• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.56-64
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• 1979

Two types of fiat-plate collector were designed and constructed for utilizing the solar energy as heating source of red pepper drying. It was performed to investigate the basic factors on using the collectors and the drying effect on various types of red pepper, and the results obtained are summarized as follows. 1. The optimum tilted angles of the collector in Daejeon area were ${\phi}-15^{\circ}$ in summer season and ${\phi}+15^{\circ}$ in winter season when it was adjusted two times per a year: 2. In the conditions during experiment period, average atmospheric temperature and relative humidity were $25.6^{\circ}C$ and 52.6%, respectively, and $42.0^{\circ}C$, 74.2% in the control chamber. The temperature in the drying chamber connected to the water heater was the highest but relative humidity in the chamber connected to the air heater was the lowest among the chambers. 3. The drying velocity of whole red pepper in the chamber connected to the water heater was the fastest as 2.3 times as compared to the whole type on the mat drying followed by air heater and control in decreasing order. The horizontally cut red pepper in the chamber connected to the water heater was dried exceedingly fast among twelve plots. 4. The content of capsaicine as pungent principle and of capsanthine as red pigment in the red pepper were reduced during drying but there were no differences significantly on the drying method, and it could not affect much on the quality of dried product.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.16-27
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• 1992

To determine a potential of new sludge fertilizer for horticultural crops, comparative studies between commercial fertilizers (Jandibiryo and Wonyebokbi) and sludge fertilizer (Sludgebiryo) were made through examining the growth responses on zoysiagrass (Zoysia japponica Steud.) and several horticultural plants. 1. The pH of new sludge fertilizer remained near 6.5 regardless the particle size. The solubility of elements was highest in phosphorus, followed by nitrogen and potassium in the order. Especially, desorption of potassium was continued up to 48 hrs after solubilization. 2. There was an increase in shoot number per plant, length of stolon and rhizome, and root weight as well as clipping yield of zoysiagrass in the treatment of large size Sludgebiryo compared to small one and Jandibiryo. 3. Regardless the size of fertilizers, Sludgebiryo increased flower numbers in salvia (Salvia officinalis L. 'Hatzazz') compared to Wonyebokbi, although the difference was not great, However, leaf area and fresh weight of plant were more increased in Wonyebokbi application. 4. Flower diameter of marigold (Tagetes erecta L. 'Inca') was slightly increased in Sludgebiryo application, but the average number of lateral shoots and fresh weight per plant were significantly increased in the treatment of Wonyebokbi application. 5. Sludgebiryo effectively increased the length of both main and lateral shoots, number of flowers and weight of shoot in vinca (Vinca rosea L. 'Little Linde'), but root growth of plant was higher in Wonyebokbi application. 6, No differences between Wonyebokbi and Sludgebiryo were found in promoting the growth of leaves of perilla (Perilla frutescens Hara 'Yubsil' ), but chlorophyll content and seed weight were slightly higher in the application of Wonyebokbi compared to Sludgebiryo. In conclusion, the effectiveness of Sludgebiryo for horticultural plants was almost equal to commercial fertilizers such as Jandibiryo or Wonyebokbi. Expecially, Sludgebiryo appeared to effective on the growth of zoysiagrass, and the increase of flower size and numbers in flower crops. Results indicate that new-made Sludgebiryo can be recommended for turfgrass culture, and the flower crops in which quality depends on flower number and flower size.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.17 no.11
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• pp.1562-1570
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• 2007

