• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.30 no.4D
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• pp.323-330
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• 2010

The time in port for vessels is one of the important factors for analyzing the operation status and the capacity of ports. In addition, the time in port for vessels can be directly used for estimating the greenhouse gas emissions resulted from vessels in port. However, it is unclear which variables can affect the time in port for vessels and what the marginal effect of each variable is. With these challenges in mind, the study analyzes the time in port for vessels arriving and departing port of Busan by using a parametric survival model. The results show that the log-logistic accelerated failure time model is appropriate to explain the time in port for 19,167 vessels arriving and departing port of Busan in 2008, in which the time in port is significantly affected by gross tonnage of vessels, service capacity of terminal, and vessel type. This study also shows that the greenhouse gas emission resulted from full-container vessels, which accounted for about 61% of all vessels with loading/unloading purpose arriving and departing port of Busan in 2008, is about "17 ton/vessel" in the boundary of port of Busan. However, the hotelling greenhouse gas emissions resulted from non-container vessels (3,774 vessels; 20%) are greater than those from the full-container vessels. Hence, it is necessary to take into account more efficient port management polices and technologies to reduce the service time of non-container vessels in port of Busan.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.46 no.1
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• pp.75-85
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• 2013

This study investigated the effects of organic matter decomposition on the emission of greenhouse gas under the influence of environmental factors such as change of climate condition ($CO_2$ concentration and temperature), vegetation, and N concentration in the soil of Gyeongan stream in the laboratory. The experimental results showed that organic matter decomposition and $CH_4$, $CO_2$ flux were influenced by changes of complex environmental conditions. Organic matter decomposition rate was affected by changes of climate condition with N concentration and climate condition with vegetation. Through the results of $CH_4$, $CO_2$ flux, $CH_4$ flux was affected by change of climate condition with N concentration and climate condition with vegetation and affected by the presence of vegetation and N concentration. $CO_2$ flux was affected by change of climate condition with vegetation and vegetation with N concentration. According to results of the study, change of (1) climate conditions, (2) vegetation, and (3) N concentration, each have an effect on organic decomposition rate, that also influences emission of greenhouse gas. It is known that climate change is related to an increase in greenhouse gasses in the atmosphere However, additional study will be needed whether vegetation could remove positive effect of nitrogen addition in soil since this study shows opposite results of organic matter decomposition in response to the nitrogen addition.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.37-48
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• 2024

Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are obligated to reduce carbon emissions as a part of public sector greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reduction targets. However, Sewage Statistics(2022) shows that CO₂ emissions per wastewater treatment volumes have decreased by only 3.03 % compared to 2020, which is far from enough to meet the Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) targets. This study aimed to find operational conditions of biological reactors that minimize total carbon footprint (CFP). Total CFP considers both direct emissions from biological processes and indirect emissions from energy consumption. A study was conducted using a computer simulation program which is called as EQPS for a 4-stage BNR WWTP. The results showed that total CFP was reduced by 10.97% compared to the design condition when the mixed liquor recirculation (MLR) was set to 100 % of the influent flow. The N₂O emission factor (EF) of the target WWTP was calculated to be 0.138-0.199 %, which is significantly lower than the IPCC default value of 1.6 %. This study proposes a method to minimize total CFP in WWTPs by optimizing biological reactor operation and emphasizes the need for further research on N₂O emission reduction.

• Korean Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.32-40
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• 2010

Today, more than thiry countries around the world are designated as a mandatory GHG(GreenHouse Gas) emissions country from the UNFCCC(United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change). Korea is also possible to designate a mandatory GHG emissions country after Second mandatory emissions which will be started in 2013. Accordingly, Korea government has made efforts to reduce GHG and has enforced energy-related policies to deduce building energy. But there is no process such as providing of existing building improvement recommendations or expert verification for building remodeling in Korea energy-related policies compared with policies in other countries. For this reason, improvements of Korea which divided governments and city provinces are suggested. However suggested improvements are directions, so additional research is needed for detail methods.

