• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.33 no.4 s.99
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• pp.235-245
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• 2003

The goal of the present study was to evaluate the effects of PNAM appliance and cheiloplasty on alveolar molding. Samples consisted of 16 unilateral cleft lip and palate infants (10 males and 6 female, mean age=37.0 days after birth, average alveolar cleft gap=10.46m), who were treated with PNAM appliances by one orthodontist and rotation- advancement cheiloplasty by one surgeon in Seoul National University Hospital. Average duration of alveolar molding treatment was 13.10 weeks and these patients were recalled at average 8.31 weeks after cheiloplasty. These patients' models were obtained at initial visit (T0, mean age : $37.0\pm27.89$ days after birth), after successful alveolar molding (T1, mean age : $119.25\pm40.18$ days after birth), and after cheilopasty (T2, mean age : $190.81\pm42.78$ days after birth). Seven linear and five angular variables were measured using 1 : 1 photometry and soft ware program(V-ceph. Cybermed. Seoul, Korea). Paired t-test was performed to investigate statistical significance at p<0.05 level. 1 The posterior parts of alveolar segments were the stable structures during alveolar molding treatment period and after cheiloplasty in infants. 2. The closure of cleft gap during alveolar molding was usually due to backward bending of the whole part of the greater segment. 3. Although forward growth of the greater segment was hindered by alveolar molding, it resumed after cheiloplasty. 4. Increase of anterior inter-segment angle after cheiloplasty was due to the molding effect of the lip scar pressure.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.261-270
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• 2013

Purpose: Adsorption properties of lysozyme and albumin according to physiochemical properties of commercial contact lens classified with the FDA categories and a contact lens fabricated in the laboratory were investigated. Methods: The contact lens were prepared using HEMA(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) and TRIM(3-(trimethoxysilyl) propyl methacrylate) in a cast mold. Artificial tears containing lysozyme and albumin were prepared. We measured the amounts of protein adsorbed on the each lenses with varying adsorbed time (48 hour) and the pH range (6, 6.8, 7.4, 8.2, 9) of artificial tear. Amount of the proteins absorbed on the contact lenses were measured by using HPLC. Results: Time to reach the equilibrium of protein adsorption for silicone hydrogel lens was taken longer than hydrogel lens. The amount of adsorbed both lysozyme and albumin at equilibrium were greater for the hydrogel lens than the silicone hydrogel lens, and larger for the ionic lens than the non-ionic lens. Lysozyme was more adsorbed on the higher water content of contact lens, whereas albumin was more adsorbed on the lower water content of contact lens. Only lysozyme was adsorbed on the Group IV hydrogel lens of ionic higher water content. The adsorption of protein on contact lens increased with pH of artificial tears as close to the isoelectric point of each protein. Conclusions: The adsorption amount of lysozyme is more affected by the ionic strength of the contact lens surface than the water content of contact lens. Albumin adsorption is more affected by water content than the ionic strength of the contact lens surface. For the adsorption of proteins on the silicone hydrogel lens, the pore size, determined both by the number of Si atoms and the chemical structure of the silicone-containing monomers, as well as the polarity of contact lens should be also considered.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.98-104
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• 1999

To investigate the relationships between ocean environmental characteristics, the time-series data of temperature and salinity observed at a station near at Hanlim set net in 1995 and 1996 are analyzed, and the results are as follow ; 1. In hanlim set net, the diurnal range of temperature and salinity variation in summer is very large and the amplitude of short-period fluctuation of temperature and salinity is very large. That is, not only the water of the middle and bottom layers (low temperature and high salinity) but also the coalstal water (high temperature and low salinity) appears alternatively depending on the current direction 2. from the result of mooring for 22 days in Hanlim set net, the mean speed and direction of tidal current in neap tide were 9.1 cm/sec and south westward in ebb time, and 11.6 cm/sec and north or northeastward in flood time, respectively. The highest speed of the current was 15cm/sec in ebb time, and 22.6 cm/sec in flood time. The mean speed and direction of tidal current in spring tide were 10.4 cm/sec, and southwestward in ebb time, and 12.3 cm/sec, and north or northestward in flood time, respectively. The highest speed of the current was 19.4 cm/sec in ebb time, and 20 cm/sec in flood time respectively. The mean speed of the current in flood time was larger than that in ebb time. The velocity vector along the major axis of semidiurnal tide ($M_2$) component was 1.5 times larger than that of diurnal tide ($K_1$), The major directions of two compornants were northwestward and east-southeastward and residiual current were 3.25 cm/sec and northwestward-directed. Result of TGPS Buoy tracer for 3 days between Biyang-Do and Chgui-Do showed that the mean speed was 1.6 knot in ebb time and 1.3 knot in flood time. Direction of tidal was southwestward in ebb time and northeastward in flood time respectively. The maximum current speed was 4.8 knot in ebb time and 3.7 knot in flood time respectively. The mean speed and direction of tidal in of offshore were 1.7 knot and northwestward in flood time. The residual current appeared 0.3 knot northeastward.