This experiment was conducted to develop fertilizer which promotes plant growth as well as suppressing pathogenic fungi. The fertilizer was made from the mixture of Ju-Back (Korean rice wine cake) and indigenous rhizosphere-bacterium. The main ingredients of Ju-Back were investigated as 6.04% total nitrogen, 42.59% total carbohydrate, 1.01% available phosphate, 73.42% organic matter, 7.72% potassium oxide, 1.35% calcium oxide, 0.53% magnesium oxide. The enzyme activities of Ju-Back were estimated to be 980 units/g for ${\alpha}-amylase$, 300 units/g for glucoamylase, and 1800 units/g for acid pretense. Indigenous rhizosphere bacteria which produced antifungal agent were isolated from soil, and was selected KMU-13 strain which can antagonize against various plant pathogenic fungi (Botrytis cinerea KACC 40573, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum KACC 41065, Fusairum oxysporum KACC 40052, Pythium aphanidermatum KACC 40156, Phytophthora capsici KACC 40476 and Glomerella cingulata KACC 40299). KMU-13 strain was identified as Bacillus subtilis KMU-13 by biochemical and 16s rDNA analysis. The organic fertilizer was made as prototype which was composed 20% Ju-Back, 70% carrier, 9.7% microorganism cultivated solution, 0.3% trace-element. We also investigated an application of fertilizer using Ju-Back for cultivating lettuce (Lactuca sativar) which were grown in three soil conditions that had chemical fertilizer, barnyard manure, lime power, urea, potassium chloride and superphosphate as a control, the whole quantity (80 kg/10a) of posted fertilizer with the control and the half quantity (40 kg/10a) with the control. The growth characteristics were examined and analysed with several weeks interval from 3 weeks to 8 weeks on head length (cm), head width (cm/head), number of leaf and fresh weight (g/plant). The results are summarized as follows. The head width and fresh weight of lettuce were the highest at posted fertilizer 1 (whole quantity) was applied chemical, organic matter (Ju-Back) and carrier. The head length was the highest at posted fertilizer 2 (whole quantity) was applied Ju-Back only.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.307-319
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• 2016

A Land-Atmosphere Modeling Package (LAMP) for supporting agricultural and forest management was developed at the National Center for AgroMeteorology (NCAM). The package is comprised of two components; one is the Weather Research and Forecasting modeling system (WRF) coupled with Noah-Multiparameterization options (Noah-MP) Land Surface Model (LSM) and the other is an offline one-dimensional LSM. The objective of this paper is to briefly describe the two components of the NCAM-LAMP and to evaluate their initial performance. The coupled WRF/Noah-MP system is configured with a parent domain over East Asia and three nested domains with a finest horizontal grid size of 810 m. The innermost domain covers two Gwangneung deciduous and coniferous KoFlux sites (GDK and GCK). The model is integrated for about 8 days with the initial and boundary conditions taken from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) Final Analysis (FNL) data. The verification variables are 2-m air temperature, 10-m wind, 2-m humidity, and surface precipitation for the WRF/Noah-MP coupled system. Skill scores are calculated for each domain and two dynamic vegetation options using the difference between the observed data from the Korea Meteorological Administration (KMA) and the simulated data from the WRF/Noah-MP coupled system. The accuracy of precipitation simulation is examined using a contingency table that is made up of the Probability of Detection (POD) and the Equitable Threat Score (ETS). The standalone LSM simulation is conducted for one year with the original settings and is compared with the KoFlux site observation for net radiation, sensible heat flux, latent heat flux, and soil moisture variables. According to results, the innermost domain (810 m resolution) among all domains showed the minimum root mean square error for 2-m air temperature, 10-m wind, and 2-m humidity. Turning on the dynamic vegetation had a tendency of reducing 10-m wind simulation errors in all domains. The first nested domain (7,290 m resolution) showed the highest precipitation score, but showed little advantage compared with using the dynamic vegetation. On the other hand, the offline one-dimensional Noah-MP LSM simulation captured the site observed pattern and magnitude of radiative fluxes and soil moisture, and it left room for further improvement through supplementing the model input of leaf area index and finding a proper combination of model physics.