• Journal of Energy Engineering
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.33-42
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• 2012

In this study, long-term greenhouse gas reductions expected passenger sector was used for the MESSAGE. Green Car road map proposed BAU scenario, Enhanced diffusion green car scenario, and price 1, 2 scenarios was configured with four scenarios. Enhanced diffusion green car in the scenario, in 2050 compared to BAU scenario 13% of the emissions will decrease. Price 1 and Price 2 scenario is emissions reduction of 14% compared to BAU. This study consists of six chapters. Introduction of MESSAGE, creation and RES in the year and the target year set a different base line and the passenger building materials sector activities, steps for passenger sector scenario and Based on the results of running the emissions reductions were to describe.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2020.06a
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• pp.70-70
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• 2020

기후변화 대응을 위해 파리기후협약에서는 온실가스 배출량 감축을 위한 구체적인 목표를 제시하였다. 에너지 분야는 온실가스가 가장 많이 배출되는 분야 중 하나이며, 온실가스 감축 방안으로 신재생 에너지에 대한 관심이 증가하고 있다. 특히 수력에너지는 신재생 에너지 중 가장 현실적이고 많이 활용되는 에너지원으로 각광받고 있다. 아시아 지역은 개발도상국이 다수 위치하고 있고 미개발된 잠재 수력에너지가 풍부한 지역으로 국내 기업의 진출 가능성이 높은 지역이다. 수력에너지 개발을 위해서는 수력 발전 가능량 평가가 필수적이며, 수력 발전 가능량은 기후, 수문조건에 민감하게 반응하기 때문에 기후변화에 따른 수력 발전 가능량의 변동 가능성이 있다. 본 연구에서는 아시아 지역에 대한 AR5 기후변화 시나리오 기반 수력 발전 가능량을 전망하고 분석하고자 하였다. 수력 발전 가능량 산정을 위한 수문 자료 생성은 지표수문해석 모형 VIC (Variable Infiltration Capacity)를 이용하였으며, 모형 입력 자료로 APHRODITE (Asian Precipitation -Highly Resolved Observational Data Integration Towards Evaluation of water resources) 기상 자료, USGS (U.S. Geological Survey) 수치지형도, FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization) 토양도, NCC (Norwegian Climate Centre) NorESM 기후변화 시나리오를 활용하였다. 분석결과 수력 발전 가능량은 과거 및 미래 기간에 동남아시아, 남아시아 지역에 풍부한 것으로 나타났다. 동남아시아는 유출량이 풍부하며, 남아시아는 유역별 낙차가 크기 때문에 수력 발전 가능량이 풍부한 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 동남아시아 지역의 수력 발전 가능량이 남아시아에 비해 기후변화의 영향을 크게 받는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 미래 기후변화로 인해 유출량의 변동 폭이 더욱 넓어져 발전 효율이 감소하는 것으로 나타나 수력발전의 안정성이 감소하였다. 본 연구는 아시아 지역의 수력 발전 가능량을 산정하고 특징을 분석하였다는 점에서 의미가 있다.

• 기계와재료
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.32-47
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• 2010

온실가스 배출 규제로 대표되는 환경문제가 시급한 경제 사회적 현안이 됨에 따라 자동차 차체경량화에 인한 연료소모 및 배기가스 감소를 통하여 각종 환경규제에 대응하고 환경친화형 산업으로 형성되는 새로운 시장을 선점하려는 노력이 전세계적으로 치열하게 경주되고 있다. 자동차 중량의 대부분을 점유하고 있는 철강소재의 경량화는 차체 경량화의 척도로 평가되어 왔으며, 미래형 자동차의 출현에 대응하기 위한 철강산업계의 노력도 치열하게 경주되고 있다. 고부가가치 강판의 최대 수요처인 자동차 산업의 동향과 이에 관련한 최근의 자동차용 강판의 연구개발 현황 및 차세대 고강도 강판의 연구개발 동향에 대해 소개한다.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.19 no.9
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• pp.518-525
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• 2018