• The Journal of Engineering Geology
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.163-178
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• 2011

A test borehole was drilled in the Cheongwon area to investigate the relationship between geochemical environment and the natural occurrence of radioactive materials (uranium and Rn-222) in borehole groundwater. The borehole encountered mainly biotite schist and biotite granite, with minor porphyritic granite and basic dykes. Six groundwater samples were collected at different depths in the borehole using the double-packed system. The groundwater pH ranges from 5.66 to 8.34, and the chemical type of the groundwater is Ca-$HCO_3$. The contents of uranium and Rn-222 in the groundwater are 0.03-683 ppb and 1,290-7,600 pCi/L, respectively. The contents of uranium and thorium in the rocks within the borehole are 0.51-23.4 ppm and 0.89-62.6 ppm, respectively. Microscope observations of the rock core and analyses by electron probe microanalyzer (EPMA) show that most of the radioactive elements occur in the biotite schist, within accessory minerals such as monazite and limenite in biotite, and in feldspar and quartz. The high uranium content of groundwater at depths of -50 to -70 m is due to groundwater chemistry (weakly alkaline pH, an oxidizing environment, and high concentrations of bicarbonate). The origin of Rn-222 could be determined by analyzing noble gas isotopes (e.g., $^3He/^4He$ and $^4He/^{20}Ne$).

• Clinics in Shoulder and Elbow
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.35-45
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• 2011

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to document the structural features of the tendinous portions within the non-pathologic subscapularis muscle by performing high resolution MR imaging of the shoulder. Materials and Methods: Between April 2007 and May 2010, we retrospectively obtained the MR scans of 88 consecutive young patients (88 shoulders) who were in their twenties. MRI and MR arthrography were performed using a 3.0-T system for the evaluation of glenohumeral instability and nonspecific shoulder pain. None of the patient in this study had any evidence of injury to the tendon or muscle belly of the subscapularis. On MR images, we recorded the transverse length of a stout tendinous band and the total tendinous portion of the subscapularis. In addition, we recorded the number of intramuscular tendinous slips of the susbscapularis. Results: The mean transverse length of the tendinous band was 15.0 mm (range: 8 to 20 mm). The mean transverse length of the total tendinous portion was 48.9 mm (range: 40 to 60 mm). The number of intramuscular tendinous slips on the base of the glenoid fossa was 3 in 20 (22.72%), 4 in 45 (51.14%) and 5 in 23 shoulders (26.14%). On the lateral portion, the intramuscular tendinous slips became gradually rounder and thicker and they gave converge in the superior direction. Conclusion: In this study, the structural features of the tendinous portions of the subscapularis on the MR scans were identified. This will in return give good justification for the lines to be pulled during biomechanical stimulation and also for the surgical approach to restore the biomechanical function.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.201-205
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• 2007

Purpose: This retrospective study was conducted to assess outcome and to determine the prognostic factors in patients with a desmoid tumor treated with postoperative radiotherapy. Materials and Methods: Twenty-seven patients with a desmoid tumor who were treated with postoperative radiotherapy between June 1984 and October 2005 were analyzed. There were 13 male and 14 female patients. The age of the patients ranged from 3 to 79 years (median age, 28 years). Tumors were located in an extra-abdominal area (21 cases), and in the abdominal walls (6 cases). The tumor size ranged from 2.5 to 25 cm (median size, 7.5 cm) in the largest linear dimension. Thirteen cases received radiotherapy after initial surgery, and 14 recurrent cases received radiotherapy after additional surgery. The total radiation dose given was $45{\sim}66$ Gy (median dose, 59.4 Gy), and the fraction size was $1.8{\sim}2.0$ Gy. Results: The median follow-up period was 61 months (range, $12{\sim}203$ months). Two patients developed local progression and six patients experienced local recurrence. The 5-year disease-free survival rate and the 5-year progression-free survival rate were 61 % and 70%, respectively. Wide local excision was associated with better disease free survival with statistical significance (p=0.028). Radiotherapy after initial surgery (p=0.046) and a higher radiation dose of more than 60 Gy (p=0.049) were associated with better progression free survival with statistical significance. At the time of the last follow-up, the number of additional surgeries was higher in patients that received radiotherapy after reoperation (p<0.001). Conclusion: Radiotherapy after the initial operation improved local control and decreased the number of subsequent operations. Thus, postoperative radiotherapy after an initial operation is recommended in patients with a high risk of recurrence for a desmoid tumor.

