• (The)Study of the Eastern Classic
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• 제37호
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• pp.377-410
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• 2009

In the East Asian Confucianism society, Hakmun was aimed to bring human beings and nature into harmony, and to explore a unity between knowledge and conducts. For example, Neo-Confucianism aspired they could explain the human existence and society through a single concept of Iki(理氣, the basic principles and the atmospheric force of nature). In this philosophy, humanics and natural sciences had not been differentiated at all. The East-West cultural interchanges at the beginning of modernity caused a crack in the traditional academic concepts. Through the Hundred Days of Reform(變法自疆運動, a movement of Strenuous Efforts through Reforming the Law), the Western Affairs Movement(洋務運動) in China, Meiji Restoration(明治維新) in Japan, or Innovation Movements(開化運動) and the Patriotic Enlightenment Movement(愛國啓蒙運動) in Korea, the traditional meanings of Hakmun was degraded while it became a target of the criticism of the enlightenment movements. Accordingly, East Asians' perception of Hakmun rapidly began to change. Although there had been the Silhak(實學, practical science) movement in Korea, which tried to differentiate its conceptualization of Hakmun from that of Neo-Confucianism during the 18th and 19th century, the fundamental shift in meaning occurred with the influx of the modern Western culture. This change converted the ultimate objective of Hakmun as well as its methods and substances. The separation of humanics and natural sciences, rise in dignity of the technological sciences, and subdivision of learning into disciplines and their specialization were accelerated during the Korean enlightenment period. The inflow of the modern western science, humanized thought, and empiricism functioned as mediators in these phase and they caused an irreversible crack in the traditional academic thoughts. Confronting the western mode of knowledge, however, the East Asian intellectuals had to explain their new learning by using traditional terms and concepts; modification was unavoidable when they tried to explain the newly imported knowledge and concepts. This presentation focuses on the traditional concepts of 'gyeogchi'(格致, extending knowledge by investigating things) and 'gungni'(窮理, investigation of principles), pervasively used in philosophy, physics and many other fields of study. These concepts will mark the key point with which to trace changes of knowledge and to understand the way how the concept of Hakmun was converted into a modern one.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• 제17권6호
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• pp.106-112
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• 2016

The purpose of this study was to examine the differences in the direct medical expenditure of community residents according to their physical activity level. The quota sampling method was used to select samples from a youth community center, senior center, community cultural center, and community recreational sports center in G city in Gyeongbuk-do. Of the 773 questionnaires distributed, 716 were completed. The questionnaires consisted of the demographic characteristics, regular exercise and physical activity levels, health status and medical costs. While the beneficial effect of regular exercise and physical activity on dental costs was not (significant), its effect on the costs of visiting hospital services was (significant). The mean differences in the total monthly direct medical expenditures on outpatient services and medicine for those with very high, high, moderate, low, and very low levels of physical activity were 7,500, 26,299, 47,517, 9,314, and 9,9978 won, respectively. The result of this study supported the findings of previous studies that regular exercise and physical activity. are not associated with the reduction of medical expenditure.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제64권1호
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• pp.48-51
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• 2008

Chronic expanding hematoma of the thorax is a specific subtype of the chronic empyema. It presents as a slowly expanding intrathoracic mass which result in dyspnea or recurrent hemoptysis. The symptoms develop months or years after tuberculous pleurisy, trauma or surgery. Usually, it shows three common findings: a giant mass lesion in the thorax, some surrounding calcifications, the absence of signs or symptoms of infection. We report a case of chronic expanding hematoma of the thorax, initially presenting as massive hemoptysis through bronchopleural fistula which resulted in radiologic findings of new air-fluid level within the previous pleural lesion filled with unknown materials.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.111-117
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• 2011