• Journal of Environmental Policy
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.93-111
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• 2005

Defining soil quality in scopes and applications is one of the prerequisite for the sustainable management of soil environment to orient researches, strategies and policies. However, definition of soil quality is controversial depending upon a viewpoint of soil science or soil environment. Soil quality can be, irrespective of the disciplines, defined as the capacity of a soil to function within ecosystem boundaries to sustain biological productivity, maintain environmental quality and promote plant and animal health. Common to all of the soil quality concepts can be summarized as the capacity of soil to function effectively at present and in the future. The OECD includes soil quality as one of the agri-environment indicators. This article intends to i) summarize the current soil quality research, and ii) provide information on protocol of soil quality assessment. A framework for soil quality was divided into three steps: indicator selection as minimum data set (MDS), scoring of the selected indicators, and integration of scores into soil quality index. Korean government suggested possible physical and chemical indicators such as bulk density and organic matter for paddy and upland soils to OECD. The framework of soil quality assessment is not yet implemented in Korea. Countries such as USA, Canada and New Zealand have constructed the framework on soil quality assessment and developed a user-friendly version of soil quality assessment tools to evaluate the integrated effects of various soil management practices. The protocol provided in this review might help policymakers, scientists, and administrators improve awareness about soil quality and understand the way of soil environment management.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.45 no.11
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• pp.1533-1543
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• 2016

The anti-stress effects of Punica granatum L. (family Lythraceae, PG) on $H_2O_2$/corticosterone (CORT)-induced stress in cells and sleep-deprived rats were investigated. The PG extract showed neuroprotective effects in SH-SY5Y cells against $H_2O_2$/CORT-induced stress. Sleep deprivation led to behavioral, hormonal, and biochemical alterations in the animal model. The effects of P. granatum on physiological, behavioral, and biochemical parameters aggravated by sleep deprivation were investigated. Sleep deprivation impaired physiological (survival, body weight, and drowsiness scores) and behavioral (rotarod, passive avoidance, hot hyperalgesia, and Y maze) parameters as well as biochemical factors (cortisol, serotonin, dopamine, testosterone, and growth factor I contents in serum). These parameters were significantly recovered by PG extract in a concentration-dependent manner. The PG extract also enhanced catalase, superoxide dismutase, and non-enzymatic antioxidative activities such as glutathione compared to sleep-deprived rats. On the basis of these results, our findings suggest that Punica granatum prevents impairment of body functions induced by sleep deprivation and related oxidative damage.

• The KIPS Transactions:PartA
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• v.11A no.5
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• pp.383-390
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• 2004

This paper propose a method that controls facial expression of 3D avatar by having the user select a sequence of facial expressions in the space of facial expressions. And we setup its system. The space of expression is created from about 2400 frames consist of motion captured data of facial expressions. To represent the state of each expression, we use the distance matrix that represents the distances between pairs of feature points on the face. The set of distance matrices is used as the space of expressions. But this space is not such a space where one state can go to another state via the straight trajectory between them. We derive trajectories between two states from the captured set of expressions in an approximate manner. First, two states are regarded adjacent if the distance between their distance matrices is below a given threshold. Any two states are considered to have a trajectory between them If there is a sequence of adjacent states between them. It is assumed . that one states goes to another state via the shortest trajectory between them. The shortest trajectories are found by dynamic programming. The space of facial expressions, as the set of distance matrices, is multidimensional. Facial expression of 3D avatar Is controled in real time as the user navigates the space. To help this process, we visualized the space of expressions in 2D space by using the multidimensional scaling(MDS). To see how effective this system is, we had users control facial expressions of 3D avatar by using the system. As a result of that, users estimate that system is very useful to control facial expression of 3D avatar in real-time.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.71-89
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• 1988

