatic complaints and substance related problems. Conclusion : The present study showed that suicide attempters among depressed patients have distinct emotional and psychological characteristics. MMPI-2 would be helpful to assess suicidal risk of depressed patients.

• Korean Journal of Biological Psychiatry
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.46-50
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• 1996

This study was designed to examine the basal cyclic AMP levels and the $10^{-5}mol/L$ isoproterenol-stimulated cyclic AMP levels of lymphocytes, by which ${\beta}$-adrenoceptor function was shown, between to normal controls and 17 drug free patients(8 major depresive patients and 9 dysthymic patients), who were diagnosed by DSM-III-R. The severity of depression was assessed by Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HDRS). Cyclic AMP levels were measured by radioimmunoassay(double antibody). The results were as follows ; 1) HDRS score was significantly higher in major depressive patients($41.8{\pm}4.6$) than in dysthymic patients($24.0{\pm}4.2$)(p<005). 2) There was no Significant difference in basal cyclic AMP levels among normal controls($3.9{\pm}1.7pmol/10^6cells/10min$), major depressive patients($2.1{\pm}0.5pmol/10^6cells/10min$), and dysthymic patients($3.9{\pm}1.8pmol/10^6cells/10min$). 3) There was significant difference in net cyclic AMP levels($10^{-5}mol/L$ isoproterenol-stimulated cyclic AMP levels minus basal cyclic AMP levels) among normal controls($16.5{\pm}6.0pmol/10^6cells/10min$), major depressive patients($3.0{\pm}1.4pmol/10^6cells/10min$), dysthymic patients($10.9{\pm}4.4pmol/10^6cells/10min$)(p <005). 4) The net cyclic AMP levels were significantly correlated with HDRS scores in major depressive patients(${\gamma}=-0.8^6$, p<0.05), but not in dysthymic patients(${\gamma}=0.43$, p=0.25). In conclusion, we suggested that the dysthymic disorder might differ from the molar depressive disorder not only in the severity of depressive symptoms but also in ${\beta}$-adrenergic responsiveness of lymphocytes, which was regarded as a biological marker of depressive disorder.