The purpose of this study is to establish trail use impact indicators, and evaluate the degree of use impact based on the understanding of the causality among the impacts on the spot. Theoretical reviews developed three indicators in terms of three ecological impacts, four physical impacts, and five sociological impacts, respectively. With this indicators, observation and questionnaire survey were employed on Gwanak Mountain Trail to measure the levels of impacts forementioned. As for the ecological impact, Some loss of ground cover vegetation was reveled near the trail due to trail use, however the level of disturbance by the naturalized and exotic plants was insignificant. Physical impacts such as soil hardness, enlargement of trail width were found intensified. The result of measuring sociological impacts showed visitors had expected higher level of crowding and encounters before their visit, therefore overall satisfaction level was positive, despite higher awareness level of actual crowding. Intensified continuing use of the trail is aggravating ecological and physical impacts on Gwanak Mountain trail, because of its location in a metropolitan area. Sociological impacts seem favorable at present, however if ecological and physical impacts were deteriorated, sociological impacts would also be affected. To maintain the quality level of use experience, managerial efforts to improve climbing culture as well as ecological and physical environment such as restoration of damaged areas are needed.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.205-217
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• 2014

The stone artifacts in Bronze age from the Sinsongri sites in Seosan, Korea were studied on material characteristics and provenance presumptions. The use and rock names of the artifacts are a stone before processing, two semifinished stone arrowheads and a grinding stone plate by slates. In addition, there is semifinished stone arrowhead by andesitic rocks. The slate could be observed easily around the site, and the andesitic rock could be confirmed typical occurrences of the all kinds of rocks around the Kanwoldo and Hwangdori, Anmyun area above 10km from the site. As a result of analysis which is comparing between stone artifacts and same kinds of raw material rocks, the stone artifacts made by slates have similar lithology and geochemical characteristics however, the stone artifacts made by andesitic rocks are found a some different part of characteristics to the same kind of raw material rocks. Comparing of major, rare earth, compatible and incompatible elements about stones artifacts made by slates and by the same kinds of raw material rocks have same geochemical patterns. However stone artifacts made by andesites and the raw material rocks are confirmed some differences of geochemistry. Therefore the slate stone artifacts in Sinsongri site suggest that these are domestic-type which are made of the rocks around the site, and it was understood that the andesitic stone artifacts are foreign-type which need to get more geological survey and study about different volcanic artifacts of the site around the area.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제71권2호
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• pp.114-119
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• 2011

Background: There is very limited data present on smoking cessation rates in outpatient departments of pulmonology. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effectiveness of a brief smoking cessation intervention program in an outpatient department of pulmonology and identify predictors of smoking cessation failure. Methods: After a brief recommendation of smoking cessation from pulmonologists, smokers willing to quit smoking were given individual counseling and supplement drugs. Fifty smokers were included in this study and baseline characteristics, smoking history and success rate were reviewed at 3 months. Results: The mean age of the patients was $58.3{\pm}14.6$ years and the total group of patients included 3 women. The rate of smoking cessation success was 74% at 3 months, and there were no differences in age, spirometric indexes and associated diseases between the smoking cessation success and failure group. The rate of supplement drug usage was not different in both groups either. However, body weight, mean number of cigarette usage per day and nicotine dependence scores in the failure group were significantly higher than in the success group. In multivariate analysis, body weight and mean number of cigarette usage per day were significant. Two smokers with a depressive disorder failed the smoking cessation. Conclusion: A smoking cessation intervention program in the outpatient department of pulmonology showed a favorable success rate. More intensive interventions are needed to unfavorable groups which include the obese and heavy smokers.

• Proceedings of the KOR-BRONCHOESO Conference
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• 대한기관식도과학회 1977년도 제11차 학술대회연제 순서 및 초록
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• pp.5.2-5
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• 1977

Many persons, both children and adults, suffer from impaired hearing. The handicaps that arise from this are economic, educational and above all, social. These persons need help, both medical and educational. In order to plan facilities for the medical treat ment, the rehabilitation, and the special education required by those with impaired hearing, we must know how many persons with hearing problems there are and the severity of their handicaps. The first step in knowing these is to devide hearing impairent into categories of handicap. Historically, since Beasley (1940) proposed progressive stages of deafness in terms of social disability, there was no well organized classification. of hearing handicap except related material from Huzing (1959) and Silverman (1960). In 1965, Goodman advocated a guide hearing threshold levels and degres of relating hearing impairment. During recent one year, on the bases of Goodman classification of hearing impairment and the report from Illinois Comission on children (1968), we have studied about hearing handicaps and speech life for the 180 cases, who visited to our otolaryngology department with hearing impairment. Now, we report the results of study with the referred references.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Navigation and Port Research Conference
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• 한국항해항만학회 2009년도 공동학술대회
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• pp.205-209
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• 2009