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of a growth retardant, Paclobutrazol on the growth, yield and its components. and physiological traits in peanut cv. Saeddle (early variety) and Nampung (medium variety). The results are summarized as follows : Main stem and branch length of both varieties were remarkably retarded at early growth stage application, but the retardation effect was reduced at late growth stage application. Number of branches was increased remarkably by treating 60ppm at 20days after seedling (DAS) in early variety. Lodging ill medium variety was not observed through growth period when 120ppm of Paclobutrazol was applied while lodging was not appeared between 40 DAS and 80 DAS in early variety. The numbers of riped pods in early variety was increased when application of 120ppm at 40 DAS was made while it was increased as application of 120ppm at 90 DAS in the medium variety. Cercospora leaf spot was reduced by spraying at 40 or 50 DAS regardless of concentration and varieties. Chlorophyll content and photosynthetic activity increased when paclobutrazol was applied during 40-60 DAS in early variety while these were observed at 90 DAS in medium variety. Seed weight tended to increase as paclobutrazol application was delayed. The ratio of pods to seeds was higher at 60ppm-40 DAS in early variety while it was higher at 120ppm-90 DAS in medium variety.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.257-262
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• 2013

This study investigates the effect of fermentable carbohydrate on the concentration of odorous compounds in pig slurry. Four types of pig diet were studied: control, peanut hull (crude fiber 29.87, NDF 44.02%), golden fiber (crude fiber 48.77, NDF 65.88%), and almond hull (crude fiber 44.30, NDF 64.44%). Pigs (average BW 37.0 kg) were fed diets that met the Korean Feeding Standard (2012) and their excreta samples were collected from the slurry pits. Levels of volatile organic compounds (phenols and indoles) and volatile fatty acids were analyzed by gas chromatography. Phenol level was the lowest (p<0.05) in golden fiber (33.26 ppm) group and the highest in control (97.29 ppm). The concentration of indoles in the peanut hull (1.27 ppm), almond hull (1.20 ppm), and golden fiber (1.02 ppm) groups was lower (p < 0.05) than that of control (1.79 ppm). Levels of short chain fatty acid (SCFA) were lower (p < 0.05) in golden fiber (1,319 ppm) and almond hull (1,433 ppm) groups than in control (1,893 ppm). Concentration of branched chain fatty acid (BCFA) in the golden fiber group (74 ppm) was lower (p < 0.05) than that of control (98 ppm). Taken together, the concentration levels of phenols, indoles, and VFAs decreased on addition of peanut hull, golden fiber or almond hull to the diet, suggesting that fermentable carbohydrate may contribute to reducing odorous compounds in pig slurry.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.507-520
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• 2007

Satellite passive microwave(PM) sensors have been observing polar sea ice concentration(SIC), ice temperature, and snow depth since 1970s. Among them SIC is playing an important role in the various studies as it is considered the first factor for the monitoring of global climate and environment changes. Verification and correction of PM SIC is essential for this purpose. In this study, we calculated SIC from KOMPSAT-1 EOC images obtained from Arctic sea ice edges from July to August 2005 and compared with SSM/I SIC calculated from NASA Team(NT) algorithm. When we have no consideration of sea ice types, EOC and SSM/I NT SIC showed low correlation coefficient of 0.574. This is because there are differences in spatial resolution and observing time between two sensors, and the temporal and spatial variation of sea ice was high in summer Arctic ice edge. For the verification of SSM/I NT SIC according to sea ice types, we divided sea ice into land-fast ice, pack ice, and drift ice from EOC images, and compared them with SSM/I NT SIC corresponding to each ice type. The concentration of land-fast ice between EOC and SSM/I SIC were calculated very similarly to each other with the mean difference of 0.38%. This is because the temporal and spatial variation of land-fast ice is small, and the snow condition on the ice surface is relatively dry. In case of pack ice, there were lots of ice ridge and new ice that are known to be underestimated by NT algorithm. SSM/I NT SIC were lower than EOC SIC by 19.63% in average. In drift ice, SSM/I NT SIC showed 20.17% higher than EOC SIC in average. The sea ice with high concentration could be included inside the wide IFOV of SSM/I because the drift ice was located near the edge of pack ice. It is also suggested that SSM/I NT SIC overestimated the drift ice covered by wet snow.