In the 21st century, human beings are becoming increasingly concerned about greenhouse gas emissions as the environment changes due to climate change become serious. The temperature of Korea has risen by approximately $1.5^{\circ}C$ from 1904 to 2000, and the climate is changing gradually to a subtropical climate. As a result, the frequency of floods and droughts increases, so that the water available to humans is decreasing every year, and the cost of using city water is rising every year. The reuse of wastewater that is normally abandoned is inevitable. This study examined the monthly data for 6 months of operation by installing a reuse system of concentrated wastewater (Re R/O System) that is generated during the process of manufacturing de-ionized water (DI-Water System) used in semiconductor processing. As a result of the survey, the city water supply saved approximately $2,767m^3$ per month. The average annual greenhouse gas emissions was $1,329.07kg-CO_2$ per month due to the electricity consumption of the water reuse system. On the other hand, because of the reduction in city water supply, the average monthly average of $918.64kg-CO_2$ was reduced, and the greenhouse gas emissions were increased to $410.43kg-CO_2$ per month. If it improves some processes in the water reuse system, the amount of greenhouse gas emissions can be reduced by an average of $254.41kg-CO_2$ per month.

• Environmental and Resource Economics Review
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.493-518
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• 2005

It has been taken for 10 years since Climate Change Convention could it be made. And Kyoto Protocol will come into force as an international law as from 16. Feb 2005. As based on it, Annex I countries will implement their mitigation projects on GHG reductions and press developing countries on GHG reduction target. Korea has not duty target on it yet. But it will be held a COP(Conference of Party) on negotiation for reduction target of second commitment period. If Korea has a real duty, Industry sector should reduce GHG emissions. Then Market mechanism will be need to introduce for this. This study started having a question "Is it possible to introduce emissions trading in Korea?". To solve the problem, this study analysed GHG emissions, marginal abatement cost, market price with 11 companies of industry (about 36% of Korea emissions). minus target is impossible to implement reduction target ver base year (2002). And emissions trading scheme also can't make the market without additional policy and measures. This study suggest that it is need to import credits and give a subsidy of government to encourage it. The imported credit can reduce the demand curve within the marginal abatement cost curves. But the effectiveness of credit is not the same as continually growth. As a result, Allowing 40% credit into emissions trading market is the best to reduce costs. However, a subsidy is the little bit difference. A subsidy make marginal abatement cost curves down for itself. Giving 30% for subsidy, it is the best. Considering both of importing credits and subsidy, it is the best effects in the reducing cost for company. especially 30% is the best effects respectively. This Study show that government wants to consider designing emissions trading, encourage participants competitiveness, and encourage the early action, government has to allow credit trading and give a subsidy to participants.

• Environmental and Resource Economics Review
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.127-147
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• 2023

This study is trying to analyze the economic effect of replacing thermal power generation, one of the government's carbon-neutral policies, with new and renewable energy. For this analysis, scenario A is set to replace 100% of thermal power generation with new and renewable energy, and scenario B is set to replace 60% of thermal power generation with new and renewable energy. In addition, costs are incurred when replacing thermal power generation with new and renewable energy, and scenario 1 is the same cost as the current cost, and scenario 2 is120% higher than the current cost. Therefore, when converting thermal power generation to new and renewable energy, the scenarios are largely organized into four cases. In the case of replacing thermal power generation with new and renewable energy, the production inducement coefficient of thermal power generation decreased from the current level regardless of the scenario. However, the value-added inducement coefficient and the greenhouse gas emission inducement coefficient are lower than the current level when thermal power is converted to renewable energy by 100%, while the value-added inducement coefficient and greenhouse gas emission inducement coefficient are higher than the current level. In addition, the greenhouse gas emission induction coefficient of most industries was found to decrease, while the production induction coefficient and the value-added induction coefficient increased. Scenario A seems appropriate because the purpose of the government's policy is to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by converting thermal power into new and renewable energy. However, as a result of this, the production inducement coefficient and value-added inducement coefficient of some industries decrease, so the government's support policy is needed to solve this problem