Recently, the increase of the size of GNP and the expansion of the foreign tour opportunities by the common 5 days work system in a week, reaction of the burden for visiting foreign countries, and expansion of airlines caused the rapid increase of overseas tour but slow increase in the number of foreign tourists, due to the price rise which might impact on the competitive power, and lack of tour infrastructure and attractiveness. As the wide area along the east coast of GyeongBuk Province has great amount of cultural, ocean and natural resources, it helps to get focused the tour industries and maximize the synergy effect through the mutual development coupling the resources and regions. On the basis of the potentials for the growth of east coast area to the international level and the development of local resources, a ocean tour and resort complex for four seasons, which has s strong connection to the local areas resulting the wide tour bond, could help to improve the local economy and balance the development of local province, and furthermore, jump to the level of the center in the East Coast area in the international society. Through the investigation and analysis of the ocean space development status and usage at the advanced foreign countries, the new meaning of the ocean space at the tour and resort complex would be proposed to the relevant local government in fit.

• International Area Studies Review
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.195-222
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• 2017

This exploratory study analyses the factors, sources and effects of the regional competitive advantage of Jeju Island in Korea in global competition era. The competitive advantage of Jeju Province is analysed with the triple diamond model based on Porter's model for the competitive advantage of nations. The competitive advantage factors of Jeju Province are measured through the competitive advantage of the hospitality industry, which is one of the major industries of Jeju Island. These factors include outstanding natural landscape, domestic hospitality industry workforce, social overhead capital, massive domestic and international tourists, growth of related industries such as duty free shops and casinos, and coincidences such as Jeju Olle trail construction and Chinese government's international travel approval. Since these factors are based on local, domestic and international management resources, this study suggests that obtaining such resources is critical among Jeju hospitality industry in gaining the competitive advantage. Although the competitive advantage of Jeju hospitality industry is increasing, the organic connections with the regional economy are required for improvements on Jeju residents' quality of life. This study examines the factors and origins of competitive advantages on a regional level instead of a national level, and further investigates how the characters and origins of these factors affect the local economy. The results suggest that the triple diamond model is suitable for evaluating the regional competitive advantages.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Library and Information Science
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• 제57권1호
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• pp.23-44
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• 2023

The word library(図書館) is a Japanese translation of the Western library or Bibliothek in the mid-Meiji period. This word has been accepted in Chinese(图书馆), Taiwan(圖書館), Korea(도서관), and Vietnam(Dđồ thư quán), which are Chinese-speaking countries. If so, when and who first introduced the term library to Japan and China? In Japan, the enlightenment thinker Fukuzawa's 『Seiyo Jijo, 1866』 is regarded as the first document to introduce the Western library, and in China, the article published in 『Qing Yi Bao, 1896』 by the reformed thinker Liang Qichao referred to as the first example. Therefore, this study traced and demonstrated the time and person in which the word library appeared, focusing on modern dictionaries, books, translations, papers, and newspaper articles that were introduced in both countries. As a result, the theory of the introduction to Fukuzawa in 1866 is wrong because Western libraries are described in various terms in many diaries and dictionaries, including Motoki's 『An English Japanese Dictionary of the Spoken Language, 1814』. Also, in China, the theory of introduction of Liang Qichao in 1896 is not true because the term library first appeared in Ryu Jeong-dam's 『A Dictionary of Loan Words and Hybrid Words in Chinese, 1884』. In the same context, it is necessary to trace and argue the history of the first use of the term library in Korea and the name of the first library in Korea established by the Busan Branch of the Japan Hongdo Association in 1901.