• The Sea:JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF OCEANOGRAPHY
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.60-67
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• 2002

To determine whether nitrogen (N) uptake by phytoplankton below the euphotic zone in the Yellow Sea is considerable, we measured the uptake rates of nitrate and ammonium using $^{15}N$-labeled stable isotope $K^{15}NO_{3}$ and $^{15}NH_{4}Cl$, in May and November 1997 at total 10 stations. Depth-integrated uptake rates of nitrate and ammonium over the euphotic zone during this study ranged from 1.8 to 15.3 mg N $m^{-2}$ $d^{-1}$ and from 5.0 to 132.2 mg N $m^{-2}$ $d^{-1}$, respectively, and ammonium uptake predominated at 9 of 10 stations (1.9-19.4 fold). Depth-integrated uptake rates of nitrate and ammonium over the whole water column ranged from 2.9 to 22.0 mg N $m^{-2}$ $d^{-1}$ and from 15.7 to 175.5 mg N $m^{-2}$ $d^{-1}$, respectively. The significant proportion of whole water column N uptake was attributed to uptake by phytoplankton below the euphotic zone, ranging from 13.0 to 86.2% for nitrate and from 13.8 to 67.8% for ammonium, indicating that phytoplankton N uptake below the euphotic zone is at times considerable in the study area. The results suggest that when phytoplankton below the euphotic zone in the Yellow Sea are again entrained into the euphotic zone by a certain physical forcing such as turbulent mixing and the vertical movement of thermocline, these episodic events may significantly affect the material fluxes within the euphotic zone. Furthermore, the results suggest that a portion of regenerated production estimated from $^{15}N$-ammonium uptake should be included in new production estimates, which otherwise could be underestimated in the Yellow Sea.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.51 no.1
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• pp.105-123
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• 2018

Currently, satellite images act as essential and important data in water resources, environment, and ecology as well as information of geographic information system. In this paper, we will investigate basic characteristics of satellite images, especially application examples in water resources. In recent years, researches on spatial and temporal characteristics of large-scale regions utilizing the advantages of satellite imagery have been actively conducted for fundamental hydrological components such as evapotranspiration, soil moisture and natural disasters such as drought, flood, and heavy snow. Furthermore, it is possible to analyze temporal and spatial characteristics such as vegetation characteristics, plant production, net primary production, turbidity of water bodies, chlorophyll concentration, and water quality by using various image information utilizing various sensor information of satellites. Korea is planning to launch a satellite for water resources and environment in the near future, so various researches are expected to be activated on this field.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 2004

The root of Stnchys Sieboldif MIQ was extracted three times with methanol and extract was found to contain 3.02% of polyphenols and 1.97% of flavonoids. DPPH radical scavenging method, ferric thiocyanate method, and nitrite scavenging ability method were employed to investigate the constituents of the extract and to measure their activity on antioxidation. The fraction extracted by ethylacetate showed higher anti oxidation value than that of $\alpha-tocopherol$, butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) at the same concentration. UV-VIS spectral data of the extract by ethylacetate that was isolated on a silica gel column proved adsorption maxima in the range of 280∼330 nm. The fraction ES-RS that has $\lambda_{max}(nm)$ of band 1, 325nm and band II, 289nm exhibitd the strongest activity on antioxidation. ES-R5 fraction showed similar pattern to flavones by the analysis of UV-VIS spectral data.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.82-90
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• 2018

Purpose: Survival after liver transplantation (LT) has improved over the years, but infection is still a major complication. We aimed to identify the characteristics of bacterial infections in pediatric LT recipients. Methods: This study is a retrospective review of 189 consecutive children undergoing LT between 2000 and 2015 at a single center. In this study, the incidence of infection was determined for the following periods: within 1 month, between 1-5 months, and between 6-12 months. Patients who underwent liver transplants more than once or multiple organ transplants were excluded. Results: All patients had received postoperative antibiotic for 3 days. Only the maintenance immunosuppression with oral tacrolimus and steroids were performed. As a result, 132 bacterial infections developed in 87 (46.0%) patients (0.70 events per person-year). Bacterial infections occurred most frequently within the first month (n=84, 63.6%) after LT. In the pathogens, Staphylococcus aureus (15.2%), Enterococcus species (15.2%), and Klebsiella species (13.6%) were most common. Regarding the organ infected, bloodstream was most common (n=39, 29.5%), followed by peritoneum (n=28, 21.2%), urinary tract (n=25, 18.9%), and lungs (n=20, 15.2%). We changed prophylactic antibiotics from ampicillin-sulbactam to piperacillin-tazobactam at 2011, October, there were no significant effects in the prevalence of antibiotics resistant bacterial infections. The 1-year mortality was 9.0% (n=17), in which 41.2% (n=7) was attributable to bacterial infection; septicemia (n=4), pneumonia (n=2), and peritonitis (n=1). Conclusions: The incidence and type of bacterial infectious complications after LT in pediatric patients were similar to those of previous studies. Bacterial complications affecting mortality occur within 6 months after transplantation, so proper prophylaxis and treatment in this period may improve the prognosis of LT.